I-Biograge
UJacob Mikhailovich Sverdlov wazalwa ngoMeyi 22, 1885 (ngokwemininingwane ethile - Meyi 23). Izepolitiki yesikhathi esizayo nesifundazwe sakhula eNizhny Novgorod. Umsebenzi weBolshevik kanye ne-Revolution Led Sverdlov eKomidi eliseCentral of the RSDDP (B), RCP (B). Abantu beqembu elilodwa bazi ukuthi uJacob Mikhailovich ngaphansi kwama-pseudonyms we- "smirnov", "Andrei", "uMikhail Permyak", "Max".Ubuntwana nentsha
Emndenini kaMikhail Israel no-Elizabeth Solomonovna Sverdlovy, iNdodana yazalelwa - uYakov. Umfana kuphela omncane kwakunguBaba. Wasebenza nge-engraver. Umama wahola umnotho. Ngaphezu kukaJakobe, kwakukhona izingane ezinhlanu emkhayeni weSverdlov, kubandakanya namadodakazi amabili.
Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi igama langempela lenguquko yesikhathi esizayo alikho kulo lonke iSverdlov, kodwa Gaukhmann. Isazi-mlando I.f. Ababazi bacabanga ngakho konke ukuthi lapho ngizalwa i-Yakov ebizwa ngo-Eshua-Solomon Monshevich noma i-Yankel Miimovich.
Ngo-1900, kuza inhlekelele emndenini - unina waseYakova Sverdlova uyafa. Kepha umfelokazi ushise kabi. Ngokushesha uMikhail Israel washada ngokwesibili waze wathatha nomlingani ka-Orthodox. UMaria Aleksandrovna Kormollsheva waba ngumoshe wenguquko. Wazala uYakov abafowethu ababili.
Mayelana nengane nentsha yensizwa yazi kancane. I-Sverdlov iqediwe ukuqeqeshwa e-Gymnasium ngonyaka wesine, yabe isiqala ukutadisha icala lekhemisi. ENizhny Novgorod, esemncane, uYakov waduma ngezinto ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngokusho kwesithombe esiningi, esaqhubeka emlandweni, umuntu angahlulela leyo sverdlov njalo egqoke izibuko ngenxa yombono ongemuhle.
Ngaphambi kwenguquko
UJakov Sverdlov ngonyaka ngemuva kokushona kukamama ajoyine amazinga eqembu le-Russian Social Democratic Work Works. Kakade ngo-1903, kuqala ukuzibiza ngeBolshevik kanye nenguquko. UJakov wahamba eRussia ngezinkulumo eziphakeme. Uvakashele i-Yekaterinburg, kostroma, Kazan. Enhlokodolobha yama-Urals, wazama ukuba yinhloko yeKomidi lendawo le-RSDLP.
I-Sverdlov ihlele iqembu lapho abasebenzi abathola khona abangaphansi komhlaba bangena khona, kufaka phakathi uthisha we-University University n.n. IBatin, uMaria Aveida, ifektri yeMikhail, inhloko ye-COMBAT squad F.F. Syromolotov, a.e. Minkin. UJakov Mikhailovich wavusa izinkulumo ezivuseleleni eYakaterinburg. Okungaphansi okukhulunywa ngakho onkamisa u-E.S. UKadomtseva, wabe esefika kanye nabo eSt. Petersburg. Inhlangano yezincwadi zokulwa phakathi kwesigaba sokusebenza yasiza iSverdlov ukuba ithathwe.
EYakaterinburg, ngo-1905, iSverdlov yasungule uMkhandlu WamaPhatha Kuwomsebenzi. Kamuva uthuthela kwi-perm. UJacob Mikhailovich wayevame ukuwela ezandleni zezinhlangano zokuqinisa umthetho futhi waze waboshwa, wabe esesixhumanisi. Kodwa ngisho nalapha wasebenzisa inzuzo - wayezibandakanya ekuzenzeleni. Ngo-1910, iSverdlov, ukuba sesixhumanisi saseNarmm, yenza ukuphunyuka futhi kuqale ukubhalelana nge-V.I. Lenin.
Iminyaka yokuguqula
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubuya kubhekiswe kwireferensi, i-sverdlov iya e-Ekaterinburg yengqungquthela yeqembu le-Ural Regional. Kepha ngokufana nalokhu, uJacob Mikhailovich wayelungiselela ukuvuselelwa kwe-UROLES. Kwakuyindlela yokusekelayo uma kwenzeka, uma ku-petrograd the coup akuhambi ngohlelo.
I-February Revolution iphumelele, amaBolshevik athola ukulahlekelwa kabusha esihlalweni sobukhosi se-Emperor Nicholas II. Inkosi kanye nomndeni idluliselwa kuTobolsk, bese kuthi eKkaterinburg. Isinqumo sokubulawa senziwa ngoJulayi 1918. Umqali wale nto ebulawa kwakuwumkhandlu wama-commismes babantu. Ngenkathi ochwepheshe benza lesi sigwebo, iSverdlov yayiseMoscow. Kodwa ld UTrotsky ukhumbule kamuva ukuthi uYakov Mikhailovich wayengeyena indima yokugcina edlalwa ekwenzeni isinqumo ngokubulawa.
Umhlangano wokuqala we-v.i. ULenin noSverdlova kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 24, 1917, phakathi nengqungquthela yesi-7 ye-RSDLP. Umholi wanikeza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemiyalo kuYakov Mikhailovich. KwakunguLenin ofake isandla ekuqokwa kweBolshevik yilungu leKomidi eliCentral kanye neNhloko yoNobhala WeKomidi eliKhuthi. I-Sverdlov isebenzise kahle imibono yomholi. Kwakunolwazi oluningi oluzungezile ayengalusebenzisa ukuqinisa izikhundla zalo. UJacob Mikhailovich wakwazi ukuhlela nokuthumela inqwaba indlela efanele.
Ibhubesi i-Trotsky lichazwe encwadini ethi "Portraits of Revolution" Inguqulo yakhe yokuziphatha kweSverdlov. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uBolshevik wayefuna ihhovisi likaMongameli ukuba abe nenani lezepolitiki. Kepha akuzange kumthande uMkhandlu Wabantu Bantu kanye ne-Poplonburro. I-Yakova Mikhailovich yake yaba nengxabano kulolu daba namalungu ezinhlangano.
I-Sverdlov yazisa kuqala "ukumenyezelwa kwamalungelo esisebenzi kanye nabantu abaxhashazwayo". Lo mbhalo wenza ukuba ukuhlanganisa uMkhandlu wamandla abampofu kanye noMkhandlu Wabasebenzi kanye namaSesheli bamasosha. Inguquko yaqokwa usihlalo we-RSKD Central Exhibition Center. Kwaphela izinyanga ezimbalwa, uYakov Mikhailovich wahlanganisa ne-Bureau yeKomidi lokuvikela izinguquko ze-petrograd.
IBolshevik yayiganwe ozimele ababuse izwe. Ikakhulu ukuqeqeshwa kwabo kwahlelwa yisikole e-ICE. Kamuva waqanjwa kabusha eyunivesithi yamaKhomanisi. I-yam. Sverdlova. Ngo-1939, isikhungo semfundo saguqulwa saba yisikole seqembu eliphakeme.
ENhloko yeKhomishini, edale uMthethosisekelo we-RSFSR, wawunguYakov Mikhailovich. Inguquko efuna ukweyisa impilo yezenhlalo ichume ezweni. Onke amaRiphabhulikhi emikhandlu angaba yizizwe ezikhululekile. Ngokwezicelo zezakhamizi zezifunda zingadala izinyunyana ezizimele.
Idolobhana lihlukanisa ezombusazwe ekamu labampofu neKlakov Sverdlov emhlanganweni we-WTCIK, owayebanjwa ngoMeyi 1918. Mhlawumbe, ngesandla esikhanyayo sikaJakov Mikhailovich, kwavela isiqondiso, esasivunyelwe ukufaka izinyathelo ezinzima zokujeziswa esimweni sokuvukelwa kwezindawo zokuvuselelwa kwe-dossack. Ama-esters akwesobunxele afuna ukubopha iBolshevik, kepha akaphumelelanga. Abaholi beqembu eliphikisayo ngokwabo babesemuva kwemigoqo.
I-Soviet Republic yaba ukukanisa kwamasosha okukodwa ngemuva kokuzama kweLenin, ezenziwe ngo-Agasti 30, 1918. Ngalesi sinqumo sami sverdlov. Ngalesi sikhathi, uYakov Mikhailovich wethula "ukwethuka okubomvu", eqondiswe ezitheni zenhlangano yezinguquko ezweni.
I-Sverdlov yathatha izibopho zikaSihlalo we-SNK, kanti uLinin waphathwa. Amaphepha asanda kwasayinwa egameni lomholi weProletariat, aya emihlanganweni. UJakov Mikhailovich waba umgqugquzeli onolwazi wemicimbi yezepolitiki. IBolshevik yahlela iCongress 1st of the Communist International International, ibambe iqhaza kwizinhlangano zokuxhumana zaseBelarus, eLithuania, e-Ukraine naseLatvia.
UVladimir Ilsich Lenin waphendula mayelana namahlaya ngenhlonipho. Umphathi wabheka uJacob Mikhailovich ebalulekile futhi ebalulekile. Ngokusho komholi, ukuntuleka kwe-SVerdlov kuzobonakala ngokushesha. Ngemuva kokushona kweBolshevik, uLenin wambiza ngokuthi uguquko ochwepheshe othole ukunqoba kwabasebenzi ekilasini.
Ukucabanga kwabezikhathi zalomsebenzi weBolshevik kumiswa kwifilimu edokhumenti "Yakov Sverdlov. Umakhenikha wamagazi wamandla eSoviet. " Ochwepheshe bafundele imininingwane etholakele eminyakeni engu-16 ngemuva kokushona kukaYakov Mikhailovich abaphephile, ababegcina igolide lomndeni wasebukhosini. Amaphoyisa amadokhumenti azame ukukhomba ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-sverdlovy kanye nomzamo wenun.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Emncane kaJakov Sverdlov uzibandakanya nezibopho zomshado ne-E.F. Schmidt. Lapho inguquko ineminyaka engama-20 ubudala, ndodakazi e.i. Sverdlova. Kepha umshado wawa.
Ngokushesha iBolshevik yashada noClaudia Timofeevna Novgorod. Emibuthanweni yeSoviet, kwamelwa intokazi esencane izakhamizi zase-Olga Novgorod. Intombazane yafihla efulethini lakhe "idayimane popuro". Imali egcinwe kwizakhamizi zaseNovgorod yayidingeka, uma kwenzeka kulahleka kwamandla, ukuthuthukisa ukunyakaza kwabavuselelekayo kanye nobukhona be-bolsheviks.
Ngo-1911, indodana ka-Andreyi Yakovlevich izalwa emndenini. Le nsizwa kwakungebona abangane nemizimba ye-NKVD, yangena kabili ezandleni zabaphathi abasebenza ngomthetho. Endabeni yomuntu siqu yeNdodana yenguquko, kuthiwa u-Andrei watshalwa izitatimende zangeSoviet.
Ngaphandle kokungathandi ohlelweni lweSoviet, indodana kaSverdlova yangena enkonzweni e-NKGB ne-MGB ye-USSR. Ukuba yi-colonel, u-Andrei waphinde wacela ejele, kepha inkantolo yasinda ekufeni kukaJoseph Stalin. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, umndeni wakwaSverdlov waba yizingane eziningi - indodakazi yazalwa. Mayelana nempilo yokholo lweSverdlovaya akulutho olungaziwa.
Ukushona
Ukufa kukaNastala Yakova Sverdlova ngokungazelelwe. E-biography esemthethweni yeBolshevik, kwathiwa ngoMashi 6, 1919, inguquko yasuka isuka eKharkov iya eMoscow. Emgwaqweni, uYakov Mikhailovich wagula nge-Spaniard. Isifo esiyingozi sithuthuke ngokushesha. Ezinsukwini ezimbili kuphela, iSverdlov yafika enhlokodolobha. Isimo sempilo yeBolshevik sasilinganiswa kakhulu. UJakov Mikhailovich waphila kuze kube ngoMashi 16.
Kuleyo minyaka, kwakujwayelekile ukwenza imaski emile, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ochwepheshe bakufeza lokhu ku-oda. Umngcwabo wosopolitiki ovelele wenzeka ngoMashi 18, 1919. I-Sverdlov's Grouble itholakala eduze kodonga lwe-kremlin, inzalo iletha izimbali esitsheni isikhumbuzo ku-bolshevik.
Udokotela Wezesayensi Yomthetho u-Arkady Vaxberg ukholelwa ukuthi imbangela yokufa kweYakov Mikhailovich ayikamiswa. Kuleyo minyaka, amahemuhemu ahamba - okusolwa ukuthi uBolshevik ashaya abasebenzi ngesikhathi sohambo lokuya okhozi. Isizathu sasingumsuka wamaJuda wenguquko. Izakhamizi zibheka ukuthi ihlazisa inguquko futhi ivuselela izinkanuko ezilwa namaSemite.
Umbono ofanayo wabekwa phambili ngesazi-mlando yu.g. Felshtinsky. Ngokusho kososayensi, uVladimir Ilyich Lenin unamathisele ukubulawa kweSverdlov. Kepha le hypothesis ayikayitholi isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni.
Ukukhumbula
- 1938 - "Great Garla"
- 1940 - "I-Yakov Sverdlov"
- 1957 - "Inkazimulo YamaBaltic"
- Ngo-1965 - "Ukwakha I-AmburaSAdors"
- Ngo-1965 - "I-Emergency Order"
- Ngo-1968 - "Ngomhlangothi Oyisithupha"
- 1975 - "Thembela"
- 1982 - "Izinsimbi ezibomvu"
- 1998 - "AmaRomanovs. Umndeni waseVenetian "
- Ngo-2007 - "Liberty Nilerty Nestor Makhno"