I-Biograge
USholom Aleichem ungumlobi ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya kwezincwadi zamaJuda. Nguyena owakwazi ukuchaza izimpilo namasiko amaJuda, egcizelela ukuhlakanipha kanye nokuhlekisa kwalesi sizwe. USholom Aleichem Omunye walowo wokuqala wanquma ukubhala ngo-Yiddish, waphindeka kabusha iBhange Lengulube Yamasiko lalolu limi ngezingane nezincwadi zabantu abadala, ezisathathwa ngabafundi bakwanoma yiziphi izizwe neminyaka.Ubuntwana nentsha
USolomon Naumovich Rabinovich - Leli igama langempela lomlobi - ezalwe ngoMashi 2, 1859 edolobheni lasePereyaslavl (igama elidala ledolobha lasePereyaslav-Khmelnitsky). Ubuntwana bombhali wesikhathi esizayo budlulile edolobhaneni laseVoronovkov (manje lesifunda esiKiev, isifunda saseBorispolsky). USolomoni ulahlekelwe ngunina - umfana akazange ajike kangaka ayi-13 lapho efa.
Kusukela esemncane, uSolomoni Rabinovich wahlukaniswa nontanga ecabangayo futhi ethanda ukuzicabangela. USolomoni waqala ukubhala kusenesikhathi, futhi eseneminyaka eyi-15, waphefumulelwa umsebenzi kaDaniel Demo Robinson Kruzo, le nsizwa yanquma ukuba ngumlobi wangempela. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwavela i-pseudonym sholom aleichem, okuhumusha ukuthi "ukuthula kuwe" - le yindlela ukubingelela kwendabuko kwamaJuda kuzwakala kanjani.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, uSolomon Rabinovich waqala ukusebenza ngokushesha. Le nsizwa yayiganwe ekutakuleni, ifundisa izingane zabazali abavikelekile ezikoleni zezikole. Omunye wabafundi bakaSolomoni kwakunguGolle Loove (kwakweminye imithombo intombazane ibizwa ngokuthi yi-OLGA).
Umuzwa wothando olumnene avuke phakathi komeluleki kanye nomfundi, kodwa uyise wentombazane, umnikazi we-loev, wayephikisana ngokwesigaba umshado wendodakazi yakhe ayithandayo nomfundisi ompofu. Ngakho-ke uSholom Aleichem ulahlekelwe lo msebenzi futhi waphoqa ukuthi wabuyela endabeni yakhe pereyaslavl.
Into yokufunda
Kuze kube ngu-1880, uSholom Aleichem wahlonipha isitayela sakhe futhi wathumela izindatshana nezindaba kumamagazini ahlukene ethembeni lokushicilela. Kodwa-ke, njengoba nje kukhishwe ukwenqaba - kuphela ucezu lwe-sholom-aleichem olushicilelwe ngalesi sikhathi (kumayelana nendaba ebizwa nge- "Drealers", iphrintiwe "ephrintiwe eSt. PeterSburg").
Ngokufana nomlobi kaSholom Aleichem, umsebenzi wasobala wawukwaSolomoni wathi: USolomon Rabinovich wayethanda ukukhuluma emphakathini, evumelana nezindaba nezindaba zendatshana yazo. Kancane kancane, igama likaSholom Aleichem labonakala, umbhali wabona abalandeli bokuqala.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1880, kwavulwa ikhasi elisha nge-biore-aleichema: Umbhali waqala ukubhala kuphela ku-iDiš. USholom Aleich wayefuna ukulondolozela futhi aveze amasiko acebile angamaJuda, futhi ukusetshenziswa kolimi lokuqala kwabonakala kubalulekile kuye.
Imisebenzi yokuqala ebucayi yindaba "amatshe amabili" nendaba emfushane ebizwa ngokuthi "ukhetho" ku "Jewish Ukubukeza". Lokhu masonto onke sekuphenduke umshado ngomlobi: Cishe yonke imisebenzi kaSholom Aleichema yavela okokuqala emakhasini akhe.
Umlobi waphathwa ngokukhanyayo futhi achaze ngokuziphatha okuziphatha kanye nomoya wangaphakathi wezindawo zokuhlala ezingamaJuda ezinemibala emibalabala. Kodwa-ke, uthando lukaSolomo-Aleichem kubantu bakubo luqagela kalula ukuzijabulisa nokuzilimaza. Kukhona emsebenzini wombhali nezindaba ezinikezelwe ukungalingani emphakathini, izinkinga ezizalwa lapho kunokwehlukaniswa okucacile kwabacebile nabampofu. Umbhali akazange azikhawulele ngohlaka olucacile lwezindaba noma eziholayo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi kaSholom Aleichema kukhona ama-feuillems ahlekisayo, namanoveli ezincwadini, nezinkondlo.
Futhi umbhali ukhathazekile "ama-boulevard" izincwadi. USholom Aleichem, ungazisoli ngamandla, wahlekisa ngezilokotho ezifuywayo ezigcwele amanoveli, ekholelwa ukuthi izincwadi zimbi kakhulu futhi zifundise. Futhi umsebenzi oyinhloko wegama elilotshiwe, njengoba umbhali wagcizelelwa, ukuze afake ubuntu kubantu futhi alondoloze isiko lenzalo yenzalo.
Impumelelo yabafundi yayinenoveli ye-sate "yaknekhoz, noma umdlalo omkhulu wokushintshana kwesitoko", ephrintiwe ngo-1894. Lo msebenzi ungene ngisho nasemibukweni yezinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi futhi wabekwa esiteji, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inoveli yavinjelwa ekucwaningweni. Ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo zakhe, uShalalom-Aleichem wasebenza ezincwadini ezimfushane komagazini baseMelika. Izindatshana zeSaty umlobi zazijabulela impumelelo kumaJuda ayehlala e-United States.
Enye yemisebenzi esemqoka yabagxeki bama-Writter ibizwa ngokuthi inoveli ebizwa nge- "Warning Stars", iqediwe ngo-1910. Lapho kubhalwa inhloko yomsebenzi, banyathelisa komagazini nasemaphephandabeni, base bededelela le ncwadi yevolumu emibili (ingxenye yokuqala yencwadi ibizwa ngokuthi "abadlali", umdlali ", owesibili waphuma" njenge-skis ").
"Izinkanyezi ezizulazulayo" ziphinde ziphrintwe ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene, ngaphezu kwalokho, le noveli igcwele umqondisi vsevolod shilovsky ngo-1991. Imidwebo ibambe inkanyezi yabadlali abanguSophico Chiahoolel, u-Olga Cape, uStanislav Sadarsky, i-Oleg Schoolboy, uLarisa Udovie.
Inoveli elithi "ihlaya elinegazi", liqedwe nguSholom-Aleichem ngo-1912, futhi labangela izingxoxo nokugxekwa okungqubuzanayo. Maphakathi nesakhiwo - abafundi ababili, umKristu nomJuda. Abangani, baphikisana, amaphasiphothi ahlekisayo ashintshiwe, okuba yisiqalo sezikhathi zokuhlolwa okukodwa nokuhlukumezeka kwe-joker yesibili. Ngempilo yomlobi, lo msebenzi awuzange ushicilelwe ngenxa yokubalwa.
Omunye umsebenzi obonakalayo weSholom Aleichem uyindaba "umfana uMotil", oqukethe izingxenye eziningana. Lapha umbhali uchaza impilo yamaJuda ekufudukeni kwamaMelika ngomlomo womfana omncane wezintandane oqala ukufunda lo mhlaba. Eminye imisebenzi - "kusuka kulungile" - Sholom Aleichem ebizwa nge- "Ngokomoya Cruise". Umbhali wagcizelela ukuthi kulokhu ngokwengxenye umsebenzi we-autobiographical watshala inhliziyo yakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yombhali yathuthuka ngenjabulo: IGolde Loev, lapho uSholom Aleihem athandana khona nokungashayelwa kobusha, wamshada naye ephikisana nesifiso sikaYise. Kwazalwa izingane eziyisithupha kulo mshado.
Ubaba kaGolde washiya amadodakazi athi i-Sholom Aleichem esetshenziswa ngokushesha ekushicilelweni kwababhali abasebasha abangamaJuda, abese basiza, futhi bezamehlela ezinobungozi futhi bengalethanga.
Ukushona
Umbhali wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila eNew York. NgoMeyi 13, 1916, uSholeli aleichema akazange. Umlobi wanqanda isifo sofuba, okweminyaka eminingi sondla impilo yakhe. Umlobi wayeneminyaka engama-57. Ngemuva kokufa, uSholom Aleichem wangcwatshwa eQueens (New York).
Etsheni lomlobi esikhundleni sesithombe, i-epitaph, okuyinto iSckolom Aleichem yabhala yagcwala. Kuqala ngamazwi:
UmJuda olula ungcwatshwe lapha.Wayengumbhali ovela kubantu,
Wabhala impilo yakhe yonke ngenxa yabantu
Isihloko esilula nomusa.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1883 - "Amatshe amabili"
- Ngo-1884 - "Taileley"
- 1886 - "Umdlalo Wezingane"
- 1886 - "I-IOSEL Solovy"
- Ngo-1888 - "STEMPNU"
- Ngo-1903 - "I-Moskhele-Isela"
- Ngo-1903 - "Ikhaya LasePhasika"
- Ngo-1903 - "Aman nendodakazi yakhe"
- Ngo-1907 - "Esivunguvungwini"
- 1907-1916 - "Boy Motil"
- Ngo-1916 - "Kusuka ku-Fair"