Biography
Kunyangwe muXviii century, vanyori vechirungu, vachidzidza kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu muHurumende yeRoma, vakagoverwa zvakatemwa nguva yemamishini emamambo mashanu akanaka. Vese vaive vechitatu kubva pakutanga kweiyo musimboti wedzinza reRoma remanotoni. Nguva yokutonga inofanira kutevedzerwa zvakajeka, uye pakupedzisira vevatongi vakauya nembiri uye Roma-kugara zvakanaka kwaitwa naMako naAzeri.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Biography Mark Aurelia inongori, uye ruzivo rwakavimbika nezvekwaakabva uye mhuri iyi yakachengetedzwa zvishoma.
Maka Arerili Antonin akazvarwa musi waApril 26, 121 muRoma. Vabereki vemutongi wenguva yemberi, zvinoenderana neyakaenzana, vaive ver chero ver uye hutongi hwekuruboshwe. Pakuzvarwa, mukomana anonzi Marcus Nyuiyius Calilus Severus. Amai vake, kutonga kwaLocill - Mudiki weLucill, vakaitika kubva kumhuri dzakatarwa dzehusiku calvicians uye vaifanira kuhama yehumambo Adrian.
Kutonga kwakaratidzirwa nehasha nyoro, kwete zvachose kufarira zvinhu zvematongerwo enyika uye akazvipira kurera vana. Nenzira, vana mumhuri vaive vaviri. Muna 121, Marcus Asius akaberekwa, uye gore rakatevera, mwanasikana waAnya Cornfia, akafa nekuda kwechikonzero chisingazivikanwe naye makore makumi matatu nemasere.
Pane dzimwezve zvinyorwa, Mako Azeri akaberekerwa mumhuri yenzvimbo dzakanaka, midzi yavo yakarasika muSpain yakavakidzana. Nenguva isipi mukomana akatora mhuri yemukadzi wechitatu waamai vaEmperor Adriana - Lucilla Powlin's kutonga. Baba vekutanga pavakatanga vafa muna 139, murume wechidiki akatorwa naAnturin Pei, kwaigamuchira mukomana zita - Mark Elya Aureli Vel Kesar Caesar.
Pairatidziro yasekuru, Marcus Atius akafunda kumba, paakawana dzidzo yakanaka kwenguva idzodzo uye akave akakurumbira mudunhu rose nokusimbisa dunhu. Kubva kuvadzidzisi vese, Marcus anoyeuka neDiognette, achisuma mukomana neuzivi uye panguva imwe chete ndakadzidza zvekutanga zvekupenda. Kutenda kune dzidzo yakanaka uye kugona kwekuongorora, jaya iri rakagadzirirwa post yemubatsiri consul. Muna 198, mambo akafa, uye Markus akatora chinzvimbo chakaponeswa uye akasvika padhuze nekudzidza kwezvinhu zvevoruzhinji.
Emperor
Marcus aisatorwa pedyo nemakore 19 apo Antonin Piy akanyunyuta kwaari chinzvimbo chekutambudza, chakazova rukudzo rukuru rwejaya racho. MunaJanuary 161, Ndoralia akasarudzwa kwenguva yechitatu nguva. Mwedzi mitatu gare gare, Antonin Pei akafa, uye maviri emwanakomana wake - Mako Azeri naRuzi Ziyoni Ziyoni, vakatungamira Humambo hweRoma. Mushure memakore masere asara gamuchira, The Commonta akafa, uye zviremera zvakafamba kuchinhu ichienda.
Iyo Leitmotift yeBhodhi Mark Aureeliya yakasimbiswa nemafungiro anoremekedza kune iyo yepamusoro Simba reHurumende simba muRome - Seneti. Hapana kutarisirwa kudarika kwakapa mambo mutsva uye kururamisira. Uyezve, Mako anodzivirira munzvimbo ino yenzvimbo inovhunduka, asi pane kudaro, akasimbisa zvekare tsika dzekare, iyo yekutanga tsika uye tsika dzemutemo. Uye rudo rweMubati weuchenjeri, mafungidziro uye kufungisisa kwakave hwaro hweuzivi hwerudzi renguva idzo. Uyezve, kunyangwe mambo aive mutsigiri wechigaro, dhipatimendi rekupikisa rePicorosphy rakabudirira kushanda muAtene, raakatangisa.
Munguva yeMagetsi, Mark aureliya muRoma akaisa nheyo dzemunhu kutsigirwa kwemari-mari uye mhuri dzakakura. Pasinei nehasha dzerudo rudo, aifanira kutora chikamu muhondo imwe. Paakangoita Anthony Pilus, vanhu vavakidzani vanobva Paraphy vakatyora uchangamire hwemiganhu yeRoma, uye vaRoma vakatambura nekukundwa kwakashata mumarutiri maviri. Imnika dzakapedza nyika kwete mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa zvakanyanya kuRoma. Uye mushure memwedzi mishoma gare gare, mauto eGerman akarwisa miganhu yekuchamhembe kweHurumende.
Kurwiswa kukuru kwevaGermeni ezvekumusoro kwehumambo hweRoma kwakamanikidza Mark aureliya kuti awedzere mari yemauto, pamwe nekuwedzera kukwikwidza, kugadzira mauto matsva kuti udzivirire miganhu. Kunyangwe varanda uye vafambi vakakurumbira vakatora mauto. Zvekuwedzera matambudziko emagariro ekumabvazuva ehumambo akasika madzinza nemauto evasungwa. Mako ane makore 57 ane makore azeri ari iye amene akananga kuuto reHurumende yeRoma kurwisa maGerman, vaRoma vakabudirira vakaitika, asi panguva iyoyo denderedzwa dendere rakatorwa.
Mabhuku
Muna 146, mako akadzidza nemufaro uzivi. Mubasa rekurudziro uye mudzidzisi wejaya, Stoik quint, yong Rushi, uyo akashandawo kunge consul.
Upenyu hwakaguta hwaHumambo, kuzvipira kwake kuvanhu uye zviitiko zvematongerwo enyika hazvina kumutadzisa kudzidza uzivi hwaakaratidza mumakore oda. Kweupenyu, Abrellius akanyora gumi nemaviri mabhuku muchiGiriki. Mashoko mazhinji ehuzivi akazouya apro okuphhorisms uye kwete nguva dzose anogona kuyeuka munyori wavo.
Mabasa eruzivo a artilius akawana zita rekuti "achifunga nezvavo" (mamwe maitiro ekutumira zita - "ivo", "ivo chete navo", "mameseji kwauri"). Mabasa omuzivi akanyanya kukosha kushanda kwenguva yekunonoka chinzvimbo.
Mako akatungamira zvinyorwa zvake se diary, asi zvaisave pakuratidzwa kwevazukuru, uyezve zvimwe hazvina kuvimba nekuparadzira kuparadzirwa kukuru. Hwaro hwekutonga kwehunyanzvi hweMunyori vanoradzika musoro wenyaya uye kufa. Mubhuku, mambo anotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu aakawana muupenyu ari kutsvaga nzira dzekudzvinyirira kutsamwa mukuita vanhu vakaomerera vanhu.
Pamwoyo yeuzivi hwefungidziro yetsika, Mako Azerlia iri kuziva pfungwa yeiyo pfungwa yemberi yevanhu vevanhu vavo. Kubva mukati, nzanga yechiRoma yakaora nekuda kwekusaziva uye unzenza, uye kunze kwemapepa emauto ehondo emadzinza akavhenganiswa akaomeswa. Mukusagadzikana uku kweHurumende nemutongi wake, muzivi akaedza kuchengetedza mwero wepfungwa, dzivirira kutsamwa, kuvenga uye kusanzwira tsitsi.
Pasinei nechirume chakadzika chechizivi chehupenyu, iyo yekuda kuzviongorora uye kufunga, iyo philosophical chinzvimbo che Aurelia hachisi chekutanga. Mufananidzo wenyika wenyika wamambo wehunyanzvi hwaive hwakavakirwa pamaonero uye dzidziso dzeuzivi kubva kuGreek, vaigara muRoma pane kodzero dzekudzora, epictics. Mazaya ese ari maviri akadzidzisa kuzvininipisa - kutora nyika kupoterera nyika sezvaakasikwa, usayedze kuzvichinja, usashungurudza nekuda kwekusakwana kwake.
Kunyangwe, panguva yekutonga, iyo rudzi Aureelus yaionekwa sechihedheni, uye maKristu akatambudzwa, tsika yechisikwa yamambo yaive pedyo neMukristu wekutanga. Muzivi akaziva fungidziro yeMonotheism - vakatenda mune imwe yepamusoro kutanga, rudzi rwe superflum iro rinokudza chinangwa chose.
Iyo kopi yeManyorero Origina yeMunyori kuzuva rino haina kuchengetedzwa. Akaverengerwa muIVI Century nemuongorori wechiGerman, Humanist-Holenical Xilcear muLatin. Ngano ye "Bhuku regoridhe raMark Aaureliya", iro ranyaradzanisi iro rakashongedzwa kuva mambo weRoma wekare, raivewo rakagadzirirwa Xildrom. Mukusimbiswa kwechinzvimbo cheMonotheism, Mark Arellia Xilular mukuongorora kwake "achifunga nezvake" akasimbisa kufanana kwemaonero emambo - chihedheni neRugwaro rwechiKristu - Testamende Itsva.
Kusvikira kutanga kwezana reXVIE, vatange vechitendero chehunyanzvi hwechitofu hwaive hwakatariswa senec uye epictheet, uye chikamu chidiki chakapihwa kuna Mako Abhrenatia. Nyaya yekuongorora yeSystem Scientist Kazobon akapora ruramisiro, saka Mark Aurelius akatora nzvimbo inokudzwa pakati pevavengi vechisimba muhunhu munyika.
Kwazanozana ramakore, vaidzidza dzidziso dzemambo wekare vaiitwawo nekufanana kwemafungiro ake neChristian uye vakaisa varidzi vechitendero chechiKristu muRoma yechihedheni. Bhuku reNizi reVazivi "vachifunga nezvake", iro rinosanganisira zvikamu gumi nembiri, rakazova bhuku raifarirwa ne 42nd muAmerican President Bill Clinton.
Hupenyu Hwako
Mushure mekufa kweAdrian, Anton Pei akasimba, uye kuenzaniswa kwemurume waMaka Aurelus nemwanasikana wemunhu mutsva eAndia Galeria vakaitika.
Muwanano, musikana wacho akabereka vana gumi nevaviri, asi ivo chete chete vakapukunyuka.
Rufu Mako Aurelia
Pakupera kwenguva yebhodhi, apo madzinza echiGerman akatyisidzira miganho yeRoma, Mako Azeri akava pamiromo yevaRoma, asi hupenyu hwakawanda hwakapiswa kwazvo muEurope. Emperor weRoma ndiye akabatwa nechirwere chinotyisa. Musi waKurume 17, 178, Ndangarali akafa muWindows (iyo ndima yeAustria iripo). Kupiwa kukwira muyero yekugara kwevanhuwo zvavo, kusimbisa chiremera choRoma pakati penyika dzakavakidzana, Mark aureliya mushure mekufa kwevamwari. Guruva remurumbidzwe rakatakurwa kuenda kuRoma ndokumhanyira mumausoleum yeAdrian.
Kufa uye kuzvipa mushumo mune izvi, Mako haana kunzwa rufu, asi mweya yose yaive ichirarama kwenguva yemberi yeRoma nevanhu vake. Mukurangarira vakachenjera vamambo, mabhuku akatetepa pamusoro pehurumende yekare yehuchi uye nehurumende inoenderana nenheyo dzetsika dzevanhu, pamwe neyemusoro wehumambo wemambo, akaramba ari.
Sculpture yakawanikwa mumakore epakati uye inodiridzwa pane imwe yemakomo manomwe, uko iyo yekare Roma yakaiswa - iyo yeRoma Capitol. Mbambo iri mumuzinda mutsva, pane nzvimbo yeCapitol kuRoma nanhasi, yakafanana nehukuru uye tsika dzepamusoro pevatongi veRome yekare, yakataurwa muhurumende yekare.
Rufu rwevaemadzishe mashanu akanaka munhoroondo yeumambo hweRoma chakapera kupedzwa nerufu rwemambo wakangwara munhoroondo yeHurumende yeRoma. Mwanakomana uye anotevera kuna Mark Aureliya
BHAIBHERI
- "Kukurukurirana Nezvako"