I-Biograge
UNikolay Copernicus uyisazi sezinkanyezi esivelele sasePoland seRenaissance, izibalo, isazi semfundiso yenkolo, imithi. Usosayensi waphika umbono, ngokusho kwamaGrikhi asendulo, ngokusho ukuthi amaplanethi nelanga ajikeleza emhlabeni, adale futhi agxile emcabangweni omusha we-heliocentric.
UNikolay Copenicus wayeyingane yesine emndenini waseJalimane WatzenRod noNikolai Copernicus, umthengisi waseKrakow. Ngaphambi komkhawulo wesikhathi, imingcele yezifunda namagama yashintshwa kaninginingi, ngakho-ke umbuzo wokuthi usosayensi wazalelwa kuphi izwe, kuvame ukwenzeka. Kwenzekile edolobheni lasePrussian elidwengulwe ngoFebhuwari 19, 1473. Namuhla leli dolobha libizwa ngokuthi yiThorun futhi lisensimini yePoland yanamuhla.
UNicholas wayenodadewethu ababili abadala, omunye kamuva waxova izindelakazi, kanti omunye washada wasuka washiya lo muzi. Umfowabo osekhulile ka-Abey waba umngane othembekile noMngane kaNicholas. Ngokubambisana bahamba phansi eYurophu, bafunda emanyuvesi amahle kakhulu.
AmaCopernists ahlala ekuchumeni nasekuchumeni inqobo nje uma ubaba womndeni uyaphila. Lapho uNicchola eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, kwaqubuka isifo sobhubhane eYurophu, amashumi ezinkulungwane ezimpilweni. Waba yisisulu sokugula kabi kanye noCopernicus-ophakeme, futhi eminyakeni embalwa, ngo-1489, umama washona. Lo mndeni wasala ngaphandle kokuziphilisa, futhi izingane zaziyizintandane. Yonke into ibingaqeda amandla, ukube bekungengenxa yokuthilume, umfowabo kaBarbara, uLukas Vatzenrod, iCanonik ye-diocese yendawo.
Ukufundiswa ngesikhathi somuntu, uLuka waba nesiqu senkosi ye-Master of Krakow Jagiellonia University nodokotela welungelo lezincwadi lezincwadi ze-University of Bologna, kamuva wabamba isikhundla sombhishobhi. ULuka wathatha ukunakekelwa kwezingane zikadadeweli oshonile wazama ukunika imfundo kuNikolai nase Angehe.
Ngemuva kokuphothula e-Nicholas yesikole sendawo ngo-1491, abafowethu abasekuvikelweni nasekuvikelweni komalume baye eKrakow, lapho bathola khona ukuqeqeshwa e-University of Yagellona kwi-Faculty of Arts. Lo mcimbi ubeke ukuqala kwesigaba esisha se-biography kaCopernicus, okokuqala endleleni eya kokutholakele okukhulu kwezesayensi nefilosofi.
Isayensi
Ekupheleni kweKrakow University ngo-1496, abafowethu abangamaCoperniki baqhubeka nohambo oluya e-Italy. Izimali zohambo ekuqaleni zihlele nomalume, umbhishobhi wase-Emerch, nokho, zazingekho imali yamahhala. ULuka wanikela ngomkhondo wakhe wokuba amabavukela e-diocese yakhe futhi afunde phesheya ukuze abe ngumholo ophumelelayo. Ngo-1487, u-Angeya noNikolai baba khona isikhundla seCanonikov ngokukhishwa kwesihawu nokuhlinzekwa kweminyaka emithathu yeholide lokuqeqeshwa.
Abafowethu bangena e-University of Bologna e-Wexty of Law, lapho kwakufundwa khona ilungelo lesonto lesonto. EBologna, isiphetho sesiphetho sikaNikolay ngothisha wesayensi yezinkanyezi, uMDonico Maria Novara, futhi lo mhlangano wawunqumayo ukuthi uCopernicus osemusha.
Ngokubambisana neNovara ngo-1497, usosayensi wekusasa wenza ukubonwa kwezinkanyezi okukuqala empilweni. Umphumela waba isiphetho mayelana nebanga elifanayo nenyanga esigcawini, ngaphansi kwenyanga entsha nenyanga egcwele. Lokhu kuqashelwa okokuqala okuphoqelelwa ukuthi uCopernicus ophoqelelwe ungangabaze iqiniso lethiyori yePtolemy, ngokusho kwazo zonke izidalwa zasezulwini zijikeleza emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwesitudiyo somsebenzi ngakwesokudla, izibalo kanye nokusebenzisa izinkanyezi eBologna Nikolay yafunda ulimi lwesiGreek, wayethanda ukupenda. Lesi sithombe sifinyelele kulolu suku, okubhekwa njengekhophi yeCopernicus Autoportist.
Njengoba sesifunde eBologna iminyaka emithathu, abafowethu baphuma eyunivesithi nango isikhashana babuyela ezweni labo ePoland. Edolobheni laseFrauenburg, endaweni yenkonzo, amaCopernistry acele ukudonswa kweminyaka neminyaka embalwa ekufundeni okuqhubekayo. Ngokweminye imibiko, ngalesi sikhathi, uNikolai wayehlala eRoma futhi afunde izinkulumo ezikhungweni ezihlonishwayo eziya ezihlonishwayo ezivela emphakathini ophakeme kakhulu, futhi uPapa Alexander Vorgola wasiza ukuthuthukisa imithetho yesayensi yezinkanyezi.
Ngo-1502, abafowethu abangamaCopernists bafika ePadu. E-Paduan University, uNikolay uthole ulwazi oluyisisekelo nokuhlangenwe nakho okungokoqobo kwezokwelapha, nase-University of Ferrara kwathola izinga likaDkt BOLOGOVOVIA. Ngenxa yalokhu kufundwa okukhulu kangaka ngo-1506, uCopernicus wabuyela ekhaya elifundeka kahle.
Ngesikhathi sokubuyela ePoland, uNikolai wayeseneminyaka engama-33 ubudala, noMfoweth 'u-Angehe - iminyaka engama-42. Ngaleso sikhathi, lo nyaka wabhekwa njengokwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthola ama-diploma aseyunivesithi kanye nokuqedwa kwemfundo.
Imisebenzi eyengeziwe yeCopernicus ixhumeke nesikhundla sayo seCanonika. Usosayensi omuhle kakhulu wakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabefundisi, ngasikhathi sinye wenza ucwaningo lwesayensi. Wayenenhlanhla yokuthi imisebenzi yaqedwa kuphela ekugcineni kwempilo, kwathi izincwadi zanyatheliswa ngemuva kokufa.
UCopernicus waphunyuka ngenjabulo ukushushiswa kwebandla ngemibono emihle kanye nemfundiso yohlelo olugxile eHeli, olungakwazi abalandeli bakhe nabalandeli, uJordani noGalileo Galileo. Ngemuva kokushona kukaCopernicus, imibono esemqoka yesosayensi, eboniswe emsebenzini "ekushintsheni kwemikhakha yasezulwini", ayizange ingenzeki eYurophu nasemhlabeni. Ngo-1616 kuphela kuphela, lo mbono wamenyezelwa ukuhlubuka futhi kwenqatshelwe yiSonto LamaKatolika.
Uhlelo lwe-heliocentric
UNikolai Cpenenicus Ongomunye wabokuqala uphonswe inselelo ngokungapheleli kohlelo lwePtolemoy lwendawo yonke, ngokusho kwalo ilanga namanye amaplanethi ajikeleza umhlaba wonke. Kusetshenziswa izinsimbi zezinkanyezi zakudala, ngokwengxenye ezenziwe ekhaya, usosayensi wakwazi ukuhoxisa futhi anciphise umbono wohlelo lwe-heliocentric solar.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uCopernicus, kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wayekholelwa ukuthi izinkanyezi ezikude futhi zikhanya, zibonakala emhlabathini, zalungiswa emkhakheni okhethekile ozungeze iplanethi yethu. Leli phutha libangelwa ukungapheleli kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe ngaleso sikhathi, ngoba eYurophu iRenaissance ayizange ibe khona ngisho nesibonakude esilula. Eminye imininingwane yombono weCopernicus, lapho imibono yezazi zezinkanyezi zasendulo zamaGrikhi zanamathela kuyo, yaqedwa kamuva futhi yathuthukiswa nguJohann Kepler.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wempilo kasosayensi waba izithelo zomsebenzi oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu futhi wanyatheliswa ngo-1543 ngokubamba iqhaza komfundi wakhe owuthandayo weCopernicus, i-retikus. Isazi sezinkanyezi ngokwakhe saba nenjabulo yokubamba le ncwadi ezandleni zayo ngosuku lokufa.
Umsebenzi ozinikezele uPapa Paul III wahlukaniswa izingxenye eziyisithupha. Engxenyeni yokuqala, kwathiwa ngokuthambisa komhlaba nakho konke umkhathi, okuphathelene nezisekelo zezinkanyezi eziyindilinga nemithetho yokubala indawo yezinkanyezi namaplanethi e-arch yasezulwini. Ingxenye yesithathu yale ncwadi inikelwe uhlobo lwe-equinox, owesine - inyanga, owesihlanu - wonke amaplanethi, onke amahlanu aguqukayo.
Izimfundiso zikaCopernicus ziba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi yendawo yonke.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kusukela ngo-1506 kuya ku-1512, ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaMalume, uNikolai wakhonza i-canonik ekufundeni, wabe eselumekela umbhishobhi, nangemva kwawo - chancellor we-diocese. Ngemuva kokushona kombhishobhi, uLuka Nikolai uthuthela eFranburg futhi ube yiCanonik yesonto lendawo, futhi umzalwane, ogula uchoko, ushiya izwe.
Ngo-1516, uCopernicus uthola isikhundla sikaChancellor wase-Varmy Diocese futhi iminyaka emine athuthela edolobheni lase-Olsztyn. Lapha, ososayensi bathola impi, okuyiPrussia eholwa ngama-knights we-teutonic arder. Abefundisi bazibonakalise ngokumangala ngochwepheshe abanekhono lobuciko bezempi, behlwanyela ukuqinisekisa ukuzivikela nokuvikelwa kwenqaba, okwasinda ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwama-tetons.
Ngo-1521, uCopernicus wabuyela e-Arorybroki. Wenza umuthi futhi wezwa umphilisi onekhono. Ngokweminye imibiko, uNikolai Copernicus wasusa izifo futhi wasiza ikusasa leziguli eziningi, iningi, iCanonikov.
Ngo-1528, emthambekeni weminyaka, isazi sezinkanyezi sathandana okokuqala ngqa. Induna yesosayensi kwakuyintombazanyana yayintombazane encane u-Ana, indodakazi yoMngane Wasekusebenzisana, i-carver yensimbi matz shill. Ukwaneka kwenzeke edolobheni elisedolobheni laseTornist. Njengoba abapristi bamaKatolika benqatshelwe ukushada futhi baxhumane nabesifazane, uCopernicus walungisa u-Ana ngokwakhe njengomgcini wendlu kude nomgcini wendlu.
Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha le ntombazane kwadingeka ihambe kuqala ivela emizini yososayensi, bese ishiya leli dolobha, ngoba umbhishobhi omusha wakwenza kwacaca ngokusobala kwabaphansi, okuyisimo sesonto abemukeli.
Ukushona
Ngo-1542, incwadi kaCopernicus "ezinhlangothini nasezinhlangothini zonxantathu bezithelo zombili ezifulethi nezindilinga" yashicilelwa eWittenberg. Umsebenzi oyinhloko washicilelwa eNuremberg ngonyaka kamuva. Usosayensi wabulawa lapho abafundi nabangane beletha ikhophi yokuqala ephrintiwe "ekuzuzeni kwezigaba zasezulwini". Isazi esikhulu sezinkanyezi kanye ne-mathematiciatian yafa ekhaya, eSorrorg, ezungezwe abaseduze kakhulu ngo-24 Meyi 1543.
Udumo oluhle lukaCopernicus luhlangabezana nokufanele kanye nokuzuziwe kososayensi. Ngenxa yomfanekiso wobuso bezinkanyezi, ngakunye kwaziwa, izikhumbuzo zisemadolobheni ahlukene nawamazwe, kanti i-University of Nikolai Copernicus iqanjwe ngePoland edumo lakhe.
Ukuvula Copernicus
- Ukudalwa kanye nokuqina komqondo wohlelo lweHeliocencentric of the World, okwakumaka ukuqala kokuvukelwa kwesayensi kokuqala;
- Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo olusha lwemali ePoland;
- Ukwakhiwa komshini we-hydraulic ofakwe amanzi zonke izindlu edolobheni;
- Umbhali Wezomthetho Wezomnotho Wezomnotho - Isono
- Ukubalwa kokuhamba kwangempela kwamaplanethi.