Tari
Ko da a karni na XVIII, masanin tarihin Turanci, nazarin ci gaban matakai a cikin Daular Rome, kanada ya ware lokacin da ake kira da lokacin da ake kira na manyan sarakuna biyar. Dukansu sun kasance na uku daga farkon ka'idar daular Rome ta antons. Lokacin da jingina ya zama a fili, kuma na ƙarshe na shugabanni waɗanda suka kawo ɗaukakarsu suka zama alama Azeri Anttin.Yaro da matasa
Alamu tarihin Aurelia mai ma'ana ne, amintacciyar bayani game da asalinta kuma wannan dangin da aka kiyaye shi kadan.
Mark Ashirudi Antonin an haife shi ne a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 121 a Roma. Iyayen na mai mulki na gaba, bisa ga tushe ɗaya, sun kasance kowane ver da mamayar Lucillom. Da haihuwa, yaron da ake kira Marcus anius cawanilus musanta. Mahaifiyarsa, mamayar Lucill - mafi karami, ta faru daga dangin Aristocratic na Nobili Caliban na Nobili kuma sun yi wa dangin Emperor Adrian.
An nuna mamayar da takaici ta hanyar fushi, ba ko da yake sha'awar al'amuran siyasa kuma ba da kansa ga renon yara. Af, yara a cikin dangi suna da biyu. A cikin 121, Marcus Anius ya haife shi, bayan wannan shekara, 'yar ANISHYA Cornfia, wanda ya mutu saboda dalilin da ba a san shi ba a shekaru 36.
A wasu kafofin, Mark Azerian an haife shi ne a cikin gidan mai daraja Patrician, wanda Tushen sun rasa a makwabta Spain. Ba da daɗewa ba yaron ya ɗauko dangin matar ta uku ta mahaifiyar Emperor Adriana - mamayewar Lucillla Powlin. A lokacin da Ula ta farko ta rasu ya mutu a 139, Sarkin Ellin ya karbi wani suna - Mark Elya Aureli Vel Kaisar.
A umarnin kaka, Marcus Anius nazarin a gida, yayin da ya sami ilimi mai kyau ga wadancan lokutan kuma ya zama sananne ga gundumar duka tare da eruism. Daga dukkan malamai, Marcus din dumi ya ambaci Diognete, gabatar da yaro da falsafa kuma a lokaci guda na koyi kayan zane. Godiya ga ingantaccen ilimi da kuma iyawar nazari, saurayin ya shirya don post na mataimaki. A shekara ta 198, Sarkin ya mutu, sai Markus ya dauki matsayin da aka zargee da aka zarginsu kuma sun zo kusa da binciken al'amuran jama'a.
Sarki
An dauki Marcus da 19 years lokacin da Antonin Piy ya kori matsayin babban ciniki, wanda ya zama babbar daraja ga saurayin. A watan Janairu 161, an zabi Ajiyaye a lokacin na uku. Watanni uku bayan haka, Antinin Pei ya mutu, da kuma ɗansa Mark Azeria cofoda Comoda ver - Masarautar Roman. Bayan shekaru takwas na sarautar hadisi, Hidda ya mutu, kuma hukumomi suka koma ga alama.
Fiitmotift na hukumar Mark Aureliya aka jaddada ta hanyar mutuntaka Mormaye ga mafi girman iko na wutar lantarki a Rome - Majalisar dattijai. Babu karancin hankali da ya ba da sabon sarki da adalci. Bugu da ƙari, Markus ya guji a cikin wannan fannin abubuwa masu ban tsoro, amma akasin haka, ya ƙarfafa tsoffin al'adun Roman Roman da ƙa'idar doka. Kuma kaunar mai mulkin zuwa hikima, tunani da masu bi-da-tunani sun zama tushen falsafar waɗancan lokutan. Haka kuma, duk da cewa sarki mai goyon bayan stocizim, an samu nasarar sashen 'yan adawar Falsafar Falsafa a Athens, wanda ya yi nasara.
A lokacin iko, Mark Aureliya a Rome ya dage kafa tushen goyon bayan karbar kudi da manyan iyalai. Duk da irin fushin sarki na soyayya, dole ne ya shiga cikin wani yaƙe ɗaya. Da zaran Anthony Pius ya mutu, makwabta da mutanen daga gidan waya suka keta wajan mulkin mallaka na Roman, kuma Romawa sun sha wahala shan kashi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe biyu. Sannan kasashen suka kammala duniya ba da amfani ba a Rome. Bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, sojojin Jamus sun kai hari kan iyakokin arewacin jihar.
Babban hari na tsohuwar Jamusawa don dukkan gabanin arewacin da Daular Rome ya tilasta Mark Aureliya don kara yawan karar, ka kirkiro wasu karin kwazo don kare iyaka. Koda bayi da masu farin ciki suka dauki sojoji. Additions ƙarin matsalolin gabashin daular sun haifar da kabilan sararcia. Mahaifin mai shekaru 57 Mark Azeri ne ya shugabanci sojojin Rome a kan Jamusawa, sun samu nasarar cin nasara, amma a wannan lokacin da annobar ta fashe.
Litattafai
A cikin 146, Alama na farinciki nazarin ilimin falsafar. A cikin rawar da wahayi da malami na saurayi, stoik Qint, wanda shi ma ya zama mataimaki.
Rai mai cikakken rayuwa mai mulkin sarki, sadaukarwarsa ga mutane da kuma al'amuran siyasa ba su hana shi nazarin falsafar da ya yi ba. Gama a rayuwa, Abrellius ya rubuta littattafai goma sha biyu a cikin Helenanci. Dayawa na ilimin falsafa ya zama dan gaba aphorisms kuma ba koyaushe zai iya tuna marubucinsu ba.
Ayyukan Falsafa na Appreliius sun sami sunan "tattaunawa game da kansu" (madadin kai don canja wurin sunan - "Kadai tare da su", "saƙonni ga kanku"). Ayyukan Fellosafer ya zama babban aiki na zamanin da ƙarshen stocism.
Mark ɗin ya haifar da bayanan sa a matsayin rubutaccen sirri, amma ba a kan hidimar zuriyarsa ba, har ma da yawa bai iya yin bugu da babban yanki ba. Dalilin hukunce-hukuncen falsafa na marubucin ya sa batun bashi da mutuwa. A cikin littafin, mai sarki ya bayyana yanayin da wanda ya zo a rayuwa yana neman hanyoyin don hana fushi saboda ya ba da amsa ga mutane.
A zuciyar falsafar tunani, Mark Azerlia ta bayyana sanin ma'anar alhakin rayuwar mutanensu. Daga ciki, Sashen Roman ya lalace saboda jahilci da lalata, kuma a bayan kamfen dinta na tawakkali an gurbata. A cikin wannan rashin lafiya ga jihar da shugaban sa, da falsafa da guji yin fushi, ƙiyayya da ji da rashin ƙarfi.
Duk da matsayin rayuwar falsafa mai zurfi, sha'awar bincike da tunani, matsayin falsafa na Aurilia ba na asali ba ne. Hoton duniya na zamanin Falsfeopizing ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyin da koyarwar masanin ilimin falsafa daga Girka, wanda ya rayu a Rome a kan Rabicsics. Dukkan sagaran sun koyar da tawali'u - don ɗaukar duniya a duniya kamar yadda aka ƙirƙira shi, kada ku canza shi, ba baƙin ciki saboda ajizanci.
Kodayake, a lokacin sarautar Aurelius aka yi la'akari da shi wani arna ne, kuma Kiristoci sun tsananta, da tsarin sararin samaniya yana kusa da ainihin Kirista. Falsafer ya fahimci ka'idar tauhidi - ya yi imani da shi a farkon farawa, wani nau'in Superflum wanda ke sarrafa duk maƙasudin.
Kwafin asalin asalin marubucin zuwa yau ba a kiyaye shi ba. An sake yin ta a cikin karni na XVI daga mai bincike na Jamusawa, Xilen Hellenican Hellar a Latin. Tarihin Mark a Mark Aureliya ", marubucin da aka zargin mallakar tsohon sarki Romerrom, ya debunkris ta hannun xildrom, an debunk by xilderrom. A tabbacin matsayin tauhidi, Mark Asia Xilandr ne a cikin bincikensa na "Dalilin Game da kansa" ya jaddada makamantakar da na sarki tare da littafi na sarki - Sabon Alkawari-arna - Sabon Alkawari-arna - Sabon Alkawari.
Har zuwa farkon karni na XVII, waɗanda suka kafa na Falsophical na tawali'u an dauki Senecm da Ppicthhhhet, kuma an ba da ƙaramar taka rawa don alamar Abrenia. Labarin nazarin da aka bincika Kazobon Kizobon ya karbi wurin adalci, haka Markusous ya dauki wurin daukarwa tsakanin masu samar da stocism a falsafanci a falsafar duniya.
A ƙarni, malamai waɗanda suka yi karatun koyarwar tsohon ra'ayoyin Roman da farkon Kiristanci don ɗaukar wa'azin addinin Kirista a cikin arna Rome. Littafin Falsafa "Game da Kansa", wanda ya hada da sassan 12, wanda ya fi so littafin da ya fi so na Alex Clinton.
Rayuwar sirri
Bayan mutuwar Adrian, Antin Pei ya hau kan mulki, da kuma sa hannu kan mijin jihar Mark Aurturayi da 'yar sabon sarki Ansua Galeria Galeria
A aure, yarinyar ta haifi yara 12, amma hudunsu biyu ne kawai suka tsira.
Mutuwar Mark Aurelia
A ƙarshen lokacin, lokacin da kabilan Jamusawa barazana daga kan iyakokin Rome, Mark Azeri ya zama shugaban sojojin Rome, amma da yawa suna ƙone a Turai. Sarkin Roman shine wanda aka azabtar da mummunan ciwo. A ranar 17 ga Maris, 178, Averriali ya mutu a cikin iska (yankin na Austria). Ba da tasirin a cikin daidaitaccen rayuwar Romawa na yau da kullun, ƙarfafa ikon Roma a tsakanin ƙasan makwabta, Mark Aurete bayan mutuwa ta yi wa alloli. An cire ƙurar sarki zuwa Rome da gudu zuwa cikin Mausoleum na Adrian.
Mutuwa da ba da rahoto a cikin wannan, Mark bai ji mutuwa ba, amma duk rai yana fuskantar makomar Rome da jama'arsa. A cikin tunawa da mai hikima na sarki, littattafan da kunkuntar da tsohuwar falsafar stocism da ka'idojin kirki na ɗan adam, da kuma mutum-mutumi na 'yan adam, ya zauna.
An samo zane-zane a cikin tsaka-tsakin shekaru kuma ana shayar da ɗaya daga tsaunuka bakwai, inda aka gina tsohuwar Rome - Roman Capitol. Dutsen yana cikin sabon fadar, a filin filin, a kan filin Capitol a Rome har wa yau, yana kama da girman ɗabi'a da kyawawan dabi'u na shugabannin tsararru na Rome, wanda aka bayyana a cikin mutum-mutumi mai girma.
Mutuwar masu kyau masu kyau na masu kyau a cikin tarihin daular Rome da aka kammala da mutuwar Sarki mai hikima a cikin tarihin daular Rome. Sonan da magaji wa Mark commald, mai yiwuwa ga jin daɗi maimakon hikima da siyasa, ba son dame da 'yan baranci da siyasa, ba son jakar makoki da rauni na Rome.
Littafi daya
- "Yin tunani game da kanka"