Ubuzima
Jacoan Mikhaiahich Sverdlov yavutse ku ya 22 Gicurasi 1885 (akurikije amakuru amwe - 23 Gicurasi). Umwanya wa politiki na umunyawo wavugizi wa politiki na umunyawo bavugabuhanga muri politiki na Nizhny Novgorod. Umwuga wa Bolshevik na Revolusi yayoboye Sverdlov muri Komite Nkuru ya RSTDP (B), RCP (B). Abantu bo mu Ishyaka rimwe bari bazi Yakobo Mikhailovich munsi y'izina rya "Syirnov". "Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Mu muryango wa Mikhail Isiraheli na Elizabeti Salomo, Salomo ya Salomo Sverdlovy, umuhungu yavutse - Yakov. Umuhungu muto ni we se. Yakoranye na ACHRAVE. Mama yayoboye ubukungu. Usibye Yakobo, mu muryango batanu wari mu muryango wa Sverlov, harimo n'abakobwa babiri.
Abahanga bemeza ko izina nyaryo rya impinduramatwara izaza atari kuri Sverdlov, ariko Gaukhmann. Umuhanga mu by'amateka I.f.. Ababaji batekereza ko yavukiye ya AVOV yitwa Eshua - Salomo Mobshevich cyangwa Yankel Miimovich.
Mu 1900, ibyago biza mu muryango - nyina wa Yakova Sverdlova arapfa. Ariko umupfakazi yatwitse vuba. Bidatinze, Mikhail Isiraheli yashakanye n'inshuro ya kabiri ndetse afata uwo bashakanye. Maria Aleksrandrovna korltsheva yabaye mama w'impinduramatwara. Yabyaye Yakov barumuna be babiri.
Kubyerekeye ubwana nurubyiruko rwumusore bazi bike. Sverdlov yangije amahugurwa muri Gymnasium kumwaka wa kane, hanyuma atangira kwiga ikibanza cya farumasi. Muri Nizhny Novgorod, akiri muto, Yakov yamenyekanye mu mibereho yo mu kuzimu. Dukurikije ifoto myinshi, yagumye mumateka, umuntu arashobora gucira urubanza ko Sverdlov yambaraga ibirahure kubera icyerekezo gikennye.
Mbere ya revolution
Yakov Sverdlov mu mwaka nyuma y'urupfu rwa Mama yinjiye mu nzego z'ishyaka riharanira demokarasi ry'abakozi bo mu bihugu by'Uburusiya. Mu 1903, mu 1903, itangira kwiyita Bolshevik na Revolution. Yakov yakoze mu Burusiya hamwe na disikuru yo gutera. Yasuye Yekaterinburg, Kostroma, Kazan. Mu murwa mukuru wa ural, yagerageje kuba umuyobozi wa komite nzeko ya RSDLP.
Sverdlov yateguye itsinda aho abakozi bahura n'ubutaka bunjiye, barimo umwarimu wa kaminuza yakazi n.n. Baturin, Maria Aveida, uruganda rwa Mikhail, umuyobozi w'ikipe yo kurwana F.F. Syromolotov, A.E. Minkin. Yakov Mikhaiach yatesheje disikuru ya Yekaterinburg. Munsi y'ubutaka bwavuzwe hamwe n'ijwi e.S. Kadomtseva, hanyuma agera hamwe nabo bajya muri St. Petersburg. Imitunganyirize yimpimbano mubyiciro byakazi yafashije Sverdlov kugirango imenyekane.
I Yekaterinburg, mu 1905, Sverdlov, yashinze Inama y'abadepite b'abakozi. Nyuma yimukira muri Perm. Jacowa Mikhaiaich yakundaga kugwa mu maboko y'inzego zishinzwe kubahiriza amategeko ndetse no muri gereza, hanyuma akaba ari mu buri bucuti. Ariko n'icyo gihe yakoresheje ku nyungu - yishora mu kwiyigisha. Mu 1910, Sverdlov, kuba muri Narym Link, biratera guhunga kandi bitangira inzandiko na v. Lenin.
Imyaka Imvura
Ako kanya nyuma yo kuva mu gitabo, Sverdlov yagiye muri Ekaterinburg mu nama yo mu byararo cya mu ngora ya waral. Ariko ugereranije nibi, Yakobo Mikhaiaich yarimo yitegura imyigaragambyo ya Proletarian muri Urals. Byari inzira yo gusubira inyuma mugihe, niba muri petrograpp ubutegetsi butagiye kuri gahunda.
Impinduramatwara ya Gashyantare yaratsinze, Bolshevivis yageze ku ntanga iva ku ntebe y'umwami Nicholas II. Umwami hamwe n'umuryango yimurirwa muri tobolsk, hanyuma i Ekaterinburg. Icyemezo cyo kwicwa cyatanzwe muri Nyakanga 1918. Umucunga utaraburanisha ni inama ya komiserdiya y'abaturage. Mugihe abahanga bakora igihano, Sverdlov yari i Moscou. Ariko ld Trotsky yibukije nyuma ya Yakov Mikhaiach ntabwo arirwo ruhare rwanyuma rwagize uruhare mu gufata icyemezo cyo kwicwa.
Inama ya mbere ya V.N Lenin na Sverdlova byabaye ku ya 24 Mata 1917, mu nama ya 7 ya RSDLP. Umuyobozi yahaye Yakov ubwoko bwa Yakov Mikhaich. Byagize Lenin yagize uruhare mu ishyirwaho rya Bolshevik n'umwe mu bagize komite ngabo ndetse n'Ubunyamabanga bwa Komite Nkuru ya RSDLP. Sverdlov yashyize mu bikorwa neza ibitekerezo by'umuyobozi. Hariho amakuru menshi amukikije yashoboraga gukoresha kugirango akomeze imyanya ye. Jacoj Mikhaiaich yashoboye gutegura no kohereza imbaga ku cyerekezo cyiza.
Intare Trotsky ivugwa mu gitabo "Ishusho ya Revolution" verisiyo ye y'imyitwarire ya Sverdlov. Yizeraga ko Bolshevik yashakaga ko perezidansi yo kugira agaciro ka politiki. Ariko ntabwo yakunze Inama ya komisiyo zabantu na Politiki ya Politiki. Yakova Mikhaich ndetse yari afite amakimbirane kuri iki kibazo hamwe nabagize amashyirahamwe.
Sverdlov yerekanye bwa mbere "gutangaza uburenganzira bw'umukozi n'abakoresha". Iyi nyandiko yatumye bishoboka guhuza Inama y'abadepite bato Avoka n'Inama Njyanama y'abakozi n'abadepite bo mu basirikare. Impinduramatwara yagizwe umuyobozi w'ikigo cya RSKD hagati. Amezi menshi, Yakov Mikhaich yari agizwe na Biro ya Komite ishinzwe kurengera kwa petrograpp.
Bolshevik yakoraga amakadiri yategetse igihugu. Cyane cyane kubihugu byabo byateguwe nishuri kuri ICI. Nyuma yaje kwitwa kaminuza y'Abakomunisiti. Ya.m. Sverdlova. Mu 1939, ikigo cy'uburezi cyahinduwe mu ishuri ryigisha amashyaka.
Ku Mukuru wa Komisiyo, yaremye Itegeko Nshinga rya RSFSR, na ryo na Yakov Mikhaich. Ubuso bw'impinduramasomvugo yashakaga gutera imbere mu gihugu. Repubulika yose y'Inama Njyanama yashoboraga kuba amahanga ku buntu. Iyo usabye abatuye uturere two mu turere bashoboraga gukora ubumwe bwigenga.
Umudugudu wacitsemo ibice mu nkambi y'abakene na Kulakov Sverdlov yavuze mu nama ya WTCIK, yabaye muri Gicurasi 1918. Birashoboka, hamwe nu mucyo wa Yakov Mikhaich, amabwiriza yagaragaye, yemerewe gukoresha ingamba zo guhana ibintu bikomeye mugihe cyo kwigomeka kuri Don. Abadepite basigaye bashakaga gufata Bolshevik, ariko ntibatsinze. Abayobozi b'ishyaka rirwanya ubwabo bari inyuma y'utubari.
Repubulika y'Abasoviyeti yabaye ingando imwe ya gisirikare nyuma yo kugerageza Lenin, yakoze ku ya 30 Kanama 1918. Kuri iki cyemezo cyahagaze Sverdlov. Muri iki gihe, Yakov Mikhaiah atangiza "iterabwoba ritukura", yayoboye abanzi b'ubwoko bw'impinduramatwara mu gihugu.
Sverdlov yafashe inshingano z'Umuyobozi wa Sresha, mu gihe Lenin yafatwaga. Impinduramatwara yasinywe mu izina ry'umuyobozi wa Proletariat, yagiye mu materaniro. Yakov Mikhaiach yabaye umuteguro w'inararibonye w'ibyabaye muri politiki. Bolshevik yateguye Kongere ya 1 ya 1Mwaga, yagize uruhare muri Kongere y'itumanaho rya Biyelorusiya, Lituwaniya, Ukraine na Lativiya.
Vladimir ilich lenin yashubije ibijyanye n'abagenzi. Umuyobozi yabonaga ko Yakobo Mikhaiaich afite agaciro kandi ari ngombwa. Dukurikije umuyobozi, kubura Sverdlov bizahita bigaragazwa. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bolshevik, Lenin yamwitaga impinduramatwara yumwuga yageze ku ntsinzi ku ishuri rikora muri revolution.
Ibitekerezo by'abohosopries bijyanye n'umwuga wa Bolshevik bivugwa muri filime ya documentaire "Yakov Sverdlov. Amaraso yamaraso y'imbaraga z'Abasoviyeti. " Impuguke zize amakuru yatanzwe nyuma yimyaka 16 nyuma y'urupfu rwa Yakov MikhaIfich umutekano, wabitse zahabu yumuryango wibwami. Abashinzwe ibyangombwa bagerageje kumenya isano iri hagati ya Sverdlovy na Lenin.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu kindi gihe ya Yakov Sverdlov yifitanye isano nubucuti bwo gushyingirwa hamwe na E.f. Schmidt. Igihe impinduramatwara ihindura imyaka 20, umukobwa E.I. Yavutse Sverdlova. Ariko ubukwe bwarasenyutse.
Bolshevik vuba yashakanye na Claudia Timofeevna Novgorod. Muri Sovieti, umukobwa ukiri muto yari ahagarariwe na Olga Novgorod abaturage. Umukobwa yihishe mu nzu ye "Politiki ya Diamond". Amafaranga yabitswe muri Novgorod abatuye Nowgorod, mugihe habaye gutakaza imbaraga, kugirango atezimbere kugenda kwimpinduramatwara hamwe nubuzima buhoraho bwa Bolsheviks.
Mu 1911, umuhungu wa Andrei Yakovlevich yavukiye mu muryango. Umusore ntabwo yari inshuti n'umubiri wa NKVD, yinjiye mu maboko y'abashinzwe kubahiriza amategeko. Ku giti cye cy'Umwana w'impinduramatwara, havugwa ko Andrei yatewe arwanya anti-assiet.
Nubwo badakunze gahunda y'Abasoviyeti, umuhungu wa Sverdlova yinjiye muri serivisi muri NKGB na MGB ya UssR. Kuba Coloneli, Andrei yongeye gusaba gereza, ariko urukiko rwarokotse rushimira urupfu rwa Yozefu. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, umuryango wa Sverdlov wabaye abana benshi - umukobwa yavutse. Kubyerekeye ubuzima bwo kwizera kwa Sverdlovaya ntakintu kizwi.
Urupfu
Urupfu rwa Nastala Yakova Sverdlova mu buryo butunguranye. Muri biografiya yemewe ya Bolshevik, byavuzwe ko ku ya 6 Werurwe 1919, impinduramatwara yavuye i Kharkov yerekeza Moscou. Ku muhanda, Yakov Mikhaiach yararwaye arwaye Espagard. Indwara iteje akaga iratera imbere vuba. Mu minsi ibiri gusa, Sverdlov yageze ku murwa mukuru. Imibereho yubuzima bwa Bolshevik yagereranijwe. Yakov Mikhaiach yabayeho kugeza ku ya 16 Werurwe.
Muri iyo myaka, byari ibisanzwe gukora masike y'iposita, bityo ntibitangaje kuba impuguke zashohojwe iri teka. Gushyingura umunyapolitiki ukomeye byabaye ku ya 18 Werurwe 1919. Imva ya Sverdlov iherereye iruhande rw'urukuta rwa Kremlin, abakomokaho bazana indabyo mu urwibutso rwa Bolshevik.
Umuganga w'ubumenyi bw'amategeko Norwady Vaxberg yizera ko impamvu nyayo y'urupfu rwa Yakov Mikhaiaich itarashyirwaho. Muri iyo myaka, ibihuha byagenze - bivugwa ko Bolshevik yatsinze abakozi mu rugendo i kagoma. Impamvu niyo nkomoko y'Abayahudi b'impinduramatwara. Abaturage babonaga ko biteye isoni impinduramatwara kandi bakatera ibyifuzo byo kurwanya Abasemite.
Igitekerezo nk'icyo cyashyizwe imbere n'umuhanga mu by'amateka Y.G. Felshtinsky. Nk'uko umuhanga abiteganya, Vladimir ilich lenin yifashe ukuboko ku iyicwa rya Sverdlov. Ariko iyi hypothesis itarabona icyemezo cyemewe.
Kwibuka
- 1938 - "Garla Nkuru"
- 1940 - "Yakov Sverdlov"
- 1957 - "Icyubahiro cya Balike"
- 1965 - "Ubugambanyi bwa Ambasaderi"
- 1965 - "Urutonde rwihutirwa"
- 1968 - "Utandatu Nyakanga"
- 1975 - "Kwizera"
- 1982 - "Inzogera itukura"
- 1998 - "Romanovs. Umuryango wa Venetiya "
- 2007 - "Icyenda BESTOR NESTOR MAKHNO"