Ubuzima
Petero Jyewe, kuko nkurikije uburusiya bwe yakiriye izina rya Peter Mukuru, - ishusho y'amateka y'Uburusiya ntabwo ari ikimenyetso gusa, ahubwo ni urufunguzo. Petero 1 yaremye Ingoma y'Uburusiya, nuko yaje kuba umwami wa nyuma wo mu Burusiya yose kandi, bityo, Umwami wa mbere wo mu Burusiya. Umuhungu w'umwami, umutegetsi w'umwami, umuvandimwe w'umwami - Petero na we ubwe yatangazwaga n'umutware w'igihugu, kandi icyo gihe umuhungu ntajukira imyaka 10. Mu ntangiriro, yari afite ivan yatunganijwe na Ivan V, ariko kuva ku myaka 17 amaze ategeka wenyine, no mu 1721 Petero nabaye umwami.
Mu Burusiya, imyaka y'ubucamanza bwa Petero nabaye igihe cyo kuvugurura kinini. Yaguye cyane akarere k'igihugu, yubatse umujyi mwiza wa St. Petersburg, bidasanzwe ubukungu, bushingira urusobe rw'ibihingwa byose bya metallurgical n'ibirahuri, ndetse no kumanurwa mu mahanga byibuze ibicuruzwa by'amahanga. Byongeye kandi, Peter Mukuru wa mbere mu bategetsi b'Abarusiya yatangiye gukurikiza ibitekerezo byabo byiza mu bihugu by'iburengerazuba. Ariko kubera ko ivugurura rya Pentideli yose ryagerwaho n'urugomo rwagejejweho n'abaturage no kurandura abatavuga rumwe, imiterere ya Petero 1 mu mateka ya Petero 1 mu mateka akomeje gusuzuma isuzuma ritandukanye.
Ubwana nurubyiruko Peter I.
Ubuzima bwa Peter Nabanje kuvuga ko ku ngoma ye y'agayoza, nk'uko yavukiye mu muryango wa Tsair Alexei Mikhaiah Romanova n'umugore we Naryshkina naryshkina. Birashimishije kubona Petero ya mbere yaje kuba umwana wa 14 kuri se, ahubwo ni imfura kuri nyina. Birakwiye kandi kubona ko izina Petero ridafite ishingiro rwose ku mbuto za ba sekuruza, bityo abanyamateka batyo ntibashobora kumenya aho yakiriye iri zina.
Umuhungu yari afite imyaka ine gusa igihe umwami yapfaga. Umuvandimwe we mukuru na Godfa Fyede wa III, wafashe murumuna we kandi ategeka gutanga uburere bwiza ku ntebe y'ubwami. Ariko, hamwe nuyu Petero wa mbere yaje kuba ibibazo bikomeye. Yahoraga ahanura cyane, ariko muri ako kanya Itorero rya orotodogisi ryatangiye kurwanya imbaraga z'amahanga, kandi abarimu bose batajyanywe bakuwe mu gikari. Kubwibyo, Thuarevich yigishijwe ibikoresho byu Burusiya, ninde ubwabo ntabwo yari afite ubumenyi bwimbitse, kandi ibitabo bivuga mu Burusiya byurwego rukwiye ntibyabayeho. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Petero yabanje afite amagambo make kandi kugeza igihe ubuzima bwe bwanditsega amakosa.
Tsar Feritor III Amategeko nimyaka itandatu gusa kandi apfa kubera ubuzima budakomeye akiri muto. N'imigenzo, intebe y'ubwami yagombaga gufata undi mwami w'umwami Alexey, ariko yarababaje cyane, bityo umuryango wa Naryshkin wateguye ubutegetsi bwa Pelace kandi watangaga umurage wa Petero I. Byubakiyena, kubera ko Umuhungu yakomotse kubwoko bwabo, ariko Naryshkani ntiyitaye ku muryango wa Miloslavsky azashyiraho igisimba kubera ko atandukanijwe n'inyungu z'inyungu za Tsarevich Ivan. Umugati uzwi cyane wo mu 1682, nicyo cyavuye muri icyarimwe abami babiri - Ivan na Petero. Mu cyemezo cya Kremlin kiracyarinda intebe ya kabiri kubavandimwe.
Umukino ukunda wumusore natangiye amasomo n'ingabo zawe. Byongeye kandi, abasirikare baturutse i Carevich batari bakigishe. Urungano rwe rwambaye imyenda kandi rugenda mu mihanda yo mu mujyi, kandi Petero ubwe "yakoreye" mu gipango cye n'ingoma. Nyuma, yaje no gutangira artillerie ye, nayo. Ingabo zisekeje za Peter nahamagawe na porobrazhensky, umuyobozi wa Segogo yajeyongereye nyuma, kandi, uretse ibyo, umwami yateguye amato asekeje.
Umwami Petero I.
Igihe umwami ukiri muto yari akiri muto, mushiki wanjye mukuru yari ahagaze inyuma ye, Tsarevna Sofiya, hanyuma nyina Nataliya Kirillovna na bene wabo ba Naryshkin. Mu 1689, umuvandimwe Co-nyakuba nyakubaje VPERLEMM YAHAYE Peter Imbaraga zose, nubwo akomeje kuba umwami w'imbaraga, kugeza apfuye afite imyaka 30. Mama amaze gupfa, Umwami Petero Mukishije cyane yirekuye kubera guhubuka kw'abatware ba Naryshkin kandi neza kuva icyo icyo gihe dushobora kuvuga kuri Peter iya mbere nk'ubutegetsi bwigenga.
Yakomeje ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri Crimée kurwanya ingoma ya Ottoman, yakoraga urukurikirane rw'iyamamaza rya Atozo, byatewe nigihome cya Azov. Kugira ngo umwami rureze, umwami yubatse icyambu cya Taganrog, ariko Uburusiya ntabwo bwari bufite amato yuzuye, bityo rero intsinzi yanyuma ntiyagezeho. Kubaka bikomeye cyane inkiko n'amahugurwa y'abanyacyubahiro bakiri bato mu mahanga atangira. Kandi umwami ubwe yize ubuhanzi bwo kuzunguruka amato, ndetse no gukora nk'umubaji mu kubaka ubwato "Petero na Pawulo".
Mu gihe Petero mukuru yari yitegura kuvugurura igihugu kandi ku giti cye yize iterambere rya tekiniki n'ubukungu bw'ibihugu by'Uburayi, umugambi wo kumugambanira, maze umugore wa mbere w'umwami yari ahagaze ku mutwe. Petero amaze guhagarika imvururu, Petero yabanje gufata icyemezo cyo kuvugurura imirwano. Yasoje amasezerano yamahoro hamwe ningoma ya Ottoman atangira intambara na Suwede. Ingabo ze zafashe ibihome bya Titeburg na NiZenshan ku munwa wa Neva, aho umwami yahisemo gushinga umujyi wa St. Petersburg, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya kiri hafi, no ku kirwa cya Santer
Intambara Petero ukomeye
Intsinzi yavuzwe haruguru yemerewe gufungura gusohoka mu nyanja ya Baltike, yakiriye izina ry'ikigereranyo nyuma y'ikigereranyo "idirishya mu Burayi". Nyuma, Uburusiya bwinjiye mu turere twa Baltique y'iburasirazuba, no mu 1709, mu ntambara ya Politanale Poltatabo, Abanya Suwede batsinzwe burundu. Byongeye kandi, ni ngombwa kubibona: Petero wa mbere, bitandukanye n'abami benshi, ntabwo yari yicaye mu bigo, kandi ku giti cye yayoboye ingabo ku rugamba. Mu ntambara ya Politava, Petero ndetse narashe ingofero, ni ukuvuga rwose yashyize ubuzima bwe mu kaga.
Nyuma yo gutsindwa kw'igisuwede munsi ya Politava Korol Karl XII yuzuyeho hashingiwe ku bumenyi bw'Abanyaturisga mu mujyi wa Bendende, icyo gihe icyo gihe cyari i Moldama. Abifashijwemo na Tatars ya Crimean hamwe na Cosshack ya Zaporizhia, yatangiye guhatira ikibazo ku mupaka w'Uburusiya. Nyuma yo kugera kwirukanwa kwa Karl, Petero wa mbere, ku rundi ruhande, guhatira Ottoman Sultan mu ntambara yo mu Burusiya-Turukiya. Rus yari mu bihe ukeneye kuyobora intambara ku mpande eshatu. Ku mupaka na Moldoviya, yarizengurutse kandi yemera gusinya isi na Turukiya, abaha inyuma y'ibihome bya Azaov no kugera ku nyanja ya Azov.
Usibye intambara yo mu Burusiya-Turukiya n'Intambara y'Amajyaruguru, Peter Abakuru bakuruye uko iburasirazuba. Kubera ingendo zayo, umujyi wa OMSK, UST-Kamenogomerk na Semipalarist bashinzwe, hanyuma Kamchatatka yifatanije n'Uburusiya. Umwami yashakaga kujya gutembera muri Amerika ya Ruguru n'Ubuhinde, ariko kumenya ibyo bitekerezo bitacunze. Ariko yise ibyo bita ubukangurambaga bwa Caspiya mu Buperesi, aho yatsindiye Baku, Rasht, astrabad, ishozi, ndetse no mu yandi moshi ya Irani na Caucase. Ariko nyuma y'urupfu rwa Petero Mukuru, benshi muri ubwo bwa turere kera bwatakaye, kubera ko ikibaho gishya gitekerezaga ko ako karere katasezeranije, kandi ibikubiye mu birindiro muri ibyo bihe bihenze cyane.
Peter I. Ivugurura
Bitewe nuko ifasi y'Uburusiya yaguye ku buryo bugaragara, Petero yashoboye guhindura igihugu mu Bwami mu Bwami, kandi kuva 1721 Petero nabaye umwami. Ivugurura ryinshi rya Petero I, guhindura ingabo zagaragaye neza, byatumye agera ku ntsinzi nini. Ariko ntibyari ngombwa byari udushya nkarwo nkuru rwitorero munsi yurugero ku mwami, ndetse no guteza imbere inganda n'ubucuruzi. Umwami w'abami Petero azi neza ko ari ngombwa kumurwanirira no kurwanya imibereho ishaje. Ku ruhande rumwe, umusoro we wambaye ubwanwa watewe na Samodogrya, ariko icyarimwe habaye kwishingikiriza ku buryo bwo kwishingikiriza ku bushake bw'umurimo wo mu rwego rwo kwiga.
Hamwe na Petero, ikinyamakuru cya mbere cy'Uburusiya cyashinzwe kandi ubuhinduzi bwinshi bw'amahanga bwagaragaye. Abarimbuzi, Ubwubatsi, ubuvuzi, mu mashuri y'abanamari n'amahoro, ndetse na siporo ya mbere mu gihugu, barakinguwe. Noneho, amashuri yuburezi rusange ntashobora gusura abana b'abanyacyubahiro gusa, ahubwo yananyevungira abasirikare. Yashakaga rwose gushinga amashuri abanza kuri buri wese, ariko iki gitekerezo nticyagize umwanya wo gusohoza. Ni ngombwa kubona ko ivugurura rya Peter ryagize ingaruka rya mbere ntabwo ari ubukungu na politiki gusa. Yateye inkunga ishyirwaho ry'abahanzi bafite impano, yashyize mu kavukire mushya wa Julian, yagerageje guhindura imyanzuro y'umugore, ibuza gushyingirwa. Senka cyangwa kubategeka kudapfukama ndetse na mbere y'umwami kandi bagakoresha amazina yuzuye, kandi ntagomba kwiyita nka mbere, "Ivashka".
Muri rusange, ivugurura rya Petero ryahinduye sisitemu y'indangagaciro zo mu banyacyubahiro, zishobora gufatwa nk'ibintu byinshi, ariko icyarimwe ikuzimu hagati y'abahohotewe kandi ubu ntibyari bigarukira ku imari n'umutwe . Ibisanzwe byo guhindura kwa cyami nuburyo bwurugomo bwinkuru yabo. Mubyukuri, byari urugamba rwo kwikemera hamwe nabantu batize, kandi Petero yabaruye ikiboko kugirango ashishikarize. Ni muri urwo rwego, kubaka St. Petersburg, byakorewe mu bihe bikomeye cyane. Ba shebuja benshi bahise bava mu mirimo yo kugaburira, umwami ategeka umuryango wabo wose kubatera muri gereza, kugeza igihe abahunze bagaruka hamwe no kumvira.
Kuva uburyo bwo gucunga Leta buteganyo kuri Peter uwambere ntabwo ari kimwe nabantu bose, yashinze umubiri wa buri rwego rwishuri rya politiki nurukiko gahunda ya Preobrazhensky, nyuma yaje guhindura ibiro byibanga. Amategeko adakunzwe cyane muriki gice yabujijwe kubika inyandiko mucyumba cyafunzwe, kimwe no kubuza ingimbi. Kurenga kuri aya mategeko yombi byahanishwaga igihano cy'urupfu. Muri ubwo buryo, Peter Mukuru yarwanye n'uburinganire no guhirika inono.
Ubuzima bwihariye Peter I.
Ku rubyiruko, Umwami Peter nakundaga kuba mu kidage Sloboda, aho atari yashimishijwe gusa n'ubuzima bw'ingagi, urugero, akavunana no kubyina, kunywa itabi no kuvugana n'umukobwa w'iburengerazuba, ariko nanone yakundaga umukobwa wa Anna Mons. . Nyina yahangayikishijwe cyane n'imibanire nk'iyi, ni ko rero mu kugera ku byifunzwe n'Ubukuru bw'isabukuru yimyaka 17 yashimangiye mu buhanga bwe na Edocya Lopukhina. Ariko, ntabwo bari bafite ubuzima busanzwe bwumuryango: nyuma gato yubukwe Petero yasize umugore we yabanje kuyisura kugirango akumire ibihuha byubwoko runaka.
I Tsar Petero Jyewe n'umugore we bari abahungu batatu: Alexey, Alegizandere na Pawulo, ariko babiri barapfuye bakiri bato. Umwana mukuru wa Petero wa mbere yari akwiye kuba umuragwa we, ariko kubera ko Esdokia yagerageje guhirika umuhungu we ku ntebe y'ubwami maze ahindurwa mu kigo cy'abihaye Imana, Alexey ahatirwa guhungira mu mahanga . Ntiyigeze yemera ivugurura rya se, afatwa na Tyran kandi ateganya guhirika umubyeyi. Icyakora, mu 1717, umusore yarafashwe yinjira mu buroko mu gihome cya peteroli, maze igifungo cy'urupfu bikorwa n'ejo hazaza. Uru rubanza ntirwageze muri penaliti, bidatinze Alexey yapfiriye muri gereza ahanganye.
Nyuma yimyaka mike nyuma yo gusesa umubano hamwe numugore wa mbere, Petero yabanje gufata Marta wimyaka 19 muri nyirabuja, ibyo ingabo z'Uburusiya zafashe umuhigo wa gisirikare. Yabyaye umwami abana cumi n'umwe, n'igice - ndetse na mbere y'ubukwe bwemewe. Ubukwe bwabaye muri Gashyantare 1712 nyuma yo kurerwa n'umugore wa orotodogisi, mukesha aho yabaye Catherine Ekaterina i. Mu bana ba Petero Ekaterina. Mu bana ba Petero na Catherine Elizabeth i na Ana, nyina wa Peter waii, abasigaye bapfuye mu bwana. Igishimishije ni uko umugore wa kabiri wa Petero yari umuntu wenyine mubuzima bwe, washoboraga gutuza imico ye yubukazi ndetse no mubihe byabaseke nimbaraga zuburakari.
Nubwo umugore avuga ko umugore yaherekeje umwami mu kwiyamamaza, yashoboye gushimisha umusore Maria Kantemiriir, umukobwa wahoze ari nyakubahwa, Umuganwa wahoze muri Moldavani. Maria yagumye gukurura Petero uwambere kugeza ubuzima bwe. Ukwayo, birakwiye ko tuvuga ku mikurire ya Petero I. Ndetse no mu gihe cyacu, abantu benshi ba metero ebyiri basa cyane. Ariko mugihe cya Petero I, ni santimetero 203 wasaga nkaho bidasanzwe. Mu gucirwa urubanza n'amateka y'abanyabyiboneye, igihe umwami n'Umwami Petero ari igikuru kinini yanyuze muri rubanda, umutwe we hari iminara ku nyanja y'abantu.
Petero I. URUPFU
Ugereranije n'abakuru bayo bavutse ku wundi mubyeyi baturutse kuri se rusange, Petero yasaga nkaho ari muzima. Ariko mubyukuri, ubuzima bwe hafi ya byose bwababajwe numutwe ukomeye, kandi mumyaka yashize, Peter abambere barwaye indwara yinzo nkuru. Ibitero byashimangiye cyane ko nyuma y'umwami w'abami, hamwe n'abasirikare basanzwe, bakuramo akabari ba Nerd, ariko ntiyagerageza kutitaho.
Mu mpera za Mutarama 1725, umutegetsi ntiyagishoboye kwihanganira ububabare no kwiruka mu ngoro ye y'itumba. Ingabo z'Umwami w'abami ntizisigaye, yarayobye gusa, kandi ibidukikije byose byumvikanye ko Petero yapfaga. Urupfu Petero yemeye bwa mbere mu ifu iteye ubwoba. Intangero yerekeye abaganga be bapfukatwa gutwika ibihaha, ariko nyuma abaganga bagize gushidikanya ku rubanza nk'urwo. Autopsie yari ifite, yerekanaga ko umuriro uteye ubwoba, umaze guhinduka. Peter Mukuru yashyinguwe muri katedrali iyobowe na Petropavlovsk muri St. Petersburg, kandi uwo mwashakanye yari samuragwa ku ntebe y'ubwami, umworuka Ekaterina I.