Biography
UPeter i, kuba i-riris yakhe yaseRussia yafumana igama lesidlalo lafumana igama elithi uPeriussia enkulu, - inani lembali yaseRussia ayisiyonto nje yomqondiso, kodwa isitshixo. UPeter 1 wadala uBukhosi baseRussia, ngoko waba nguKumkani wokugqibela wayo yonke iRussia, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umlawuli wokuqala we-- isiRashiya. Unyana wokumkani, uMongami wokumkani, umninawa wokumkani, wavakaliswa yintloko yelizwe, yaye ngelo xesha inkwenkwe ibingazezalisekanga iminyaka elishumi. Ekuqaleni, wayenesikhokelo se-CO-CHOPE ivan v, kodwa ukusuka kwiminyaka eli-17 sele elawula eyakhe, kwaye ngonyaka we-1721 waba nguMlawuli.
ERussia, iminyaka yolawulo lukaPeter ndandilixesha lokutshintsha kukaPeter. Wandisile kakhulu intsimi yelizwe, wakha isixeko esihle saseSt. Petersburg, wakhulisa ngokuqatha uqoqosho, oseke inethiwekhi yonke yezityalo ze-metrill kunye neglasi, kunye nokwahlula ubuncinci bezinto zangaphandle. Ngapha koko, uPeter Oyena Mkhulu kuqala wabalawuli baseRussia waqalisa ukuqalisa izimvo zabo ezivela kumazwe aseNtshona. Kodwa ekubeni lonke uguquko lukaPeter lwalufumanayo lugonyamelo ngokuchasene nabantu kunye nokupheliswa kwayo nayiphi na into engayiboni, ubuntu bukaPetros 1 kwimbali 1 Kwimbali ingabalisa ngokuchaseneyo.
Ubuntwana nolutsha uPeter i
I-biography kaPeter endandidlulisela kulawula ikamva lakhe, njengoko wazalwa kwintsapho kaTsar Alexei Mikhanova kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uNatalia Killovna. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uPetros waqala waba ngumntwana we-14 kuYise, kodwa owamazibulo kumama. Kukufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba igama likaPeter lalingaqhelekanga ngokupheleleyo kubo bobabini ooyihlo, ngoko ke ababhali-mbali abasafumani apho afumana khona eli gama.
Inkwenkwe yayineminyaka emine kuphela ubudala xa wasweleka uKumkani utata. Umntakwabo ophezulu kunye ne-thixo ferba fer III, owathabatha inxaxheba kumntwana wakhe kwaye wayalela ukuba anike le mfundo elungileyo kwitrone. Nangona kunjalo, ngaloo ndlela uPeter waguquka ukuba abe ziingxaki ezinkulu. Wayesoloko efuna kakhulu, kodwa ngalo mzuzu icawe yobuOthodoki yaqala imfazwe ngokuchasene nempembelelo yangaphandle, kwaye bonke ootitshala abangamaLatist basuswa kwintendelezo. Ke, iTsarevich yafundiswa izixhobo zaseRussia, ababengenazi ulwazi olunzulu, kwaye iincwadi ezithetha isiRashiya kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo azikho. Ngenxa yoko, uPetros kuqala wayenegama elincinci kwaye de kuphele ubomi bakhe babhale ngeempazamo.
I-Tsar Fedor III Imigaqo yiminyaka emithandathu kuphela kwaye ifile ngenxa yempilo ebuthathaka esemncinci. Ngesiko, itrone leyo yayifanele ukuba ithathe olunye uKumkani omnye kakumkani uAlexey, ivan, kodwa wayebuhlungu kakhulu, ke intsapho yaseNryshkin ilungiselele indlalike ye-rhasiza kwaye ichaze indlalifa kuPetros, kuba Inkwenkwe yayiyinzala yohlobo lwazo, kodwa i-Nryshshkina ayizange ithathele ingqalelo usapho lwe-MARSMLAVSKY luya kuphakamisa ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho we-Tsarevich Ivan. I-challetsky edumileyo ye-1682, eyayisisiphumo salo ngaxeshanye ookumkani ababini - ivan noPeter. Kwindawo yokugcina i-kremlin isayilondoloze itrone ephindiweyo yabasebenzi bookumkani.
Umdlalo owuthandayo woPeter oselula ndaqalisa iiklasi ngomkhosi wakho. Ngaphezu koko, amajoni ase-Tsarevich ayengaphelelanga kwaphela. Oontanga bakhe banxiba iyunifomu kwaye bahamba ezitratweni zedolophu, kwaye uPetros "wakhonza" kwishelfini yakhe yi-Drummer. Emva kwexesha, wade waqalisa eyakhe iArtallery, yeyokwenene. Umkhosi ohlekisayo kaPeter endandibizwa ngokuba yi-premobrazensky, kwaye, ngaphandle kwazo, ngaphandle kwazo, ukumkani walungisa iFleet emnandi.
UKumkani uPeter I.
Xa uKumkani oselula wayesengumncinci, udade olidala wayemi emva kwendlu yakhe, Tsarevna Sofia, emva koko uMama uNatalia Kirillovna nakwizalamane zakhe zaseNarlem. Ngo-1689, lo mzalwana uCo-Meeman wanika uPetros onke amandla, nangona engazange abe ngukumkani, ade wasweleka eneminyaka engama-30. Emva kokusweleka kukamama, uKumkani uPeter Ownhuluoh amakhulu abagcinwa kwi-Hartover yezikhulu zeenkosana zeNryshkin kwaye ngokuthe ngqo ukususela ngoko sinokuthetha ngoMgaqo ozimeleyo.
Waqhubeka esebenza emkhosini kwi-prorisa nxamnye noBukhosi base-Ottoman, eqhuba uthotho lweephulo le-Azov, ebeziziphumo zenqaba ye-Azov. Ukomeleza imidanga esemazantsi, inkosi yakha izibuko laseTaganrog, kodwa iRussia ayikabinayo isithuthi esipheleleyo, ngenxa yoko uloyiso lokugqibela aluzange luze. Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kweenkundla kwaye uqeqesho lwabantu abancinci phesheya luqala. Kwaye ukumkani ngokwakhe wafunda ubugcisa bokubonakala kwezithuthi, kwanawo wasebenza njengomchweli ekwakhiweni kwenqanawa "uPeter noPawulos".
Ngelixa uPetros enguPeter wayelungiselela ukutshintsha ilizwe kwaye wafunda inkqubela phambili yezobugcisa nezoqoqosho ekhokelayo, ukuba iyelenqe kuye, umfazi wokuqala wokumkani wayemi entlokweni. Ukucinezela i-scerletsky riot, uPeter waqala wagqiba kwelokuba ahlaziyeke ubugqwetha. Uqukumbela isivumelwano soxolo noBukhosi base-Ottoman kwaye uqala imfazwe ngeSweden. Imikhosi yakhe ivalelwe iinqaba zikaTesburg naseNiensnz emlonyeni we-neva, apho ukumkani wagqiba kwelokuba amisele isixeko saseSt.
Imfazwe Petros
Ezi nkozo zilapha ngasentla zivumelekile ukuba zivule uphume kuLwandle lweBaltic, ofumene igama lefestile kamva "eYurophu". Emva kwexesha, iRussia yajoyina imimandla ye-baltic yeMpuma, kwaye nge-1709, ngexesha le-Leendar Poltava, i-SEDEDA yoyiswa ngokupheleleyo. Ngapha koko, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele: UPeter Esokuqala, ngokungafaniyo nookumkani abaninzi, babengahlali kwiinqaba, kwaye buqu abantu bakhokelwa kwiDabi. Kwi-Poltava yedabi, uPeter ndide ndadutyumba umnqwazi, oko kukuthi, wabeka ubomi bakhe esichengeni ubomi bakhe.
Emva kolondolozo lwee-swades phantsi kwePoltava korol Karl Xusl Xust phantsi kweTurker yeSixeko saseBender, kwaye namhlanje sikwiMoldova. Ngoncedo lweetayile zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye ne-zeporizzzhiz cossocks, waqala ukunyanzela imeko kumda osemazantsi eRussia. Emva kokufikelela ekugxothweni kweKarl, enguPeter Eyokuqala, ngokuchasene noko, kwanyanzelwa nguOttoman Sultan ukukhulula iMfazwe yaseTurkey yaseRussia. URUs wayekwimeko apho kufuneka ukhokele khona imfazwe kumacala amathathu. Emdeni neMoldova, ukumkani wayengqongwe, wavuma ukusayina i-turks, kunye nenqaba ye-Azov, nokufikelela kulwandlekazi lweAzov.
Ukongeza kwimfazwe yaseRussia-yaseRussia yaseRussia, emantla, uPeter Inkulu yatsala imeko eMpuma. Ngenxa yohambo lwakhe, isixeko sase-Omsk, i-UST-Kamenogorsk kunye neSemipalatinsk basekwa, kwaye kamva iKamchatka yajoyina iRussia. Ukumkani wayefuna ukuqhuba ukuhamba-hamba ukuya eNyakatho Melika naseIndiya, kodwa ukuze aqonde ezi ngcinga bengazange balawule. Kodwa wenza iphulo elibizwa ngokuba libizwa ngokuba liPASPIA, apho waphumelela i-baku, iRasht, i-Astrabid, kunye nezinye iinqaba zase-Irani naseCaucasian. Kodwa emva kokusweleka kukaPetros kaPetros, uninzi lwale mimandla lwalahleka, kuba iBhodi eNtsha ithathela ingqalelo le ngokungathenga, kwaye umxholo weqela leqela lalibiza kakhulu.
Peter I.
Ngenxa yokuba intsimi yaseRussia yanda kakhulu, uPeter wakwazi ukusenza kwakhona ilizwe ebukumkanini kubukumkani, kwaye ukusukela ngo-1721 ndaba nguMlawuli. Ngotshintsho oluninzi lukaPeter I, utshintsho emkhosini lwaluphawu olucacileyo, oluvumela ukuba aphumelele uloyiso olukhulu lomkhosi. Kodwa akukho nto ibaluleke kakhulu yayingabo babonayo njengenguqu yeCawa phantsi koxinzelelo kumlawuli, kunye nophuhliso lweshishini kunye norhwebo. Umlawuli uPetros uqaphele ngemfuneko yokukhanyisela kwaye walwe indlela yobomi ephelileyo. Kwelinye icala, irhafu yakhe enxibe iindevu zehadi yabonwa nguSamodorgrya, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kuye kwade kukho ukuxhomekeka ngqo kwinkqubela phambili kwinkonzo yemfundo yabo.
Ndikunye noPeter, iphephandaba lokuqala laseRussia lasekwa kwaye uninzi lweenguqulelo zabemi bangaphandle zivele. I-Artallery, ubunjineli, kwezonyango, iRine kunye neZikolo zaselwandle, kunye nendawo yokuqala yokuzivocavoca elizweni, yavulwa. Kwaye ngoku, izikolo zemfundo jikelele zinokundwendwela kungekuphela nje abantwana abancinci, kodwa kunye nabantakwenu bamajoni. Wayefuna kakhulu ukwenza isikolo esinyanzelekileyo esisiseko somntu wonke, kodwa olu luvo alunaxesha lokufezekisa. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba utshintsho lukaPeter lwaluphawulekanga kuphela uqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Wayixhasa ngemali ukusekwa kwamagcisa anetalente, wazisa iKhalenda entsha yaseJulian, izamile ukutshintsha isikhundla somfazi, ukuvala umtshato onogonyamelo. Ukuphakamisa isidima sezifundo, kubanyanzela ukuba bangabeki emadolweni akhe, phambi kokumkani basebenzise amagama apheleleyo, kwaye bangabizi njengangaphambili, "Ivashka".
Ngokubanzi, ukutshintsha kukaPeter kwabokuqala batshintsha inkqubo yamaxabiso avela kwiinganga, nto leyo enokuthathwa njengento enkulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye inzonzobila phakathi kwamaxhoba kunye nabantu banda kakhulu kwimali kunye nesihloko . Eyona nto iphambili yenguqu yasebukhosini yindlela enobundlobongela. Ngapha koko, yayingumzabalazo wokuphefumla nabantu abangafundanga, kwaye uPeter wabala i-wheppe ukuba ibe kukungangqinelani. Ngokumalunga noku, ukwakhiwa kweSt. Petersburg, eyayiqhutywa kwezona meko zinzima. Iinkosi ezininzi zakhawuleza zaya kumsebenzi ookhokho, ukumkani wabo bonke usapho lwabo bonke babatyale ezintolongweni ezintolongweni, kwada kwada kwabaleka,
Kuba indlela yokulawula urhulumente phantsi kukaPeter Asokuqala yayingaphelelanga wonke umntu, ukumkani waseka umzimba wesikolo sezopolitiko kunye ne-Protoyrazensky, eyathi kamva yaguqulwa ibe yi-ofisi eyimfihlo. Eyona migaqo ingaqhelekanga kule meko yayikuvalwa ngokugcina iirekhodi kwigumbi elivaliweyo, kunye nokuthintelwa komntwana ofikisayo. Ukophula kobabini le mithetho yayiyohlwaywa sisigwebo sentambo. Ngale ndlela, Pe Peter Omkhulu walwa nee-cerpiries kunye neendawo zebhotce.
Ubomi bobuqu Peter i
Eselula, ukumkani uPeter endandimthandayo ukuba se-seaboda, apho babenomdla kuphela onomdla kubomi base -nenic, umzekelo, bafunda ukudanisa, kodwa bathandana ne-Entshona ye-Anna mons . Unina wothukile ngolwalamano olunjalo, ukuze kufezekiswe isikhumbuzo sikaPeter 17 sanyanzelisa umtshato wakhe no-Edocya Lopukhina. Nangona kunjalo, babengenalo ubomi obuqhelekileyo bosapho: Kungekudala emva kokuba umtshato uPetros wawokuqala washiya umfazi wakhe wayityela kuphela ngenxa yokuthintela amarhe ohlobo oluthile.
KuTsar Petros mna nenkosikazi yakhe babengoonyana abathathu: uAlezey, uAlesandire noPawulos, kodwa bakufike kwasebusaneni. Unyana omkhulu kaPetros owokuqala wayefanele ukuba yindlalifa, kodwa kuba i-Evackediya yayizama ukuyibhokoxa indoda yakhe ivela etroneni yakhe, yanyanzelwa ukuba asabe phesheya . Akazange avume ukutshintsha kukaYise, athatyathwa ngoTyran kwaye acwangcise ukubhukuqa umzali. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1717, umfana wabanjwa wangena elugcinweni kwinqaba ye-Petropavlovsk, kwaye kwagqitywa isigwebo sentambo ngekamva. Ityala alizanga kwisohlwayo, kwaka kungekudala uAlezey wafa entolongweni iimeko zakudala.
Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokuphela komtshato nomfazi wokuqala, uPeter waqala wathabatha uSkavron owayeneminyaka eli-19 ubudala kwinkosikazi yakhe, eyayithintela imikhosi yaseRashiya njengexhoba lomkhosi. Wazala ke kubantwana abalishumi elinanye, nangesiqingatha, ngaphambi komtshato osemthethweni. Umtshato wenzeka ngoFebruwari 1712 emva kokuthathwa komfazi waseOrthodoxy, enkosi apho waba nguCerine Aleksevna, emva koko wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Pesress Eleterress Eleterress. UPeter III, abanye bafa ebuntwaneni. Okubangela umdla kukuba, umfazi wesibini kaPeter yayikuphela kwendoda ebomini bakhe, eyayinokuzolisa imilimo yakhe enobundlobongela nangakudala kwimilinganiselo yemisindo kwaye ivalelwe ngumsindo.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba umfazi wayehamba nomlawuli onke amaphulo onke, wakwazi ukubamba i-maria encinci yaseMaria, intombi ye-Moldova i-Monstantinovich. UMaria wahlala ukuthanda kukaPeter owokuqala de kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe. Ngokwahlukileyo, kufanelekile ukukhankanya ngokukhula kukaPeter i. Nabexesha lethu, ngaphezulu kwendoda yemitha ezimbini ibonakala iphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa ngexesha likaPeter i, iisentimitha ezingama-203 zibonakala zimangalisa. Ukugweba ngokwemicimbi yemicimbi ye-Yentiyo yobungqina bokuzibonela, xa ukumkani noMlawuli omkhulu wangena esixekweni, intloko yakhe yayiyinqaba phezu kolwandle lwabantu.
Peter I.
Xa kuthelekiswa nabakhuluwa bayo abakhulileyo abazalelwe ngomnye umama abavela kubatata oqhelekileyo, uPetros wayebonakala emngciphekweni. Kodwa enyanisweni, phantse bonke ubomi bakhe babhubhiswa ziintloko ezomeleleyo, nakwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Peter Esokuqala iye yabandezeleka ngokugula kweRenal. Ukuhlaselwa komelezwe ngakumbi emva koMlawuli, kunye namajoni amahle, ukhulule i-Nerd Bar, kodwa wazama ukunganikeli ingqalelo.
Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 1725, umlawuli wayengasanyamezeleli iintlungu aze abaleke kwibhotwe lakhe lasebusika. Emva kwemikhosi yomlawuli ayishiywanga, uyayilungisa nje, kwaye yonke into eyiqondayo iqonda ukuba uPetros wayesifa. Ukufa uPeter wasamkela umgubo owoyikekayo. Unobangela waseburhulumenteni wokusweleka kwakhe ekufeni kwabo uvumo lwemiphunga, kodwa kamva oogqirha banamathandabuzo onjalo ngesigwebo esinjalo. I-autopsy yabanjwa, eyayibonisa ukuvuvukala okukhulu kwebhedi, esele iguqukele yaba yiGangren. UPeter onguPeter wangcwatyelwa kwikati engaphantsi kwe-PetropavlovSk enqabileyo eSt. Petersburg, iqabane lakhe yayiyindlalifa kwitrone, i-Exaterna i.