I-Biograge
UFeliksi Dzerzhinsky uyi-"knight ethembekile" yenguquko, eyangena embhalweni waseSoviet njengezwe elivelele nosopolitiki ababelwela ukukhululwa kwezizwe zabasebenzi. Umsebenzi wezinguquko we- "Iron Felix" emphakathini wanamuhla ulinganiselwa - abanye bakubheka njengeqhawe kanye "nokuduma kongcwaba", abanye bakhumbula njengoMbulali Ononya Ozonda Zonke Izintu.
I-Dzerzhinsky Felix edmundevich yazalwa ngoSepthemba 11, 1877 e-Genitalian Estate of Dzerzhinovo, esifundazweni saseVilen (manje isifunda saseMinsk saseBelarus). Abazali bakhe babefundile futhi bahlakaniphile - uYise, uBaba, noBobleman-zlokhtich, basebenza njengothisha weGymnasium nomeluleki wasinda, futhi umama wakhe wayeyindodakazi kaJehova.
I-knight yesikhathi esizayo yenguquko yazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi yamukelwa igama elithi Felix ukuthi ekuhumusheni kusho ukuthi "ujabule." Akuzange kube yiso kuphela indodana yabazali bakhe - emndenini weDzezezhinsky kwakukhona izingane eziyi-9 kuphela ezingaba yiminyaka engu-1882 yaba yimihlanga esemnyameni ngemuva kwesifo somndeni kusukela ngesifo sofuba.
Kwesokunxele yedwa nezingane ezingalweni zakhe, umama waseDzezezhinsky oneminyaka engu-32 wazama ukukhulisa izingane zakhe ezifanele futhi zifundile. Ngakho-ke, eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, uFeliksi wanikeza indawo yokuzivocavoca ngombusi, lapho angakhombisanga imiphumela ephezulu. Akunakuna nakanjani ulimi lwesiRussia, iDZezhinsky yathembisa iminyaka emibili ebangeni lokuqala nasekupheleni kwebanga lesishiyagalombili elikhishwe ngofakazi lapho isilinganiso "esihle" simi khona kuphela ngomthetho kaNkulunkulu.
Imbangela yokutadisha kwakhe okubi yayingeyona ubuhlakani, kepha ukungqubuzana okungapheli nothisha. Ngasikhathi sinye, waphupha ngokudlula iminyaka eminingi (umfundisi wasePoland Katolika), ngakho-ke akazange azame ukwenza i-Nibble Science Granite.
Ngo-1895, endaweni yokuzivocavoca i-Felix Dzelix Dzerix Dzerzhinsky yajoyina umbuthano wentando yeningi, ezinhlwini zazo zaqala ukuhola inkulumo-zenguquko esebenzayo. Ngemisebenzi yabo ngo-1897, usejele, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wathunyelwa kuNolinsk. Isixhumanisi esivele siyisiguquli esingochwepheshe Felix edmundlovuch siyaqhubeka nomkhankaso, waxoshwa kakhulu edolobhaneni laseKai. Ngesixhumanisi sakhe eside esime iDzezerzhinsky yabalekela eLithuania, bese eya ePoland.
Imisebenzi Yezinguquko
Ngo-1899, ngemuva kokuphunyuka kusixhumanisi, Felix Dzerzhinsky eWarsaw kwakha iqembu lentando yeningi laseRussia, ophinde waboshwa wathunyelwa eSiberia. Kepha uphinde aphathe ukubalekela. Kulokhu, ukuphunyuka kwesiguquli kwaphela phesheya, lapho ahlangana khona nephephandaba iVladimir Lenin "Spark", okuqukethwe kwawo okuqinisa isikhundla sakhe sokuguqula isimo.
Ngo-1906, iDzerzhinsky yatholwa ngamacala ukuba ihlangane noLenin eStockholm, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaba umsekeli ongashintshiwe 'womholi wezwe lezwe eProletariat.' Wathathwa ezinhlwini ze-RSDLP njengommeleli wePoland neLithuania. Kuleli phuzu, kuze kube ngu-1917, uFeliksi u-Edmundovich wafika ejele, lapho izixhumanisi kanye nama-cortician abuhlungu ahlala elandela ukubaleka abuyele "ecaleni" lakhe.
I-February February of 1917 yaba yimpumelelo emsebenzini wezinguquko waseDzezezhinsky. Kubandakanya neKomidi leMossheviks le-Bolshevik, ezinhlwini zokuthi aqala ngayo ukuqondisa iphathi yonke yeBolshevik ekuvukeni okuhlomile. Intshiseko yakhe yaziswa uLenin - emhlanganweni weKomidi eliCentral of the Pult Felix Edmundovich likhethe ilungu lesikhungo sezempi, ngenxa yalokho abe ngomunye wabahleli be-Okthoba Revolution futhi emsiza ekwakheni ibutho elibomvu.
Inhloko ye-HFC
Ngo-December 1917, eMkhandlwini Wabantu Bantu, i-RSFSR yanquma ukudala iKhomishini Yezimo Eziphuthumayo YaseRussia ukuze ilwe uMkhandlu. I-PEC yaba "ubushiqela be-proletariat" ngokulwa nabaphikisi bakahulumeni omusha. Le nhlangano ifaka kuphela "uChekist", oholwa nguFelix Dzerzhinsky, ovikele amandla amasha wabasebenzi nabalimi abavela entweni yabavuselele.
Ekhanda 'le-applatus ejezileyo', iDzerzhinsky yayingeyona kuphela i-fighter 'nokwesabisa okumhlophe "kuphela, kodwa futhi" noMsindisi "weRiphabhulikhi yeRiphabhulikhi evela ebhulukweni. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe enabodwa, amabhuloho angaphezu kuka-2000 abuyiselwa, cishe ama-locomotives ayizinkulungwane eziyi-2,5 namakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi.
Futhi, iDzerzhinsky yaya mathupha eSiberia, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungu-1919 kwakungu-1919 kwakungukuvunyelwa kakhulu kwethendatho, futhi kwalawula umsebenzi wemikhiqizo, owenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuletha amathani esinkwa esiyizigidi ezingama-40 ezweni elibulawa yindlala yezwe kanye ne-3.5 izigidi zamathani enyama.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFeliksi Dzerzhinsky wasiza odokotela ngenkuthalo ukuthi basindise izwe kusuka ku-typhoid, ukuhlela ukulethwa kwemithi engaphazanyiswa. Ikhanda le-NGC labuye lakhula insindiso yesizukulwane esincane saseRussia - yabhekisa ukuthunywa kwezingane, okwasiza ekusunguleni amakhulu emiphakathi yabasebenzi kanye nezintandane emasimini, ezaziguqulwa zivela ezweni elikhethiwe izindlu kanye nasezindlini ezikhethiwe.
Ngo-1922, kusele inhloko yeNhloko yeKomiti Yezokuphepha Kazwelonke, uFeliksi Dzerzhinsky wayeholwa yihhovisi lezepolitiki elikhulu le-NKVD. Wayehileleke ngqo ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo entsha yezomnotho yoMbuso waseSoviet. Ekuqaleni kwenduna ethi "Chekist" ezweni, imiphakathi ehlanganisiwe namabhizinisi ahlelwe, ekuthuthukisweni kwalapho kudonswa khona imali yangaphandle.
Ngo-1924, uFeliksi Dzerzhinsky waba yinhloko yomnotho wezwe ophakeme we-USSR. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe, inguquko enokuzinikezela okugcwele yaqala ukulwela ukuhlela kabusha izwe. Ukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kokuhweba kwangasese, okwakufuna ukudala izimo ezinhle. Futhi, i- "Iron" Feliksi yayibandakanyeka ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha we-metallurgical ezweni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, walwa nokuphikiswa kwesobunxele, ngoba wasongela ubumbano beqembu futhi waphatha inqubomgomo entsha yezomnotho. I-Dzerzhinsky yenzelwa ukuguqulwa okuphelele kohlelo lokuphathwa kwezwe, yesaba ukuthi umashiqela uzofika ekhanda le-USSR, "elingcwaba" yonke imiphumela yenguquko.
Ngakho-ke, "ongenamusa futhi ongenacala" Felix Dzerzhinsky "wangena endabeni njengabasebenzi baphakade. Wayenesizotha kakhulu futhi engaphansi nje, akakaze adakwe futhi akazange aphenduke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhloko ye-HCHK yaphumelela idumela njengomuntu ongonakali ngokuphelele, ongenakunyakaziswa futhi ophikelelayo owathola imigomo yawo yempilo yempilo "engalungile".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaFelix Dzerzhinsky yayihlala isehlelweni lwesibili lwenduna ethi "Chekist". Noma kunjalo, wayengeyena umfokazi ngenxa yezinkanu zomuntu nothando, ayemphatha naye ngokuguqukela kwezimpi ezintathu nempi yombango.
UMargarita Nikolaev waba uthando lokuqala lukaFeliksi Dzerzhinsky, ahlangana naye ngesikhathi sakhe sokuqala eNolinsk. Wamkhanga ngezinguquko zakhe zokuguqula.
Kepha lolu thando lwalungenaso isizinda esijabulisayo - ngemuva kokuphunyuka kwezibuyekezo iminyaka eminingana, ngalihambisana nesithandwa, okwathi ngo-1899 esiphakanyisiwe ukuthi siyeke ukubizwa kothando, njengoba ebe esaba nesithakazelo kwenye inguquko, uJulia Goldman. Kepha lobu budlelwano bebengukuthi kafushane - uGoldman wayegula isifo sofuba futhi washona ngo-1904 eSanatorium Switzerland.
Ngo-1910, uSofia Mushkat, naye owayeguqukayo, wabamba i-Iron Felix. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokujwayelana, kepha injabulo yabo yahlala isikhathi eside - umfazi wokuqala nowukuphela kowesifazane waseDzezezhnsky aboshwe futhi abelethe ejele, lapho ngo-1911 wabeletha indodana kaYana.
Ngemuva kokubeletha uSofia Mushkat ugwetshwe isixhumanisi esiphakade eSiberia futhi wancishwa wonke amalungelo woMbuso. Kuze kube ngu-1912, wayehlala edolobhaneni lokuthambisa, ukusuka lapho phesheya kwabaphunyuka khona amadokhumenti aphesheya.
Abalingani beDzezezhinsky, ngemuva kokwehlukana okude, bahlangane kuphela eminyakeni eyi-6 kuphela kamuva. Ngo-1918, lapho uFelix Edmundovich eholwa esifubeni, uSofia Sigismundovna uthole ithuba lokubuyela ezweni lakubo. Emva kwalokho, umndeni wazinza eKremlin, lapho abashade behlala khona bahlala khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zabo.
Ukushona
UFeliksi Dzerzhinsky ushone ngoJulayi 20, 1926 ePlenum yeKomidi eliseCentral. Imbangela yokufa kwesiguquli kwakuwukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, okwenzeka kuye phakathi nombiko wemizwa ezimbili ezinikezelwe esimweni somnotho we-USSR.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinkinga ngenhliziyo ekhanda le-PEC zatholakala ngo-1922. Lapho-ke odokotela baxwayisa inguquko efuna isidingo sokufufula usuku lokusebenza, ngoba umthwalo omningi uzokubulala. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, iDZezerzhinsky eneminyaka engu-48 ubudala yaqhubeka nokunikezwa ngokuphelele ukusebenza, ngenxa yalokho inhliziyo yakhe yema.
UFelix Felix Dzerzhinsky wenzeka ngoJulayi 22, 1926. I-RevotionrArver yangcwatshwa odongeni lwesiKremlin esikwele esibomvu saseMoscow.
Igama likaFeliksi Dzerzhinsky lifa emadolobheni amaningi nasemizaneni endaweni yonke ye-Post-Soviet. Igama lakhe licishe libe yizinkulungwane eziyi-1.5 zemigwaqo, izigcawu kanye nezindlela zokufunda zaseRussia.