I-Biograge
Umkhuzi, owaziwa ngathi njengoGenghis Khan, wazalelwa eMongolia ngo-1155 noma ngo-1162 (ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene). Igama langempela lalowo muntu nguTemejin. Wazalwa ephepheni likaDeluli-Boldt, uyise waba semithwalo ye-ESTUchi, nomama - oalong. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Oalong wasatshalaliswa enye indoda, kepha i-bugure ehlazekile yashaya isithandwa esiphikisana naye.
UTemejin wathola igama lakhe ukuhlonipha uTatarin Temudzhina-Uge. Lo mholi wehlazo unqotshwe ngaphambi nje kokuba indodana yakhe ikhiphe ukukhala kwakhe kokuqala.
UTemijin washeshe walahlekelwa nguyise. Ngesikhathi eseshumini nesishiyagalolunye, wambozwa ngamapulangwe aneminyaka eyishumi nanye evela kolunye uhlobo. U-Esschichi wanquma ukushiya indodana emzini kamakoti, kuyilapho bobabili sebefinyelele eminyakeni yobudala, ngakho-ke abashadikazi besikhathi esizayo bafundile. Endleleni ebuya, ubaba genghis khana wahlala endaweni yokupaka amaTatar, lapho ayenobuthi. Izinsuku ezintathu, e-Esuchi efa.
Emva kwalokho, kuTemidzhina, unina, umkakhe waseYeshegia, kanye nabafowabo besikhathi esizayo senhlanganyelo enkulu, kwafika izikhathi zobumnyama. Ikhanda le-clan laxosha umndeni endaweni evamile futhi sekheke yonke inkomo eyayo. Iminyaka eminingana, abafelokazi namadodana abo kwakufanele baphile ebuphofini abaphelele futhi bazulazule emathubeni.
Ngemuva kwesinye isikhathi, induna yaseTaichiutov, eyahlula umndeni kaTemidzhina futhi yamemezela umnikazi wayo yonke izwe eyayinqotshwa yi-YESHEGEGE, waqala ukwesaba ukuziphindisela engxenyeni yendodana evuthiwe yase-Esugea. Wagqoka umndeni womndeni womndeni womndeni. Lo mfowethu waphunyuka, kodwa ngokushesha wambamba, wathumba wabekwa ebhlokini lokhuni, lapho angakwazi ukuphuza noma adle.
UGenghis Khan wasindisa eyakhe seducker kanye nokuncenga kwabamele abaningana besinye isizwe. Ngomunye wobusuku, wakwazi ukuphunyula nokucasha echibini, ecishe ageleza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho-ke abantu bendawo abaningana bafihla iTemidzhina enqoleni ngoboya, futhi ngemuva - bamnika i-mare nezikhali ukuze bakwazi ukufika ekhaya. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngemuva kokukhululwa ngempumelelo, iqhawe elincane lashada ebhodini.
Khuphuka emandleni
UTemijin, njengeNdodana yoMholi, wafuna amandla. Ekuqaleni, wayedinga ukwesekwa, futhi waphendukela kuKhan Kemitov Torila. Wathambekele ukuba adle futhi wavuma ukumhlanganisa. Ngakho-ke le ndaba yaqala, eyayihola uThemidzhina esikhundleni seGenghis Khan. Wahlasela ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, wandisa impahla yakhe, waze wanele, nebutho lakhe. Amanye ama-mongol ezimpini afuna ukubulala abaphikisi abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. UTemijin, kunalokho, wafuna ukushiya amabutho amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ephila ukuze awenze kuye.
Impi yokuqala engathi sína yomkhuzi osemncane yenzeka ngokumelene nesizwe sakwaMerkites, esasisebunyeni nawo wonke ama-taichiut afanayo. Baphinde bathumba nomkaTemidzhina, kodwa yena, kanye noToril nabanye abahlanganyeli - uJamuhi ovela esinye isizwe - babuyisa umkakhe. Ngemuva kokunqoba okukhazimulayo, i-toril yanquma ukubuyela eHorde yayo, noTemujin noJamuha, ephetha ubunye bokuzinikela, yaqhubeka neHorde efanayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, uTemujin wayethandwa kakhulu, futhi uJakhuha waqala ukuzwa ubutha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Wayefuna isizathu sokuxabana okuvulekile namawele futhi wamthola: umfowethu omncane kaJamuhi washona ezama ukuntshontsha amahhashi angawakwaThendudzhina. Kusolwa ukuthi, ngenhloso yokuziphindisela uJamuha wahlasela isitha ngebutho lakhe, nasempini yokuqala awine. Kepha isiphetho sikaGenghis Khan ngeke sidonse ukunakwa okungaka uma kungaba lula ukwephula. Ngokushesha walulama ekunqotshweni, futhi ingqondo yakhe yaqala ukuhlala izimpi ezintsha: kanye ne-toril yahlula amaTatar futhi yathola kuphela isisulu esihle, kodwa futhi nesihloko esihlonishwayo seKhomishani Yezempi ("Jauthuri").
Lokhu okulandelayo kulandelwa eminye ephumelelayo futhi hhayi emiqhudelwano ehamba phambili futhi engajwayelekile noJamuha, kanye nangomholi wenye iTribe - Wang Khan. UVan Khan akazange amiswe ngokwezigaba ngokumelene neThemidzhina, kodwa wayengumlingani uJamuhi futhi waphoqeleka ukuba enze ngokufanele.
Ngobusuku bempi enqumayo ngamabutho ahlanganayo, uJamuhi noWang-Khan ngo-1202, umkhuzi wenza okunye ukuzimela kwakwenza okunye ukuphahlazeka eTatar. Ngasikhathi sinye, waphinde wanquma ukungasebenzi njengoba kuthathwe ukwenza ukunqoba ngalezo zinsuku. UTemijin wathi ngesikhathi sempi, amaMongols akhe akufanele athathe ukukhiqizwa, ngoba konke kuzohlukaniswa phakathi kwabo kuphela ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwempi. Kule mpi, umbusi omkhulu wesikhathi esizayo wanqoba, ngemuva kwalokho wayala ukuba akhiphe wonke amaTatari njengokuphindisela kwamaMongol, abulawa. Kuphila kuphela izingane ezincane ezaliwe.
Ngo-1203, uTemijin noJamuha no-Javen Khan baphinde bahlangana ubuso nobuso. Ekuqaleni, i-Ulus yesikhathi esizayo sikaGeghishan yalahleka, kepha ngenxa yokulimala kwendodana kaWang-Khan, abaphikisi babuyela emuva. Ukuze bakhiphe izitha zabo, ngalesi sikhathi sokumisa isikhashana kwalokhu, uTemujin wabathumela imiyalezo yezombusazwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, izizwe eziningana zihlangene ukulwa nobabili ngokumelene noTemidzhina naseVan Khan. Lokhu kwakuhle kwehle kuqala kwaqala ukugubha ukunqoba okukhazimulayo: khona-ke amabutho kaTemidzhina amfumaza, amangaze amasosha.
UJamuha uhlala kuphela ngengxenye yamabutho futhi wanquma ukusebenzisana nomunye umholi - Thayan Khan. Lesi sakamuva sasifuna ukulwa noTemidzhin, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi wabonakala kuye umzabalazo oyingozi emzabalazweni onzima wamandla aphelele kuma-stepporia. Ukunqoba empini, ebanjelwe ngo-1204, kwaphinde kwanqoba ibutho likaTemidzhin, owazibonakalisa njengomphathi onesiphiwo.
I-Great Han.
Ngo-1206, uTemijin wathola isihloko sikaGreat Khan kuzo zonke izinhlanga zaseMongolia futhi wamukela igama elaziwa kahle leChingiz, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "yiNkosi yaseBescheny olwandle". Kwakusobala ukuthi indima yakhe emlandweni wezinyathelo zaseMongolia inkulu, njengebutho lakhe, futhi akekho omunye wanquma ukumphonsela inselelo. Lokhu kwaya eMongolia: Uma ekuqaleni izizwe zasendaweni zilwa njalo futhi zihlasela izindawo zokuhlala ezingomakhelwane, manje seziye zafana nesimo esigcwele. Uma ubuzwe baseMongolia ngaphambi kokuthi lokho bekuhlale kuhlotshaniswa nokuqondisa okuqondisayo nokulahlekelwa yigazi, manje - ngokuhlangana kwamandla namandla.
UGenghis Khan wayefuna ukushiya ifa elihle elithile hhayi nje njengomnqobi, kodwa futhi njengombusi ohlakaniphile. Wethula umthetho wakhe, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekhuluma ngosizo oluhlanzekile emkhankasweni futhi wenqabela ukuba akhohlise okuyimfihlo. Lezi zimiso zokuziphatha zazidingeka ukuba zigcine ngokuqinile, uma kungenjalo umuntu ongenelayo angalindela ukubulawa. Umkhuzi wahlanganisa izizwe ezahlukahlukene nabantu, nanoma yisiphi isizwe kwakungewona umndeni wawuhlobene - amadoda adala akhe athathwa njengezithako zeqembu likaChingewana.
Ukunqoba amaChingices Khan
Amafilimu amaningi nezincwadi zibhaliwe ngoGenhis Khan, hhayi ngoba waletha ukuhleleka emazweni abantu bakhe. Kuzaziwa kabanzi ngokunqoba okuphumelelayo kwamazwe angomakhelwane. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esingu-1207 kuya ku-1211, amabutho akhe anqotshwa umbusi omkhulu cishe bonke abantu baseSiberia futhi babenza bakhokha uGenghis Khan Dan. Kepha kulo mkhuzi kwakungeke kuyeke: Wayefuna ukunqoba iChina.
Ngo-1213, wahlasela isimo saseChina saseJin, wamisa amandla esifundazweni sendawo eLyodong. Kuyo yonke indlela yendlela elandelayo, amabutho amaShayina anikela kuye ngaphandle kwempi, futhi abanye baya kosohlangothini lwakhe. Ngokuwa kuka-1213, umbusi waseMongolia waqinisa isikhundla sakhe kulo lonke udonga olukhulu lwaseChina. Ngemuva kwalokho wathumela amabutho amathathu anamandla, abheka amadodana akhe nabafowabo, ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zoMbuso WaseJin. Eminye indawo yanikela kuye ngokushesha, abanye babelwa kuze kube ngu-1235. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yalokho, uTatar-Mongolia u-Igo wasakazekela sonke leso sikhathi.
Ngisho neChina ayikwazanga ukuphoqa uGenhis Khan ukuthi ayeke ukuhlaselwa kwakhe. Esethole impumelelo ezimpini ezinomakhelwane abaseduze, waba nesithakazelo enkabeni ye-Asia futhi, ikakhulukazi, evundile eyisikhombisa. Ngo-1213, umbusi walesi sifunda wawusebalekile uNimansky Khan Kuchluk, owenze iphutha lezepolitiki, waqala ukushushiswa kwabalandeli be-Islam. Ngenxa yalokho, ababusi bezizwe eziningana ezi-Sedtary Sedretary bamemezela ngokuzithandela ukuthi bayavuma ukuba yizikhonzi zeGenghis Khan. Kamuva, amabutho aseMongolia awina ezinye izifunda eziyisikhombisa, avumela amaSulumane ukuba afeze izinsizakalo zawo zokukhulekela futhi, ngaleyo ndlela, enze ukuba nozwela kubangele ukuzwela kubantu bendawo.
Ukushona
Umkhuzi ushone kungekudala ngaphambi kokunikela nge-zhongsin - inhloko-dolobha yendawo eyodwa yamaShayina, eyayizama ukumelana nebutho laseMongolia kulokhu. Imbangela yokufa kukaGenghis Khan ibizwa ngokuthi yihlukile: yawa ehhashini, ngokuzumayo yagula, akakwazanga ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esinzima selinye izwe. Lapho ithuna lomnqobi omkhulu lutholakala khona - namanje akwaziwa.
Inzalo eminingi kaGenghis Khan, abafowabo, izingane, izingane kanye nabazukulu bazama ukulonda futhi bande ukunqoba kwakhe futhi babekhuluma kakhulu baseMongolia. Ngakho-ke, umzukulu wakhe bati waba ngumdlwane phakathi kwalezi zizukulwane zesibili ngemuva kokushona komkhulu wakhe. Empilweni kaGenghis Khan kwakukhona abesifazane abathathu: Sesike sasho ngaphambili uBoreh, kanye nonkosikazi wakhe wesibili uHulan Hatun kanye nonkosikazi wesithathu uTatarka Esugan. Sebebonke, bazala izingane eziyishumi nesithupha.