I-Biograge
U-Elizabeth Petrovna - I-Empress yaseRussia, eyaba ngummeleli wokugcina wenkosi yamakhosi asolayini wabesifazane. Kungene emlandweni waseRussia njengohulumeni ojabulisayo, njengoba ayenothando olushiwo ngamabhande amahle nokuzijabulisa okukhulu.
Iminyaka yokubusa kwayo ayizange imakwe yimpumelelo eyayinhlelwe ngokukhethekile, kepha ngekhono iholele egcekeni futhi ivele phakathi kwamaqembu ezepolitiki, amvumela ukuba abambelele esihlalweni sobukhosi seminyaka engama-2. Noma kunjalo, u-Elizabeth ngadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamasiko nepulazi lakuleli, futhi wakwazi futhi ukuletha amabutho aseRussia ekunqobeni okuningana ezimpini ezinkulu.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Elizabeth Petrovna wazalwa ngoDisemba 29, 1709 edolobhaneni laseSel. Kolomese. Waba yindodakazi ye-Tsar Peter mina kanye neMarthas yaseSkavron (Catherine i), ngakho-ke wamukela isihloko sezikhulu eminyakeni emibili kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa, lapho abazali bengena emshadweni wesonto elisemthethweni. Ngo-1721, ngemuva kokukhuphukela kuPitrosi esihlalweni sobukhosi, u-Elizabeth kanye nodadewabo u-Ana Petrovna bathola iziqu ezisemthethweni, ezazenza izindlalifa ezisemthethweni esihlalweni sobukhosi.
U-Elizabethe osemusha wayeyindodakazi ethandekayo kakhulu kaPeter Peter, kodwa yabona uBaba kuyaqabukela. UTsarevna Natalia Alekseevna (umanti wokuba ngumugqa kababa) nomndeni ka-Alexander Menshikov, owayengumngane kaPeter aleksevich, wakhuliswa ekukhulisweni kwakhe.
Abazange bathwale umthwalo wempupelo yesikhathi esizayo - sabandakanyeka ngokuphelele esifundweni saseFrance kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubhala ngesandla okuhle. Ubuye wathola nolwazi olungelona iqiniso lwezinye izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, i-geography kanye nomlando, kepha azange zibe nentshisekelo tsearevna, ngakho-ke wanikela ngaso sonke isikhathi sabo isikhathi sokunakekela ubuhle bakhe nokukhethwa kwezingubo zakhe.
Enyakeni ka-Elizabeth, uPetrovna wahamba ngobuhle bokuqala egcekeni, wakweleta imali ngokuphelele, wahlukaniswa ngobuhlakani nobuhlakani. Ikhabethe lakhe lagcwaliswa ngezingubo ezintsha zemfashini, ikakhulukazi athande izingubo ezimbozeke ngegolide nesiliva (ngokwezinganekwane, lapho isibalo sabo sokudla kwa-Elizabethe safinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-15).
Izimfanelo ezinjalo zingenze "isikhungo esikhulu" samaphrojekthi wezombusazwe - uPeter Great wakha izinhlelo zokukhipha indodakazi ukuba ishade nendodakazi ukuthi ishade noLouis XV nakwama-Orleans, kepha amaBourboni aseFrance asabela ngokwenqaba. Emva kwalokho, imidwebo yeZesarevna yathunyelwa kwizikhulu zamasekondari aseJalimane, kodwa isithakazelo e-Elizabeth Karl-Agasti, eHolsteinsky, efile eSt. Petersburg, futhi ngaphandle kokufinyelela e-altare.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaPetro omkhulu no-Catherine Alekseevna, izinkathazo eziphikisana nomshado ka-Elizabethe. Ngemuva kwalokho uTsarevna wanikwa ngokuphelele kwezokuzijabulisa, izinto zokuzilibazisa nezitha egcekeni, kodwa ekugcineni kwesihlalo sobukhosi bomzala, u-Anna John, wancishwa isimo esihle futhi edingiselwe ku-Alexander Slobod. Kodwa-ke, inhlangano yabona e-Elizabet Petrovna iyithuluzi lendlalifa likaPhetro elikhulu, ngakho-ke izifiso zamandla zaqala ukuzibonakalisa, futhi waqala ukulungiselela ukufeza ilungelo labo lokubusa.
Ekhuphukela esihlalweni sobukhosi
Isihloko se-EMPress Elizabeth Petrovna esitholwe ngenxa ye-Recount "Ngaphandle Kwegazi" ka-1741. Wenzeka ngaphandle kokwenza uzungu lokuqala, ngoba ukugcizelela bekungalweli ngokukhethekile amandla futhi akuzange kubonise isibalo esiqinile sezepolitiki. Ngesikhathi se-coup, bekungenalo uhlelo, kepha lwalumbozwe umbono we-Academy yakhe, eyasekelwa yizakhamizi kanye nonogada abazwakalisa ukunganeliseki ngenxa yezansi zabezinye izizwe enkantolo, i-Opal of Russian nobility, ukuqinisa umthetho we-serfdom kanye nentela.
Ngobusuku bukaNovemba 24-25, 1741, u-Elizaveta Petrovna, ngokwesekwa ngumeluleki wakhe omethembayo nomeluleki wemfihlo, uJohann Lestok wafika eBarrackski futhi waphakamisa i-Grenadier Roth. Amasosha ahlala avuma ukumsiza aguqele amandla akhona njengamanje futhi njengengxenye yabantu abangu-308 ebheke esigodlweni sasebusika, lapho uTsarevna amemezela khona lapho egcizelela, uJohrer-u-Antonovich nazo zonke izihlobo zakhe ezivela kuhlobo lwakhe lwe-Braunschweov Kuboshwe futhi kubukhali kuSolovetsky Monastery.
Njengoba kunikezwe izimo zokugibela isihlalo sobukhosi sika-Elizabeth I, ukusayinwa okokuqala yi-manifesto kwakungudokhumenti, ngakho yiwona kuphela i-Flitter yesihlalo sobukhosi ngemuva kukaPeter II. Emva kwalokho, wamemezela inkambo yezepolitiki, ehlose ukubuyisa ifa likaPetro omkhulu.
Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, waphuthuma ukuvuza abangane babo abamsiza ukuba aye esihlalweni sobukhosi: amaGrena amaGrenadiers we-Prenadiers we-Ferebrazhensky regiment yakhiwa kabusha i-Lab Inkampani, nawo wonke amasosha angenazo kumazinga. Bonke banikezwa amazwe abehluthwe abanini bomhlaba bakwamanye amazwe.
ICoronation Elizabeth Petrovna yenzeka ngo-Ephreli 1742. Wadlula nge-lush ekhethekile ne-chic. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho-ke ukugcizelela okuneminyaka engu-32 kuveza uthando lwakhe ngokubukwa okukhanyayo nama-masquerads. Esikhathini sezenzakalo eziqinile, kumenyezelwe ama-Amnest, futhi abantu emigwaqweni bahlabelela i-OD kuHulumeni omusha, okwazile ukuxosha ababusi baseJalimane futhi waba ngumnqobi wezinto "zakwamanye amazwe" emehlweni abo.
Indikimba Ebusayo
UNadev Koronu futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ukusekelwa kanye nokuvunywa yiNhlangano Yoshintsho, u-Elizabeth I ngemuva kokusayina ngokushesha okuboniswa kwesibili. Kuyena, i-Empress esekhamnyeni elikhulu ichaze ubufakazi bokungemthetho kwamalungelo esihlalweni sobukhosi sika-Ivan VI VI bese ubeka amacala okuthola amacala aseJalimane nabangane babo baseRussia.
Ngenxa yalokho, izintandokazi ze-Empren Levenild, uMinih, u-Osterman, uGolovkin noMengden bagwetshwa ukufa, kodwa ngemuva kokuthi uhulumeni athathe isinqumo sokuthambisa futhi axolelwe eSiberia, okwanquma ukubekezelela ezawo ukubekezelelana.
Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala esihlalweni sobukhosi sika-Elizabeth ngaqala ukudumisa "Petrovsky application" - wabuyisela iSenethi, imantshi enkulu, ibhodi lesifundazwe, iBerg-College. Esahlukweni sale minyango, ubeka labo bamele umphakathi owayese-Opal kahulumeni wangaphambilini noma kuhlobo lwezwe kwakukhona abaphathi abangogada abajwayelekile.
Ngakho-ke, uPeter Shuvalov, Mikhail Vorontsov, Alexey Besuzhev-Ryumin, Alexey Cherkasi, Nikita Trubetskaya, nobani isandla okokuqala ngqa se-Elizaveta Petrovna, savuka kuhulumeni waleli lizwe. U-Elizaveta Petrovna wenza ubuntu obukhulu bokuphila komphakathi, wathambisa inqwaba yezimiso zoyise, enakekela i-kara eqinile yokufumbathisa kanye noMgcinimafa, okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eyi-100 waqeda isigwebo sentambo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Empress yanaka ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko - kungukuza kwayo okuqala kwabacwaningi ngokukhanyiselwa kwezikhungo zemfundo kwaqhutshwa, inethiwekhi yokuqala yokuzivocavoca yandiswa, iNyuvesi yaseMoscow kanye I-Academy of ACTS yandiswa.
Njengoba usuqede izinyathelo zokuqala kwezombusazwe zasekhaya, i-Empress yazinikela ekuphileni enkantolo, izimangaliso kanye nezinkanuko. INdlovukazi ayizange ifihle intshiseko kuma-masquerads ajwayelekile namabhande. I-Empress yayingumbatho wesilisa, ngakho-ke wayevame ukuhlela abafana abanezivakashi ezishintshayo: amadoda egqoke izingubo zabesifazane, nabesifazane abasemanzini. Uthando lwempilo yezwe lwahlanganiswa khona emlingiswa weNdlovukazi ngenhlanganisela enkulu. U-Elizabeth Petrovna waziwa ngeqiniso lokuthi uhambo lokuhamba ngezinyawo ezindlini zezindela ezinkulu zanelisekile njalo.
Ukuphathwa kombuso kwadlula ezandleni zezintandokazi zakhe - u-Alexey Ravumovsky noPeter Shuvalov. Kunenguqulo i-Ravumovsky eyayingumyeni wemfihlo ka-Elizabeth Petrovna, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye kwakungumuntu onesizotha kakhulu owayesabamba kude nepolitiki enkulu. Ngakho-ke, uShuvalov ngawo-1750s cishe waholela ezweni ezweni.
Kodwa-ke impumelelo ka-Elizabeth Mina nemiphumela yebhodi laso ayinakubizwa ngokuthi zero ezweni. Ngenxa yezinguquko zayo ezenziwayo ekuziphatheni kwezintandokazi, amasiko angaphakathi akhanselwe eMbusweni waseRussia, okusheshise ukuthuthukiswa kokuhweba kwangaphandle kanye nokwenza amabhizinisi.
Ubuye waqinisa amalungelo wezingane ezinezingane zawo zokuzalwa kwalo kanye amashalofu asesifundazweni, nangesikhathi sokusebenza ebuthweni lempi ababevele bekhuluma. Ngomyalo waso, i-Empress yanikeza amalungelo abanikazi bomhlaba ukuxazulula "ikusasa" labalimi - bavunyelwe ukuthengisa abantu ukuze bathengise, bazihlobise neSiberia. Lokhu kubangele ukwedlula okungaphezulu kuka-60 ukuphakama ezweni ezweni lonke, okuyi-Empress ecindezelwe ngesihluku esikhulu.
U-Elizabeth Petrovna ngesikhathi sokubusa udala amabhange amasha ezweni, akhiqizwayo akhiqizwayo, okusolwa ngokukhululeka, okusolwa ngokukhululeka, kepha ukukhula komnotho eRussia kuyanda kahle. Ubuye waqhuba inqubomgomo enamandla yakwamanye amazwe - ekulandiseni kokunqoba okubili kokulwa (isiRussia-IsiSweden nesi-7 ubudala), okubuyise igunya elibukelwa phansi yezwe eYurophu.
Ngemisebenzi ye-Empress, ukuvela kwesitayela sokwehlukaniswa ekwakhiweni - u-Elizabethan Baroque uxhunyiwe. Ngo-Elizabeth, isigodlo sasebusika sakhiwe kabusha eSt. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwenziwa ngaphansi kobuholi bezakhiwo zenkantolo zaseNtaliyane - uBartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu u-Elizabeth Petrovna akazange aphume ebusheni. Ngemuva kokwehluleka kwemizamo kaPeter "ngempumelelo" ukunikeza indodakazi yokushada noTsarevna yenqabile ukuthandana, ikhetha ukumkhathalela kanye nomvilophu. Kunenguqulo leyo e-Empress eyayisesemfanini wesonto eliyimfihlo nentandokazi ye-Alexei Ravumovsky, kepha awekho amaphepha aqinisekisa le nyunyana ayigcinwanga.
Ngawo-1750, uhulumeni waqala intandokazi entsha. Babe ngumngane uMikhail Lomonosova Ivan Shuvalova u-Ivan Shuvalov, owayefundeka kahle futhi efundile. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe u-Elizabeth Petrovna wabandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko kwezwe. Ngemuva kokushona kukahulumeni, wawela e-Oplal evela kuhulumeni omusha, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine II waphoqeleka ukuba acashe phesheya.
Ngemuva kokushona kwe-Empress, enkantolo, sasinesisindo samahlebezi ngezingane eziyimfihlo zika-Elizabeth. Emphakathini, bekukholelwa ukuthi i-Empress yayinendodana eyayingumhlubuki evela ku-RazHumovsky nasendodakazini yaseShuvalov. Lokhu "kuvuseleleka" isisindo sabakhohlisi, ababezibheka njengezingane zasebukhosini, abadume kakhulu ababa yiPrincess Tarakanov, ebizwa ngokuthi ngu-Elizabeth Vladimir.
Ukushona
Ukufa kuka-Elizabeth Petrovna kwafika ngoJanuwari 5, 1762. Ngonyaka wama-53 wokuphila kwe-Empress kwafa ukopha umninimisho. Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi kusukela ngo-1757 impilo kahulumeni yaqala ukuwohloka phambi kwamehlo: wayenesifo sokuwa, ukuphefumula, ukopha okuvama kwempumulo, ukuvuvukala kwemikhawulo ephansi. Kwakufanele anciphise impilo yasenkantolo, ehambisa amabhola amahle kakhulu namasu ngemuva.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1761, u-Elizabeth ngathuthela i-bronchopneumoniya esindayo, eyayibonge embhedeni. Ngonyaka wokugcina wokuphila kwe-Empress wagula kakhulu, wayehlala ebambeke umkhuhlane obandayo. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, u-Elizabeth Petrovna waba nokukhwehlela okuthe xaxa, okwaholela egqekeza ngokuqinile emphinjeni. Ngaphandle kokubhekana nalesi sifo, i-Empress yafa ngokwakhe ukuphumula.
NgoFebhuwari 5, 1762, umzimba wokugcizelela u-Elizabeth ohlonishwayo wangcwatshwa ePeter noPawulu Cathedral eSt. Petersburg. Indlalifa ka-Elizabethe ngiba ngumshana wakhe uKarl-Peter Ulrich Holchtinsky, owayememezele, wabizwa ngokuthi uPeter III Fedorovich. Abaphenyi babiza lokhu kudluliselwa kwamandla kwababuhlungu kakhulu kubo bonke abakwiBhodi ekhulu le-XVIII.
Ukukhumbula
Izenzakalo ze-biography ka-Elizabeth Petrovna zivame ukuba yinqwaba yamanoveli omlando anikezelwe enkathini yekhulu le-XVIII. Phakathi kwemibhalo eyaziwayo yezemibhalo, lapho kutholakala khona igama le-Empress, i-Nina Syrotokina ne-Valentine "Izwi nenkemba" ipeni le-valentine "ziyabonakala.
ECINEMA ELIZABAbeth, uPetrovna waba yi-heroine kaMikhail Lomonosov Films, "midhemarins, phambili!", "Vivat, Marthemaryarins," Catherine ". Abasebenza eRussia bafaka isithombe seNdlovukazi, uNatalia Saiko, u-Elena Tsaplakova, uNatalia Gundareva, uJulia Aug, Natalia Surkov. Izwe eliphesheya, iqhaza leNdlovukazi ladlala uTina Lattanzi, uVanessa Redgrave, Zhanna Moro.