Biography
Umphathi, owaziwa ngokuba nguGenghis Khan, wazalelwa eMongolia ngo-1155 okanye 1162 (ngokwemithombo eyahlukeneyo). Igama lokwenyani lo mntu unesifo. Wazalelwa kwiphecana le-Horul-inkalipho, utata wakhe waba yi-Essuchu-impahla, nonina - osang. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba u-Oalong wasasazwa kwenye indoda, kodwa ihlazo elihlaselweyo libetha intanda kwiqela lakhe.
U-Temujin wafumana igama lakhe ngokuhlonitshwa kweTatarin Geudzhina-uu. Le nkokeli yehlazo yoloyiswa ngaphambi kokuba unyana wakhe wakhala ngokuqala.
I-tembujin ilahlekile ngokukhawuleza utata wakhe. Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithoba, wayegutyungelwe ziibhodi ezilishumi elinanye ngonyaka kolunye uhlobo. UEssauchi bagqiba kwelokuba amshiye unyana endlwini yomtshakazi, ngelixa bobabini bafikelela kwiminyaka yabantu abadala, ukuze amaqabane ezazifundeni afunde omnye komnye. Endleleni ebuyayo, utata Genghis Khana wayehlala kwindawo yokupaka iTatar, apho wayenetyhefu. Iintsuku ezintathu, uEskichi wasweleka.
Emva koko, ngokuba Temudzhina, unina wakhe, umfazi wesibini ka Yeshegia, kunye nabazalwana ikamva iSidlo Enkulu, kwafika maxesha obunzima. Intloko ye-CLAN iqhubela usapho ngokwendawo yesiqhelo kwaye ukhethe zonke iinkomo. Kwiminyaka eliqela, abahlolokazi kunye noonyana babo kwakufuneka bahlale kubuhlwempu bonke kwaye babhadule kwi-steppes.
Emva kwexesha elithile, intloko yeTaichiTutov, eyahlula usapho lukaTeudzhina kwaye lazishumayela umniniyo kulo lonke ilizwe laqala ukuziphindezela, waqala ukoyika unyana ovukelayo. Wabeka usapho losapho losapho lwentsapho. Umfo wasinda, kodwa kungekudala wafumana, wabanjwa waza wabekwa kwibhloko yeplanga, engakwaziyo ukusela okanye ukutya.
UGenghis Khan wasindisa owakhe uLoducker kunye nokuthathwa kwabameli bomnye isizwe. Kobunye ubusuku, wakwazi ukubaleka kwaye ufihle echibini, phantse aqukuqele phantsi kwamanzi. Ke abantu abaliqela bafihla i-hledzhina enqwelweni ngoboya, kwaye emva - bamnika isimilo kunye nezixhobo ukuze zikwazi ukugoduka. Emva kwexesha elithile, emva kokukhululwa ngempumelelo, igorha eliselula latshatile.
Ukunyuka kwamandla
U-Temujin, njengonyana wenkokeli, wafuna amandla. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna inkxaso, kwaye wajika waguqukela eKhan Kemitov Torilav. Wayewele ukutya wavuma ukubamanyane naye. Ke ibali laqala, elikhokelele i-gengzhina ukuya kwinqanaba likaGenghis Khan. Wenza uhlambelo kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingabamelwane, ephindaphinda nezinto anazo kwaye, ngokungaqhelekanga, umkhosi wakhe. Eminye iMongols kwiimfazwe zafuna ukubulala uninzi lwabachasi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. U-Teugojin, ngokuchasene noko, wafuna ukushiya amagorha amaninzi okuba siphile kuye.
Idabi elinobuzaza lokuqala lommiselo oselula lwenzeka ngokuchasene nesizwe saseMerk, eyayikumanyano kunye nonke eTachichi. Bade babaphanga umfazi ka-Teuddzhina, kodwa yena, kunye no-Istril kunye nolunye uhlobo-Jamuhi ukusuka kwesinye isizwe - abachasayo babuyise umfazi. Emva koloyiso oluzukileyo, i-toril lagqiba kwelokuba libuyele kwi-horde yakhe, kwaye i-teujn ngeJamuha, eqokelela i-DHERUHITER NOONIONIVER, ihleli ikwindawo enye. Kwangelo xesha, i-tembujin yathandwa kakhulu, kwaye uJamuha waqalisa ukufumana ubutshaba ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Wayefuna isizathu sokuxabana okuvulekileyo ngamawele kwaye wamfumana: umntakwabo omncinci kaJanuhi wasweleka xa ezama amahashe xa azamile ukutshona kwamahashe e-Geddzhina. Ngokutyholwa, ngenjongo yempikiswano uJamuha wahlasela utshaba ngomkhosi wakhe, nasekumfakeni okokuqala waphumelela. Kodwa ikamva likaGenghis Khan aliyi kutsala ingqalelo enkulu ukuba kunokuba lula kakhulu ukwaphula. Ngokukhawuleza waphola koyiswa, kwaye ingqondo yakhe yaqala ukuhlala iimfazwe ezintsha: kunye ne-TORIL echithe amatato kwaye azifumananga ixhoba lomkhosi wasemkhosini ("Jauthuri").
Oku kulandelayo kulandelwe ngamanye amaphumelele kwaye kungahambi kakuhle kunye nokhuphiswano oluqhelekileyo kunye noJamuha, kunye nenkokeli yesinye isizwe - wang khan. UVan Khan akazange aqwalasele ngokwasemgceni ngokuchasene noTeudzhina, kodwa wayengu-Ally Jamuhi kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba enze ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngorhatya lwedabi lokuthatha isigqibo ngemikhosi edibeneyo, uJanuhi noWang-Khan ngo-1202, umphathi-myaleli wenzela i-raid kwi-raid. Kwangelo xesha, waphinda wagqiba kwenze isigqibo ngendlela esathatyathwayo ukuze enze uloyiso ngaloo mihla. I-tembujin yatsho ukuba ngexesha lokulwa, amaMongol aKhe akufuneki ukuba afake ukuveliswa, kuba konke kuya kwahlulahlulwa phakathi kwabo kuphela emva kokugqitywa kwedabi. Kulo mlo, owaphumeleleyo kwixesha elizayo, emva koko wayalela ukuba abulale zonke iitayata, ukuba agungqiswe amaMongols, abulawa. Baphilile kuphela abantwana abancinci.
Ngo-1203, uTetujin noJamuha ngeVan Khan waphinda wadibana ubuso ngobuso. Ekuqaleni, i-ULUS yekamva likaGenghishan waphulukana nelahleko, kodwa ngenxa yokulimala unyana kaWang-Khan, abachasi babuyela. Ukwenzela ukugxotha iintshaba zabo, ngexesha lale mali inyanzelwe, i-tembujin yabathumela imiyalezo yezandla. Kwangelo xesha, izizwe ezininzi zimanyene ukuze zilwe nokulwa noTeuddzhina no-Van Khan. Aba baphuke kuqala baza babhiyozela uloyiso oluzukileyo: emva koko ke umkhosi we-chaudmhina wamfumana, wamangaliswa ngamajoni.
UJamuha wahlala enxalenye yemikhosi kwaye wagqiba kwelokubambisane nenye inkokeli-Thayan khan. EsobuGcisa bafuna ukulwa no-Geudzhin, kuba ngelo xesha wayebonakala nje nguye kwimbambano eyingozi kumandla apheleleyo kwi-Mongolia. Uloyiso olusemfazweni, olugcinwe ngonyaka we-1204, waphinda waphumelela umkhosi ka-Geudzhin, ozibonisile njengomphathi onesiphiwo.
I-han enkulu.
Ngo-1206, i-tembujin yafumana isihloko se-chan enkulu kuzo zonke izizwe zaseMongolian saza samkela igama elisaziwa nguChingiz, eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "Nkosi ye-Ischeny elwandle". Kwakucacile ukuba indima yakhe kwimbali yaseMongolian Steppes inkulu, njengomkhosi wakhe, kwaye akukho namnye umntu ogqibe kwelokuba amcele umngeni. Oku kuya eMongolia: Ukuba ngaphambili izizwe zalapha ekhaya zihlala zilwa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingabamelwane, ngoku ziye zafana nemeko epheleleyo. Ukuba ubuzwe baseMongolia ngaphambi kokuba busoloko bunxulunyaniswa nokulungisa kunye nokulahleka kwegazi, ngoku - ngokudibeneyo namandla.
UGenghis Khan wayefuna ukumka emva kwelifa elifanelekileyo kuphela njengesoyisayo, kodwa njengomlawuli onobulumko. Wazisa umthetho umthetho wakhe, othi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, athethe ngoncedo oluthile kweli phulo kwaye ammisi ukuba alahlekise imfihlakalo. Le migaqo yokuziphatha yayifuna ukuba ijonge ngokungqongqo, kungenjalo umntu ongenayo anokulindela ukubulawa. Umphathi-mkhosi uxube izizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye nabantu, nakweso nasiphi na isizwe sakubakho nosapho-amadoda akhe akhulileyo athatyathwa ngamajoni akwi-Chingisshana kaChingishena.
Isoyisile i-chiices khan
Iifilimu ezininzi kunye neencwadi zabhalwa ngoGenghis Khan, kungekuphela ngenxa yokuba wenza ulandelelwano esizweni labantu baKhe. Ikwaziwa ngokubanzi malunga nempumelelo yamazwe angabamelwane. Ke, kwixesha ukusuka kwi-1207 ukuya kwi-1211, umkhosi wakhe wawuthoba uMlawuli Omkhulu phantse zonke izizwe zaseSiberia kwaye zabenza bahlawula uGenhis Khan. Kodwa kulo mphathi wayengazukuyeka: wayefuna ukoyisa iChina.
Ngo-1213, wahlasela ilizwe laseTshayina lesiTshayina, ukumisela amandla kwiphondo laseludodong. Ngayo yonke indlela yendlela elandelayo, imikhosi yamaTshayina yanikela kuye ngaphandle komlo, kwaye abanye baya ngasecaleni kwakhe konke. Ngokuwa kwe-1213, umlawuli waseMongoli womeleza isikhundla sakhe kwiDonga elikhulu lase China. Emva koko wathumela imikhosi emithathu enamandla, eyabamba oonyana bakhe nabantakwabo, kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yoBukhosi bayo Jin. Ezinye iindawo zokuhlala zanikezela kuye ngokukhawuleza, ezinye zazilwa de kwangama-1235. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoko, iTatar-Mongolia Isasazeka kuyo yonke loo nto.
Nditsho neChina ayikwazanga ukunyanzela i-genghis khan ukunqanda ukuhlaselwa kwakhe. Ukufumana impumelelo kwiimfazwe kunye nabamelwane okufuphi, waba nomdla kumbindi weAsia, ngakumbi, thatheka, phumeleza kasixhenxe. Ngo-1213, umlawuli wale ngingqi yayingu-runawas nimansky khan kunk, owenza intshutshiso yezopolitiko, eqala ukutshutshiswa kwabalandeli be-Islam. Ngenxa yoko, abalawuli bezizwe ezisixhenxe ezininzi bazibhengeza ngokuzithandela ukuba bayavumelana ukuba ngabalawulwa beGenghis Khan. Emva koko, imikhosi yaseMongoli yaphumelela eminye imimandla yesixhenxe, ivumela amaSilamsi ukuba afezekise iinkonzo zabo zonqulo kwaye, ngaloo ndlela, ukuba nemfesane kubuntu balapha.
Ukufa
Umphathi wafa kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba unikezele nge-Zhongsin - Ikomkhulu yenye yezona ndawo zaseTshayina, ezazizama ukumelana nomkhosi waseTshayina. Unobangela wokufa kukaGenghis Khan ubizwa ngokuba yi-geght: wawa evela kwihashe, ngequbuliso wagula, wayengenakuziqhelanisa nemeko enkulu yelinye ilizwe. Apho ingcwaba le-comral enkulu ifumaneka - engaziwa.
Baninzi inzala kaGenghis Khan, abantakwabo, abantwana kunye nabazukulwana bazama ukuloyisa kwaye bephindaphinde uloyiso lwabo kwaye babengamalungu amakhulu eMongolia. Ke, umzukulwana wakhe uBati waba ngubani oyena mdala phakathi kweergizid zesizukulwana sesibini emva kokusweleka kukatat'omkhulu. Ebomini bukaGenghis Khan kwakukho abafazi abathathu: Besikhankanyi ngaphambili, kunye nomfazi wakhe wesibini u-Hulan Habiun kunye nomfazi wesithathu eTatatha Esgan. Bebonke, bamzalela abantwana abalishumi elinamithandathu.