Biography
Kwanakwi-Xviii yenkulungwane, umbhali-mbali wesiNgesi, ufunde ukuphuculwa kwetyala kuBukhosi baseRoma, ngokweemeko zabelwe ixesha elibizwa ngokuba zii-emperors ezilungileyo ezintlanu. Zonke zingowesithathu ukusuka ekuqaleni komgaqo wobubi baseRoma we-Antonins. Ixesha lolawulo malifanele lilandelwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni abaphathi abazisa uzuko nequla lerome baba nguMarti Antonin.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Biography Mark Aurelia ingabalulekanga, nolwazi oluthembekileyo malunga nemvelaphi yayo kwaye le ntsapho igcinwe kancinci.
UMark Averal Anton wazalwa nge-26 ka-Epreli eRoma. Ngabazali bomlawuli wexesha elizayo, ngokwemithombo yolwazi, yayikhona ver kunye ne-Lucallom. Emva kokuzalwa, inkwenkwe ebizwa ngokuba yiMarcus Anius Anius siius caverus. Unina, ulawulo lukaLucill - oyena mncinci, wenzeka kwi-Aristoctrac Callogics yaseNobili kwaye kwakufuneka nesalamane somlawuli uAdrian.
Ulawulo lwalubonakaliswa ngumsindo othambileyo, hayi kulo lonke unomdla kwimicimbi yezopolitiko kwaye wazinikela ekukhuliseni abantwana. Ngendlela, abantwana kwintsapho babenezibini. Ngo-121, uMarcus Anius wazalelwa, kwasemhlabeni kamva, intombi ka-Annya Confia, eyayifa ngesizathu esingaziwayo kwiminyaka engama-36.
Kweminye imithombo, uMarko uAzeri wazalelwa kwintsapho yoPatrician obalaseleyo, iingcambu zawo ezilahlekileyo kwiSpain eselumelwaneni. Kungekudala le ndoda yamkela usapho lomfazi wesithathu kanina woMlawuli ongu-Adriana - Lucililla Powlin. Xa uTata wokuqala owamkhulisayo wasweleka ngo-139, lo mfana wamkelwa ngu-Emperor Antonin Pei, apho inkwenkwe ifumene elinye igama - uMark Elya Aureli vel.
Kwi-odolo yotatomkhulu, uMarcus Anius wafunda ekhaya, ngelixa wayefumana imfundo elungileyo ngalo maxesha kwaye wayesaziwa sonke kwisithili siphela. Kubo bonke ootitshala, uMarcus ukhumbula ngokufudumeleyo nge-diognete, wazisa inkwenkwe ngentanda-bulumko kwaye kwangaxeshanye ndifunde iziseko zokupeyinta. Ngenxa yemfundo elungileyo kunye nobuchule bokuhlalutya, le ndoda ilungiselelwe isithuba somncedisi womncedisi. Ngo-198, ngo-198, u-Emperor wasweleka, kwaye uMarko wathabatha isikhundla ngaphambili waza wasondela ekufundeni imicimbi kawonke-wonke.
Umlawuli
UMarcus wathathwa ngeminyaka eli-19 ubudala xa uAnton Piy wakhalaza kuye isikhundla se-susul, eyaba lilungelo elikhulu le ndoda. NgoJanuwari 161, uAverali wanyulwa kwikota yesithathu. Kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva, u-Antonin Pei wasweleka, kwaye onyana wakhe bobabini - uMark Azeri noLuzzi Zeoda Perda Per-wakhokela uBukhosi baseRoma. Emva kweminyaka esibhozo yoLawulo oluDibeneyo, uKeseda wasweleka, nabasemagunyeni bafudukela kwi-brand kude.
I-Leitmotift yeBhodi uMarko eAureliya yagxininiswa ngesimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha ngegunya eliphezulu lamandla e-rome-senate. Akukho ngqwalaselo ingaphantsi inike umlawuli omtsha kunye nobulungisa. Ngaphezu koko, uMarko uphephe kule ndawo yabantu abathandabuzekayo, kodwa kwasomeleza izithethe zamandulo, zaseRoma zaseRoma kunye nemilinganiselo yomthetho. Uthando lomlawuli lubulumko, ukucamngca kunye nokucamngca kwaba sisiseko sentanda-bulumko yalo maxesha. Ngapha koko, nangona umlawuli wayenenkxaso yokutsima, isebe eliphikisayo lentanda-bulumko yase-Epicoreph lisebenza ngempumelelo eAthens, yasebenza.
Ngexesha lamandla, uMarko eRoma wabeka iziseko zenkxaso kamasipala yengeniso ephantsi kunye neentsapho ezinkulu. Nangona wayenomsindo woxolo loxolo, kwafuneka athabathe inxaxheba kwimfazwe enye. Nje ukuba uAnthony Pius wasweleka, abantu abangabamelwane abavela kwi-Parphy banyhasha ulongamo lwamaRoma imida yamaRoma, kwaye amaRoma anetyala owoyiswayo kwiimfazwe ezimbini. Emva koko ilizwe lagqiba kwelokuba lelona meko ziyingenelo zeRoma. Kwaye emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kamva, umkhosi waseJamani wahlasela imida yaseMantla kaRhulumente.
Ukuhlaselwa okukhulu kwamaJamani amandulo kuwo onke amacala aseNyakatho yoBukhosi baseRoma kunyanzelisa uMakisha uMkhosi, kunye nokulungelelanisa imilenze eyongezelelweyo ukukhusela imida. Nokuba amakhoboka kunye nabahlobo abadumileyo bathabatha amajoni. Iingxaki ezongeziweyo zeMida yeMpuma yobukumkani zidala izizwe ezinobuntu kunye nenkohliso zabase-Sarmatis. Umlawuli oneminyaka engama-57 ubudala uMark Azeri wobuqobo uqobo nxamnye noBukhosi baseRoma nxamnye namaJamani, amaRoma yenzekile ngempumelelo, kodwa ngelo xesha ubhubhane weplagi.
Uncwadi
Ngo-146, uMark wafunda ngenkuthalo intanda-bulumko. Kwindima yokuphefumlelwa kunye notitshala womfana, uRustik rustik, owayekhonza njenge-curlol.
Ubomi obugcweleyo boMlawuli, ukuzinikela kwakhe ebantwini nakwimicimbi yezopolitiko akuzange kumthintele ekufundeni intanda-bulumko awayebonisa ngayo tyekelo lweminyaka yobutsha. Ubomi, uAbrellius wabhala iincwadi ezilishumi elinambini ngesiGrike. Iingxelo ezininzi zesithandi-sobulumko zaza zaza zaziphilisa iihobe kwaye azisoloko zinokukhumbula umbhali wabo.
Imisebenzi yentanda-bulumko ye-Anderamius yafumana igama "Ukuqiqa ngokwabo" (ezinye iindlela zokudlulisela igama - "kuye", "imiyalezo kuwe"). Imisebenzi yesithandi-sobulumko yaba yeyona ntshukumo ibaluleke kakhulu yexesha lokutshutshiswa emva kwexesha.
UMarko wakhokelela kwiirekhodi zakhe njengedayari yakho, kodwa yayingeyiyo ngokwakhe eyakheka inzala, kwaye nangakumbi ayizange ibala ukupapasha isandla esikhulu. Isiseko sesigwebo sentanda-bulumko yombhali esibeka phantsi isihloko setyala kunye nokufa. Encwadini, umlawuli uchaza iimeko awayeze nazo ebomini ebomini zifuna iindlela zokucinezela ingqumbo ekuphenduleni iintshukumo zabantu.
Kwintliziyo yentanda-bulumko yokubonisa imeko, uMarko u-Azeriya wakuqonda ingqondo yoxanduva kwikamva labantu babo. Ukusuka ngaphakathi, uluntu lwaseRoma lwalubolile ngenxa yokungazi nokuziphatha okubi, nangaphandle kommangaliso womkhosi wezizwe zeBarbarking ezikufuphi. Kule nto ingathandekiyo kuRhulumente kunye nomlawuli wakhe, ifilosofi yayizama ukugcina ulungelelwano, phepha ingqumbo, intiyo kunye neemvakalelo zokuziva.
Ngaphandle kwentanda-bulumko yentanda-bulumko enzulu, utyekelo lokuzihlaziya kwaye ucinge, isikhundla sentanda-bulumko esingeyonyani. Umfanekiso wehlabathi womhlaba wefilosofi wawusekwe kwizimvo kunye neemfundiso zesithandi-sobulumko ovela eGrisi, owayehlala eRoma emalungeloni, ii-scrat. Zombini iinkalo zifundisa ukuthobeka - ukuthatha umhlaba kwihlabathi lonke njengoko kwadalwa, sukuzama ukuyitshintsha, musa ukulungela ukungafezeki.
Nangona, ngexesha lolawulo, i-Aurelius ye-brand yayithathwa njengobuhedeni, kwaye amaKristu atshutshiswa, inkqubo yendalo yoMlawuli yayisondele kumKristu wokuqala. Isithandi-sobulumko samkela ithiyori ye-monotheism-sasikholelwa kwisiqalo esinye esiphezulu, uhlobo lwe-superflum ezilawula zonke iinjongo.
Ikopi yemibhalo-ngqangi yombhali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ayigcinwanga. Ubonwe kwi-XID ngenkulungwane ye-XID ngumhloli wesiJamani, i-pharning ye-pharning kwi-latin. Intsomi ye "Incwadi yeGolide ye-Aurliya", ukubhalwa kwento eyayikutyholwa nguMlawuli wamaRoma wakudala waseRoma, yayikukukrwada yi-XIDROM. Kwisiqinisekiso sesikhundla sobuntu, uphawu lwe-Arkia I-Islia Xiland XHOULR KAKHULU "Ukuqiqa ngaye" kugxininise ukufana kwezimvo zika-Emperar - ISibhalo esitshatileyo - ITestamente eNtsha.
Kude kube sekuqalekeni kweXesha le-Xvisi, abaseki befilosofi yokutsima kwendlela yokuThumatha bathathwa njengeSenec nakwi-Epicthet, kunye nendima encinci banikwa uMark Abrenia. Inqaku lohlalutyo lweSayensi yeSwitzerland ifumana ubulungisa, ke uMarko u-Aurelius wathabatha indawo ebekekileyo phakathi kwabasunguli befilosoti yehlabathi.
Iminyaka elikhulu, abaphengululi ababefunda iimfundiso zoMlawuli wamaRoma amandulo beqhutywa ngokufana neembono zakhe kunye nobuKristu bokuqala kwaye babekwa eAwerellius kubashumayeli bonqulo lobuKristu kwiRoma yobuhedeni. Incwadi yeFilosofi "Ukuqiqa ngesiqu sakhe", kubandakanya amacandelo ayi-12, yaba yincwadi oyithandayo ka-42nd American Mongameli Clinton.
Ubomi Buqu
Emva kokufa kuka-Adrian, uAntonin Peli weza emandleni, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwendoda yaseMarko eAurelius nentombi yomlawuli omtsha i-Emperiona yase-Austina yaseFaustina yaseFauaustina ye-Faustina yaseFaustiria yenzeka.
Emtshatweni, le ntombazana yazala abantwana abayi-12, kodwa kuphela ezine kuzo.
I-Aurilia yoKufa
Ekupheleni kwethuba leBhodi, xa izizwe zaseJamani zasongela imida yaseRoma, uMark Azeri waba sentloko yomkhosi wamaRoma, kodwa ubomi obuninzi batshiswa ngokuqinileyo eYurophu. Umlawuli waseRoma yayilixhoba lokugula okubi. NgoMatshi 17, 178, uAverasi wasweleka eWindonene (umda weOstriya). Ngenxa yokunyuka komgangatho wokuphila kwabadala abaqhelekileyo, ukomeleza igunya likaRoma phakathi kwamazwe aselumelwaneni, uMarkoya emva kokuba efayo. Uthuli lomlawuli lwalusiwe eRoma lwaza lwabaleka kwiMausoleum ka-Adrian.
Ukufa nokunikela ingxelo koku, uMarko akazange azive ukufa, kodwa wonke umphefumlo ukwamkela ikamva leRoma nabantu bakhe. Ukukhumbula isilumko soMlawuli, iincwadi ezixineneyo ngentanda-bulumko yamandulo kunye norhulumente ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yokuziphatha yoluntu, kunye nomlawuli we-Emperor olingana nomlawuli, wasala.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wafunyanwa kwiXesha Eliphakathi kwaye wanamathela kwenye yeenduli ezisixhenxe, apho kwakhiwa khona iRoma yakudala - iCapitol yaseRoma. Isikhumbuzo sikwibhotwe elitsha, kwisikwere seCapitol kwiRoma ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, sifana nokufana kunye nokuziphatha okuphezulu kwabalawuli bamandulo, kubonakaliswe kumfanekiso omangalisayo.
Ukufa kwabalawuli abahlanu abalungileyo kwimbali yoBukhosi baseRoma bagqitywa ngokufa komlawuli onobulumko kwimbali yoBukhosi baseRoma. Unyana kunye nongenelelo kuMarko Cookhodi, ethambekele kunobulumko kunye nezopolitiko, engafuni ukuba nemfazwe ene-barbarians, abonisa ukuba abe nobungozi beRoma.
I-Bibliography
- "Ukuqiqa ngawe"