Biography
Ini naPeter ini, nekuti zvaakaringana kuRussia akagamuchira zita rekuti Petro mukuru, - iwo mufananidzo wemaRussia nhoroondo haisi chiratidzo, asi kiyi. Peter 1 akagadzira Humambo hweRussia, saka akazova mambo wekupedzisira weRussia ese uye, saizvozvo, mambo wekutanga wezvose -Russia. Mwanakomana wamambo, mambo wamambo, munun'una wamambo, iye pachake akaziviswa musoro wenyika, uye panguva iyoyo mukomana haana kuzadzika makore gumi. Pakutanga, aive neyakajairika Ivan v, asi kubva makore 17 otomora mitemo yake, uye muna 1721 Peter ndiye ndakava mambo.
Kune Russia, makore ekutonga kwaPeter ini ndaive nguva yekuchinja kukuru. Akanyanya kuwedzera ndima yeHurumende, akavaka guta rakanaka reSt. Rakakwiridzirwa kusimudza hupfumi, rakanangana network remagetsi uye rakaburitswa neyemagirazi. Uyezve, Petro mukuru wekutanga wevatongi veRussia vakatanga kutora pfungwa dzavo dzakanakisa kubva kunyika dzekumadokero. Asi sezvo zvese zvekuchinja kwaPetro zvakawanikwa nechisimba kurwisa huwandu hwevanhu uye kudengenyeka kwezviripo, hunhu hwaPetro huchiri kukonzera fungidziro dzakatarisana.
Hudiki uye Vechidiki Peter I
Biography of Peter Pandakatanga kutonga, sezvo akaberekerwa mumhuri yaTsar Alexei Mikhalovich Romalova nemukadzi wake Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Petro akatanga azova mwana wechikuru 14 kuna Baba vake, asi dangwe raamai. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti zita rekuti Peter raive risinganyatsovhundutsa zvese zvevamwari vemadzitateguru ake, saka vanyori venhoroondo havasati varege kuziva kwaakagamuchira zita iri.
Iye mukomana aingova nemakore mana chete kana mambo akafa. Mukoma wake wepamusoro uye mwari wemuFef Feder III, uyo akatora muchengeti wake munun'una wake uye akarayira kuti ape iyi dzidzo yakanaka pachigaro. Nekudaro, nezveizvi nezveizvi Peter wekutanga akatanga kuve nematambudziko makuru. Aigara achiziva zvikuru, asi panguva iyoyo chete ndiyo chechi yeOrthodox yakatanga kurwa kubva kune simba rekunze, uye vadzidzisi vese veLatinist vakabviswa pachivanze. Naizvozvo, tsarevich yakadzidziswa zvishandiso zveRussia, avo pachavo havana kuve neruzivo rukuru, uye mabhuku anotaura chiRussia eiyo nhanho yakakodzera yakanga isipo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Peter wekutanga aive nezwi racho shoma uye kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake akanyora nezvikanganiso.
Tsar Feder III Kutonga anongova nemakore matanhatu uye akafa nekuda kwehutano husina kusimba pazera diki. Netsika, chigaro cheushe chaifanirwa kutora mumwe mambo Alexey, Ivan, asi airwadziwa kwazvo, saka mhuri yeNaryshkin yakaronga chaizvo coup Peter. Mukomana aive wedzinza rerudzi rwavo, asi naryshkina haana kufunga nezve mhuri yaMiloslavsky achasimudza kumutswa nekuda kwekukanganisa kwetsarevich Ivan. Iyo yakakurumbira strellets bunth ye 1682, iyo yaive mhedzisiro iyo panguva imwe chete iyoyo madzimambo maviri - Ivan naPeter. Muzvigadzirwa zve kremlin chakachengetedza chigaro chechigaro chepfumbamwe hama.
Mutambo waunofarira wechidiki Petro ndakatanga makirasi nehondo yako. Uyezve, mauto kubva paTsarevich akange asiri zvachose. Vezera rake vakapfeka yunifomu uye vakafamba mumigwagwa yeguta, uye Petro pachake "akashumira" muberufuk yake nedutu remhepo. Gare gare, akatotanga ake aripi, zvakare chaiye. Hondo nyoro dzaPetro yandaidaidzwa kuti fungidziro yePreestzensky, iyo iyo nzira yemhando yakazotevera, uye kunze kwavo, mambo akaronga ngarava dzinonakidza.
Mambo Peter I.
Mambo mudiki paakanga achiri mudiki, imwe hanzvadzi yekutanga yakanga yakamira kumashure kwake, Tsarevna Sophia, uye gare gare Amai Natalia Kirillovna nehama dzake dzeNaryshin. Muna 1689, mukoma wa- nyoro vanonyarara pakupedzisira vakapa Petro simba rose, kunyangwe rakaramba rakaramba rakaramba riri co-mambo, kusvikira ada pazera ramakore makumi matatu. Mushure mekufa kwaamai, Mambo Peter Mukuru Akazvisunungura kubva kuHottomers Kuchengetedzeka kwemachinda eNaryshkin uye chaizvo kubva ipapo tinogona kutaura nezvaPetro mutemo wakazvimirira.
Akaenderera mberi nezviito zvehondo muCrimea neHurumende yeOttoman, akaitisa nhevedzano yeAziv Cranks, iyo yaive mhedzisiro yenhare yeAziv. Kuti asimbise miganhu yekumaodzanyemba, mambo akavaka chiteshi cheTaganrog, asi Russia haisati yazara nengarava yakazara, saka kukunda kwekupedzisira hakuna kusvika. Kuvakwa kwakakura kwedare uye kudzidziswa kwevakuru vadiki kunotanga. Uye mambo pachake akadzidza hunyanzvi hwekusvetuka kwechikepe, kunyange kushanda somuvezi pakuvakwa kwechikepe "Petro naPauro".
Kunyange Petro mukuru aive achigadzirira kushandura nyika uye pachezvake kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi uye zvehupfumi zvekutungamira vanoti European, kurangana kwacho kwakava nemimba pamusoro pake, uye mukadzi wekutanga wamambo amire mumusoro. Nekudzvinyirira bongozozozi yeredhiyo, Petro akatanga akafunga zvakare kuvhunduka. Anogumisa chibvumirano chine rugare nehumambo hweOttoman uye anotanga kurwa neSweden. Mauto ake akabata nhare dzeShentern naNienenshanz pamuromo weNeva, uko mambo akafunga kutanga guta reSt.
Hondo Peter Great
Makunda ari pamusoro apa anobvumidzwa kuvhura kubuda kweGungwa reBaltic, iro rakagamuchira zita racho rakazotevera "hwindo kuenda kuEurope". Gare gare, Russia yakabatana nenzvimbo dzekuMabvazuva Baltic, uye muna 1709, mukati mehondo yePoltava yePoltava, Swedes akakundwa zvizere. Uyezve, zvakakosha kuti uone: Peter wekutanga, asiverwe madzimambo mazhinji, akange asina kugara munhare, uye akaberekerwa mauto munhandare yehondo. Muhondo yePoltava, Peter ndakatopfura ngowani, kureva kuti, yakanyatsoisa panjodzi yake.
Mushure mekukundwa kwesweed pasi pePolitava Karl Karl Xii inozadzwa pasi peTurko muguta reGuta, iyo yaive chikamu cheMusimbe weOttoman, uye nhasi iri muMoldova. Nekubatsira kwematangi emutsoro uye neZapporizhia cosssacks, akatanga kumanikidza mamiriro acho mumuganhu wekumaodzanyemba kweRussia. Mushure mekusvika pakudzingwa kwaKarl, Petro kutanga, pane kudaro, vakamanikidza iyo Ottoman Sultan kuti asunungure Hondo yeRussia-yeTurkey. Rus yaive mumamiriro ezvinhu aunoda kuti utungamirire hondo pamatanho matatu. Pamuganhu naMoldova, mambo akanga akakomberedzwa uye akabvuma kusaina nyika neTurks, achivapa iyo yeAzvi imov Fress uye yekuwana kuGungwa reAziv.
Kuwedzera kune yeTurkey-Turkish nehondo dzekuchamhembe, Peter mukuru akadhonza mamiriro ekumabvazuva. Nekutenda kwake, iro guta reOmsk, UST-Kamatorsk uye Semipagssk akavambwa, uye gare gare Kamchatka akabatana neRussia. Mambo aida kuita hiking kuNorth America neIndia, asi kuti tizive pfungwa idzi dzaisakwanisa. Asi akaitisa mushandirapamwe weCaspian weCaspian kuenda kuPersia, panguva yaanokunda Baku, Rasht, Astrabad, Derbent, pamwe nedzimwe nhare yeIrania neCaucasian. Asi mushure mekufa kwaPetro chikuru, mazhinji enzvimbo idzi akarasika, sezvo bhodhi retsva raiona dunhu risiri kuvimbisa, uye zviri mukati meboka racho mumamiriro ezvinhu aya aive anodhura zvakanyanya.
Peter I. Reform
Nekuda kwekuti ndima yeRussia yakawedzera zvakanyanya, Petro akakwanisa kurongazve nyika kubva kuHumambo kuHumambo, uye kubvira 1721 Peter ndiye akava mambo. Kwekuchinja kwakawanda kwaPetro ini, shanduko dzeuto dzaisiyanisa zvakajeka, izvo zvakamubvumidza kuti akudzikiswe. Asi hapana akakosha aivimba zvaive zvekuchinja kwakadaro sekushandurwa kwekereke pasi pekuzviisa kuna mambo, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri nekutengeserana. Emperor Peter the pekutanga kuziva zvakakwana kukosha kwekujekesa uye kurwisa mararamiro ekunze. Kune rimwe divi, mutero wake wakapfeka ndebvu hwakafungidzirwa neSamoygryya, asi panguva imwe chete iyoyo yaive nekuvimbika kwakananga kwekufambira mberi kweshumiro kubva kufundo yavo.
NaPetro, bepanhau reRussia rekutanga rakavambwa uye shanduro dzakawanda dzemabhuku ekunze akaonekwa. Artillery, Engineering, zvekurapa, zvechikoro uye zvikoro zvemakomo, pamwe neyekutanga yekurovedza muviri munyika, yakavhurwa. Uye zvino, zvikoro zvakajairika zvedzidzo zvinogona kushanyira kwete chete vana vevanhu vanokudzwa, asi vanun'una vemauto. Chaida chaizvo kugadzira chikoro chekutanga chekutanga kune wese munhu, asi iyi pfungwa yakanga isina nguva yekuzadzisa. Zvakakosha kuti uone kuti shanduko dzaPetro yekutanga haina kukanganisika kwete chete hupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika. Akaita mari yekuumbwa kwevatano vane tarenda, yakaunza kalendari nyowani yeJulian, akaedza kuchinja chinzvimbo chemukadzi, kurambidza imba yeuchenjeri. Akasimudzawo rukudzo rwezvidzidzo, zvichisungira kuti varege kupfeka pamabvi avo pamberi pamambo uye vashandise mazita azere, uye vasati vazvidaidza se, "Senka" kana "ivashka".
Kazhinji, shanduko dzaPetro dzakachinja hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kune vanokudzwa, asi panguva imwecheteyo gomba rakaburitswa pakati pevakabatwa kazhinji uye zvino rakanga risingabatanidzwe nemari uye zita remusoro . Iyo huru minus yekuchinja kwehumambo ndiyo nzira yechisimba yemamende yavo. Muchokwadi, kwaive kurwa kwesarudzo dzisina kudzidza, uye Petro akaverenga chikwapuro kuti idzivise kuenderana. Panyaya iyi, kuvakwa kweSt. Petersburg, iyo yakaitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya. Masters mazhinji akamhanyira kubva pabasa rekunzwa mukumhanya, uye mambo akaraira mhuri yavo yose kuti avarangere mumajere, kusvikira vapoteri vanodzoka nevanoteerera.
Sezvo nzira yekutarisira nyika iri pasi paPetro yaive yese senge munhu wese, mambo akatanga muviri wezvematongerwo enyika uye nedare rakazotendeuka muhofisi yakavanzika. Mitemo isingawoneki mune iyi mamiriro ezvinhu yaive kurambidzwa kuchengeta zvinyorwa mukamuri yakavharwa, pamwe nekurambidzwa kwekuyaruka. Kupwanya kwezvese izvi zvigadziko zvairangwa nemutongo werufu. Nenzira iyi, Peter mukuru akarwa nemapani uye Palace coups.
Hupenyu Hwako Pese Pos Peter I
Mukurukanana, Mambo Peter Ndaida kuve muGerman Solboda, kwaisingori kutamba hupenyu hweNyika, semuenzaniso . Amai vake vaityivhundusa nehukama hwakadai, saka pakukwanisa kwaPeter 17th makore gumi nematanhatu vakasimbirira pamuchato wake naEdocyya Lopukhina. Nekudaro, ivo vaive vasina hupenyu hwemhuri hwakajairika: Nguva pfupi yapfuura Peter akatanga kusiya mukadzi wake uye aingoishanyira nekuda kwekudzivirira runyerekupe rwerudzi rwerudzi rwerumwe.
KuTarar Peter ini nemukadzi wake vaive vanakomana vatatu: Alexey, Alexander naPaul, asi vaviri vekupedzisira vakafa vachiri vacheche. Mwanakomana wedangwe waPetra wokutanga anofanira kunge ave mugari wenhaka wake, asi Evdokia muna 1698 akaedza kuuraya murume wake kubva kuchigaro chake uye akagumisa mumamongi, Alexey akamanikidzwa kutiza kunze kwenyika . Haana kumbosimbisa shanduko dzababa vake, dzaiona kuti Tyran uye akaronga kupidigura mubereki. Nekudaro, muna 1717, jaya rakasungwa uye rakapinda muchisungwa muPetrovavlovlvsk Fortress, uye mutongo werufu wakaitwa neramangwana. Mhosva iyi haina kuuya kumuchengeti, sekuti Alexee akafa mujeri mumamiriro asina kujeka.
Makore mashoma mushure mekunyunguduka kwemuchato nemumwe mukadzi wekutanga, Peter akatanga aenda kuSkavton ane makore 19 enzambidzo yake, iyo mauto eRussia akabata mutongo wechiuto. Akabereka kubva pamambo gumi nerimwe vana, uye hafu - kunyange pamuuchato wepamutemo. Muchato wakaitika munaFebruary 1712 Mushure mekutorwa kwemukadzi weOrthodoxy, kwaizivikanwa naKernessEvesa Ekatherina I. Pakati pevana vaPeter naCatherine ndiAntAtabeth I naAna, amai ve Peter III, vakasara vakafa muhuduku. Sezvineiwo, mukadzi wechipiri waPetro ndiye ega murume muhupenyu hwake, aigona kudzikisira hunhu hwake kunyange panguva dzemabhandi uye nekutsamwa kwehasha.
Pasinei nenyaya yekuti mudzimai akaperekedza mambo mumushandirapamwe wese, akakwanisa kuitisa Maria KanteMir, mwanasikana weaimbove Molovan munyaradzi, Prince Dmit Konstantinovich kunyangwe. Maria akaramba achifarira Petro kutanga kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake. Nezviparadzi, zvakakodzera kutaura nezvekukura kwaPetro I. Kunyangwe vedu vakararama panguva yedu, vanopfuura vaviri metrem metrement murume akanyanya. Asi panguva yaPeter I, iyo 203 masentimita airatidzika kunge asinganzwisisike. Kutonga neBhaibheri rezvakaona, kana mambo namambo Petro vakafamba pakati pechaunga, musoro wake wanga wanga uchiita gungwa revanhu.
Peter I. Rufu
Kuenzaniswa nehama dzawo dzakura dzakaberekerwa kuna vamwe amai kubva kuna baba vavo, Petro akatanga airatidzika kunge ane hutano hwakanaka. Asi kutaura zvazviri, zvinenge hupenyu hwake hwese hwaitambudzwa nemusoro wakasimba, uye mumakore achangopfuura, Peter wekutanga watambura nechirwere. Kurwiswa kwakasimbisa zvakanyanya mushure mekunge mambo, pamwe chete nemauto akajairwa, akaburitsa Bard Bar, asi akaedza kusaterera pasina.
Pakupera kwaJanuary 1725, mutongi aisakwanisa kushivirira kurwadziwa uye kumhanya mumuzinda wake wemagariro. Mushure mekunge mauto emambo haasi kusiiwa, akangogurana, uye nzvimbo dzese dzakanzwisiswa dzakanzwisisa kuti Petro afa. Rufu Petro akatanga kugamuchira mugutsikana kunotyisa. Muparidzi chikonzero chevanachiremba verufu rwake anonzi kuzvimba kwemapapu, asi gare gare vanachiremba vakanga vasina kusahadzika kwakasimba pamusoro pechirevo chakadaro. Iyo autopsy yakaitwa, iyo yakaratidza kuzvimba kwakanyanya kwebhachi, iyo yakatoshandura kuita gangaren. Peter The Great akavigwa muCathedral pasi pePetrovlovsk Fortress muSt. Mutara wake ndiye mugari wenhaka wechigaro, Empress Ekaterina I.