Biography
I-temoloist kunye nesayensi yoxolo uStephen Casiam Hawing wazalwa nge-8 kaJanuwari, ngo-1942 kwisixeko saseOxford, e-United Kingdom, kwintsapho yakwagqirha. UFrank Frank wayezibandakanya kwimisebenzi yophando, umama uIsabel wayephethe isikhundla sonobhala weziko lezonyango, esebenza kwiqela elinye neqabane lakhe. USteve wakhula kwinkampani yababini kunye noMzalwana ohlanganisiweyo uEdward, ovela kuye usapho lweHoking.
Emva kokuphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, uStephen wangena kwiDyunivesithi yase-Oxford, ekupheleni kwayo wafumana isidanga se-bachelor ngo-1962. Kwiminyaka emibini enesiqingatha kamva, ngo-1966, umfana waba ngoogqirha bokuqala be-tineiti holo ye-tineiti tinei kwiDyunivesithi kwiDyunivesithi yaseCambridge.
Isifo
Ukususela kwiminyaka yokuqala yabantwana, uStefano wayeyinkwenkwana esempilweni, de kwasebutsheni bakhe engaphazanyiswa nangayiphi na indlela. Kodwa kwasebutsheni bakhe, ububi kuyenzeka kuye. I-stephen encinci yafumana isifo esibi - i-Amyotraphic sclerosis.
Isigama esasivakalayo njengesivakalisi. Iimpawu zesifo eziphuhliswe ngesantya esikhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ubuhlakani obuzayo ngokwesayensi buhlala bunetyala. Ngaphandle koku, uStefano uyahamba uhlala ebonakala ngoncumo oluhle. Ukubotshwa kwisitulo esinamavili, uStefano akazange ayeke ukukhula kwengqondo, wayezimisele ngokwakho, wafunda iincwadi zesayensi, watyelela iisemina. Lo ndoda yalwa yonke imizuzu. Umoya wakhe wokuziphatha wamnceda ngo-1974 ukufumana ubulungu obusisigxina kwiRoyal Social London.
Ngo-1985, uStephen Hawking wafumana utyando lwe-larynnx, eyayingenakwenzeka ukuba uphephe ngenxa ye-pneumonia enzima. Ukusukela ngoko, uStefano uyekile ukuthetha, kodwa eqhubeka nokunxibelelana nabantu osebenza nabo ngoncedo lwe-synthether yentetho, ephuhliswe ngabahlobo bakhe - ingakumbi kuye.
Kangangexesha elithile, ukubetha kungashukuma ngesalathiso somnwe wesalathiso. Kodwa obu buchule bokuhamba kwexesha buwile. Ukuphela kwesihlunu se-wimic sahlala. Inzwa ifakwe ngokuchasene nale mpacle yanceda uStephen kulawulo lwekhompyuter, awayenokunxibelelana nabantu bakhe ngeenxa zonke kuye.
Ngaphandle komhlathi onzima, i-biography ye-Stephen Hawking izaliswe yimicimbi yemvula, efunyenweyo kunye nezinto eziphunyeziweyo. Isifo esibuhlungu asiphulwanga nguStefano, sitshintshe nje kuphela ukuhamba kobomi. Phantse ngokupheleleyo i-Stephen Hawking yayingakhange ibone izithintelo kwi-prounter yakhe, ikhokelele umsebenzi otyebileyo osisityebi.
Ngenye imini, uHawking wenza i-feat yokwenyani. Wavuma ukufumana iimeko zokuhlala kwindawo engenamsebenzi, ehamba ngenqwelomoya ngenqwelomoya. Lo msitho owenzekileyo ngo-2007 utshintshe nje ukumelwa kukaStephen Hawking kwihlabathi lonke. Inzululwazi ibeka injongo-eyoyikisayo indawo engadlulanga ngo-2009.
I-physics
Eyona nto iphambili kwi-stephen hawking yi-cosmology kunye nobunzima bexabiso. Inzululwazi iphononongile kwiinkqubo ze-thermodynamic ezivela kwii-moles, imingxunya emnyama kunye nembonakalo emnyama. Igama layo libizwa ngokuba yi-phenomenon elichaza kwaye libonisa "ukukhukuliseka kwemingxunya emnyama" - "i-radiation".
Ngo-1974, uStefano kunye nomnye owaziwayo ngelo xesha, ingcali kaKakorn Korn yaxanda malunga nobume bendawo yendawo ye-Swan "X-1" kunye nemitha yayo. UStephen, olawula ukuchasana nophando, aphikisana ukuba le nto ayisiyo umngxunya omnyama. Nangona kunjalo, ukoyikiswa koyikiswa, kwanika ophumeleleyo kwimbambano ngo-1990. Kuya kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaxabiso amancinci alungile "anengxaki." UStephen Hawking wabeka ubhaliso lwayo lonyaka kwi-Eross Glossis Glossi "iPenthouse", kwaye i-korn korn i-tourancy "iliso labucala".
Ngo-1997, uStephen Hoiking waqukumbela enye ukubheja, kodwa ngoku, kunye nemoto ebilisiweyo ngokuchasene noJohn Pippill. Ingxoxo yempikiswano yaba sisiqalo kwisifundo soguquko sikaStephen Hawing, ngengxelo awayeyithetha kuyo kwinkomfa ekhethekileyo yoochwephesha ngo-2004. NgokukaYohane Prenkll, kumaza akhupha imingxunya emnyama, kukho ulwazi olungenakuphikiswa.
Ukubetha kuchasene le Arion ngokuxhomekeka kwiziphumo zezifundo zika-1975. Ucacisile ukuba olo lwazi alunakuchazwa, kuba luwela kwindalo iphela, ngokuhambelana nomnyele.
Emva kwexesha, ngo-2004, kwiNkqubo yeNkomfa yaBaphathiswa eDublin kwisihloko se-cosmology, uStephen Hawking Beka inqaku elitsha malunga nobume bomngxunya omnyama. Ngesi sigqibo, ukuhleba kwakhona waphinda wanxunguphele kwimbambano, eqonda ngokucacileyo ukuchaneka komdlali welinye iqela. Kwithiyori yakhe, ugqirha usangqina ukuba ulwazi alunyamalali ngaphandle komkhondo, kodwa ngenye imini luya kushiya umngxunya omnyama kunye nemitha ye-thermal.
UStephen Hawking ngumbhali wamaxwebhu aliqela malunga nendalo.
Ngo-2015, i-premiere yefilimu epheleleyo "indalo iphela uStepheon Hawing", apho iSayensi incinci yenza i-Hollywood Actor Redmein ebalaseleyo, ngokutsho kwabavelisi, kufanelekile ukuba le ndima. Ifilimu yaya kwiikowuti ezisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo ulutsha lwaseBritani.
I-Kinokiarttina kumsebenzi womlawuli, uYakobi Marsha unembali yokwenene kaStephen, ethetha ngobudlelwane bakhe obunzima kunye nomfazi wokuqala kaJane Wild. Umlingisi oselula odlale iSayensi yoLwazisiso kunye neCosmologist Hawing, emva kwe-Prefeere yafumana i-Oscar yeyona ndima ibalaseleyo yesicwangciso sokuqala.
Iincwadi
Ukongeza kwezinye impumelelo kunye nezinto eziphunyeziweyo kwicandelo lezenzululwazi, uStephen Hawing waziwa kwenye indawo. Ubhale iincwadi ezininzi ezazisasazeka kwihlabathi elisasazwa kakhulu. Umsebenzi wokuqala yincwadi, epapashwe ngo-1988. Umsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nesayensi obizwa ngokuba "yimbali yexesha emfutshane" ye-Dynam uhlala umthengisi.
Kwakhona, isayensi yaba ngumbhali weencwadi "imingxunya emnyama kunye ne-Instricy", "uxolo kwi-Walnut yesilivere". Ngo-2005, wabhala enye incwadi "eyona nto iphambili kwimbali yexesha", ngoku ngokubambisana nombhali uLeonard Mrododinov. Ekunye nentombi yakhe uStefano Hawing babhala kwaye bakhulule incwadi yabantwana "uGeorge kunye neemfihlo zendalo," eyakhululwa ngo-2006.
Ekupheleni kuka-1998, inzululwazi yaqokelela uqikelelo lwesayensi oluneenkcukacha zesayensi yekamva loluntu kwiwaka leminyaka elikufuphi. Ingxelo efanelekileyo yenziwa kwindlu kaRhulumente. Iimpikiswano zakhe zivakala kakuhle. Ngo-2003, ingxelo yabaphandi yayingasakhuthazi, wacebisa uluntu, ngaphandle kokucinga, ukuya kwelinye ilizwe eliphilayo kude kude nentsholongwane eyayisongela ukusinda kwethu.
Ubomi Buqu
Ngo-1965, uStephen Hawking watshata noJane WildE, owadibana nolwandlelo. Intombazana yazala isoftware ngoonyana kunye nentombi yakhe. Ubomi bobuqu uStephen Hawing kunye nenkosikazi yakhe babungasebenzi, kwaye ngo-1991 babeqhawula umtshato. Izizathu ezisesikweni zoqhawulo-mtshato azizange zizibophelele esidlangalaleni.
Sele ngonyaka ka-1995, uStephen Hawking watshata okwesibini, kwi-nusne yomongikazi i-Eine Mason, ethi ixesha elide wanyamekela izazinzulu. Emva kokuba umtshato weshumi elinanye oneminyaka eli-12 ubudala wamqhawula umtshato umfazi wakhe.
Oonyana uStefano Waya waxhasa utata kuyo yonke imicimbi yakhe nokuzama. Ukongeza kubo, iSayensi ihlala ixhasa umhlobo wakhe osenyongweni, i-hollywood ye-geen geere jim kerry, eyayibona eyaphinda yavelisa ngokuhlwa neeseshoni zefoto.
Ipolitiki nenkolo
Inzululwazi yaliwe yonke ithiyori malunga nobukho bukaThixo kwaye bengakholelwa kuTixo. Ngaphandle kwale nyaniso, wasikelelwa ngoPopu Francis kwi-Symposium ekhethekileyo, eyayiqhutywa kwiindonga zeSikolo seNzululwazi. Ngokutsho kwezinto zopolitiko, i-stephen haking ibhekisa kubasebenzi.
Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1968, inzululwazi, kunye nomsebenzi woluntu, i-TATAK ALI kunye neMbango yeFilimu Vamesana iphinde yathatha inxaxheba kwizandla eVietnam.
Emva kwexesha, i-1980s, inzululwazi ixhasa umbono wabasebenza naye malunga nokungathobeki, impilo jikelele kunye nokuqhelisela imeko yehlabathi liphela.
Isigqibo soMongameli waseMelika, owakhokelela kwimfazwe kwintsimi yeRiphabhlikhi yaseIraq ngo-2003, inzululwazi ibizwa ngokuba ngulwaphulo-mthetho lwamagosa omkhosi. Kwakuloo nyaka, waxhasa i-boycott yabathathi-nxaxheba kwiNkomfa yeNdibano yase-Israyeli kubaphathi bezopolitiko ngokuchasene nabahlali basePalestine.
Iminyaka yakutshanje uStefano usebenze kwimicimbi entsha yendalo iphela, yanika intetho kwi-fiziks kwiZiko, ebandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yophando esebenzayo.
Ukufa
Imithombo yeendaba yaseBritane ixele ukuba ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi 14, 2018 uStefano wasweleka ekhayeni lakhe. Abantwana benzululwazi baqinisekisa le ngcaciso, besithi:
Kanye xa wathi: "Kwindalo iphela, bekungayi kubakho ngqiqweni ukuba yayingeyiyo indlu apho abantu abathandekayo baphila khona." Siya kuhlala simkhumbula ""