Biography
UNikolalay Copernicus yi-Istrononor ebalaseleyo yeRenaissance yeRenaissance, iMathematics, i-theologing, iyeza. Inzululwazi yavinjwa ithiyori, ngokwamaGrike amandulo, ngokutsho kweplanethi kunye nelanga lijikeleza umhlaba, lwenziwa kwaye lwancamaza ithiyori entsha, ye-heliocentrict yomyalelo wehlabathi.
UNikolalay Copernicus wayengumntwana wesine kusapho lwaseJamani laseJamani uBarbara Watzenrod noNikolai Coorponis, umrhwebi waseKrakow. Ngaphambi komda wexesha, imida yamazwe kunye namagama yatshintshwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ke umbuzo walapho wazalwa khona isayensi yesona sizwe, ihlala yenzeka. Kwenzekileyo kwiSixeko sasePrussian se-Prusn ngoFebruwari 19, 1473. Namhlanje idolophu ibibizwa ngokuba yiTerun kwaye ibekwe kwintsimi yePoland.
UNicholas wayenoodade abathathu abaPhezulu, emva kwexesha baxoxa ngoonongendi, kwaye omnye watshata wawushiya umzi. Umzalwana ka-Angey waba liqabane elithembekileyo kunye neqabane likaNicholas. Bebonke bahamba phantsi kweYurophu, befunda ezona zinto ziphilayo.
Abaphathi bamantloko babehlala echumani nasekuphumelelayo lo gama kanye njengoko uYise wosapho ephila. Xa uNicholas wagqiba iminyaka esithoba ubudala, kwaqhushumba isibetho sesiphene eYurophu, amashumi amawaka obomi. Waba lixhoba lesigulo esibuhlungu noCopernicus-dala, kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa, ngo-1489, umama wasweleka. Intsapho yashiywa ngaphandle kwempilo, kwaye abantwana babeyinkedama. Yonke into inokuthi iphele into enqabileyo, ukuba ayingengawo umalume, umntakwabo kaBarbara, uLukas Vatzenrod, i-canonik yedaiocese yalapha.
Ukufundiswa ngexesha lomntu, i-Luka yayinenqanaba le-Master yeYunivesithi yaseKrakow jagiellonian ilungelo le-calogna, lathi kamva libambe i-bishop. ULuka wathabatha inyameko yabantwana bo dade oswelekileyo kwaye wazama ukunika imfundo kuNikolai no-Angehe.
Emva kokuphumelela kwi-Nicolas yesikolo salapha ngo-1491, abazalwana bayakhusela kwaye ngenkcitho kamalume baye eKrakow, apho bafumana uqeqesho kwiYunivesithi yaseYagellona kwicandelo lobugcisa. Lo msitho uphawula ukuqala kwenqanaba elitsha lebhayiloji ye-copergy, eyokuqala kwindlela eya kwiSayensi yeSayensi neFilosofi.
Isayensi
Ekupheleni kweYunivesithi yaseKrakow ngo-1496, abazalwana baseCoperniki baqhubeka nohambo oluya e-Itali. Iimali zohambo ekuqaleni zicwangciselwe umalume, ubhishophu wezinto ezivela, nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho mali yasimahla. U-Luka wacela umtshana wakhe ukuba abe zii-danonon ze-diocese eyakhe i-diocese kwaye ukuya kufunda phesheya umvuzo owenzayo. Ngo-1487, uAngeya noNikolai babambekile kwisikhundla seCanoyikov ngokukhutshwa kwemfesane kunye nokubonelela ngeminyaka emithathu yeholide yoqeqesho.
Abazalwana bangena kwiDyunivesithi yase Bologna kwicandelo lomthetho, apho kwafundwa ilungelo lecawa. Kwi-bogna, ikamva likaNikolay notitshala we-Astronomy, uDomenico maria novara, kwaye le ntlanganiso yayizamkela isigqibo seCopernicus oselula.
Ndikunye ne-NOVAra ngo-1497, inzululwazi yexesha elizayo yabangela ukuba uqaphele ukwenziwa kweenkwenkwezi ebomini. Isiphumo yayikukuqhutywa malunga nenyanga enye kwisikwere, phantsi kwenyanga entsha kunye nenyanga epheleleyo. Oku kuqaphela okokuqala ngqa enyanzela uCopernicus ukuze athandabuze inyani yethiyori kaPtolemy, kuthiwa zonke izinto ezisezulwini zijikeleze umhlaba.
Ukongeza kwiStudio yomsebenzi ekunene, imathematics kunye nokuzilolonga kwi-Astna Nikolay ifunde ulwimi lwesiGrike, wayekuthanda ukupeyinta. Lo mfanekiso ufikelele kolu suku, othathwa yikopi yeCopervis Authe Aragus.
Ukufunda kwi-bogna iminyaka emithathu, abazalwana bayishiya eyunivesithi kunye nexesha elithile babuyela kwilizwe labo ePoland. Kwisixeko saseFraeenburg, endaweni yenkonzo, abaphathi be-Cornist bacela ukuphefumla kunye neminyaka embalwa yokufunda. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, ngeli xesha, uNikolai bahlala eRoma kwaye bafunda intetho kwimathematics kwi-hergeries evela kwezona ndawo ziphezulu, kwaye uPopu Alexander Vi Borgola wanceda imithetho ye-Astgola.
Ngo-1502, abazalwana noochwephesha bafika ePadu. KwiDyunivesithi yasePaduan, uNikolay bafumana ulwazi olusisiseko kunye namava asebenzayo kumayeza, kwaye kwiDyunivesithi yaseFerrara ifumene inqanaba leGqr Bogogovia. Ngenxa yokuFunda okukhulu ngo-1506, uCopernicus wabuya wabuya umntu omkhulu.
Ngexesha lokubuyela ePoland, uNikolai wayesele eneminyaka engama-33 ubudala, kwaye uMzalwana u-Angehe, iminyaka engama-42. Ngeli xesha, eli xesha lalithathelwa ingqalelo ngokubanzi lamkelekile ukufumana iidiploma zeDyunivesithi kunye nokuzaliswa kwemfundo.
Eminye imisebenzi yaseCopernicus iqhagamshelwe kwi-canonika. Inzululwazi eqaqambileyo ikwazile ukwenza umsebenzi wabafundisi, kwangaxeshanye nophando lwezenzululwazi. Wayenethamsanqa ukuba imisebenzi igqityiwe kuphela xa kuphele ubomi, kwaye iincwadi zapapashwa emva kokuba efile.
UCopernicus wasinda ngentshutshiso yebandla ngezimvo ezinobuchule kunye nemfundiso yenkqubo egxile kuyo kunye nenkqubo yakhe egxile kuyo kunye nabalandeli, iJordan Brune neGalileo Galileo. Emva kokusweleka kukaCopernicus, ezona ngcinga ziphambili zenzululwazi, zibonakalise umsebenzi "ekujikelezisweni kwamanqanaba asezulwini", zazingakhutshwa eYurophu nasehlabathini. Kuphela ngonyaka ka-1616, le ithiyori yabhengezwa njengobukhali kwaye ayizange ivume iCawa yamaKatolika.
Inkqubo ye-heliocentric
UNikolai Combernicus omnye wangaphambili umngeni kokungafezeki kwenkqubo yePtolemoy yendalo, ngokuthi ilanga kunye nezinye iiplanethi kunye nezinye iiplanethi zijikeleze umhlaba. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokuqala zenkwenkwezi, i-HOSEADE ye-HOSTADE, inzululwazi ikwazile ukurhoxisa kwaye iphakamise i-Intishini yeSolay yeSolar.
Kwangelo xesha, uCopernicus, de kuphele ubomi bakhe, ekholelwa ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezikude kwaye zikhanya, zibonakale emhlabeni, zazilungiswa kwiplanethi ekhethekileyo ejikeleze iplanethi ekhethekileyo. Impazamo ibangelwe kukungafezeki kwezixhobo zobugcisa zelo xesha, kuba eYurophu iRenaissance ayikho neteleskopu elula. Iinkcukacha ezithile zethiyori yeCopernis, apho izimvo zezazi ngeenkwenkwezi zamandulo zesiGrike zilandelwe, zaye zasuswa kamva kwaye zaphuculwa nguJohann.
Owona msebenzi uphambili wobomi benzululwazi waba sisiqhamo somsebenzi wamashumi amathathu anawiminyaka kwaye sapapashwa ngo-1543 ngokuthatha inxaxheba komfundi wakhe owuthandayo waseCopernicus, i-ekugqibeleni. I-Astronomer ayinalo ulonwabo lokubamba le ncwadi izandleni zakhe kungento yokufa.
Ukusebenza okunikezelwe kuPope Paul III wahluleke waba ngamacandelo amathandathu. Kwinxalenye yokuqala, kwathethwa malunga nokubulaleka komhlaba kunye nehlabathi liphela, yesibini ebalisa kwiziseko ze-spherical kunye nemithetho yokubala indawo yeenkwenkwezi kunye neeplanethi ezisezulwini. Inxalenye yesithathu yencwadi inikelwe kwindalo ye-equinox, enyangeni, eyesihlanu - zonke iiplanethi, izizathu zokutshintsha indawo.
Iimfundiso zikaCopernis ziligalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwe-astronomy kunye nesayensi yendalo iphela.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukususela ngo-1506 ukuya kwi-1512, ngexesha lobomi bukamalume, uNikolai wakhonza i-canonik kwindawo yokugcina, waba ngumcebisi kubhishophu, kwaye emva kwe-diocese. Emva kokubhubha kukabhishophu, uLuka Nikolai ufudukela eFranburg kwaye uba yi-canonik yekamvana, kunye nomzalwana, abagulayo kwiqhenqa, bagubha ilizwe.
Ngo-1516, uCopernicus ufumana isikhundla se-Chancellor ye-varmy diocese kwaye iminyaka emine uye wasiya kwisixeko saseOlztyn. Apha, inzululwazi ifumene imfazwe, i-prussia ikhokelele kwii-knights zomyalelo weTeutonic. Abefundisi bazivele bezivele ngobuchule belinezelimo lobuchule, batyale ukuqinisekisa ukhuselo okufanelekileyo nokukhuselwa kwenqaba, esindayo phantsi koxinzelelo lweeTuton.
Ngo-1521, uCopernicus wabuyela kwi-onbrok. Wenza amayeza kwaye weva impi amsalela enobuchule. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, uNikolai Coornicus wasusa izifo kwaye waququzelela isiphelo sezigulana ezininzi, ubukhulu becala, i-canominikucov.
Ngo-1528, kwithambeka leminyaka, umhlobo we-astronomer wathanda okokuqala. Inkosi yenzululwazi yayiyintombazana esencinci uAnna, intombi yomhlobo weCooraper, isikhuselo se-matz yentsimbi. Ukuqhelana kwenzeka kwi-reetown yenzululwazi, iTorni. Kuba ababingeleli bamaKatolika babengavumelekanga ukuba batshate kwaye banxibelelane nabafazi, uCopernicus bazinza ngokwakhe njengomgcini-ndawo.
Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala le ntombazana ishiye kuqala kumakhaya enzululwazi, emva koko ishiye isixeko konke, kuba i-bishop entsha yenze ngokucacileyo kumntu ophantsi, yimeko yecawe engamkeleki.
Ukufa
Ngo-1542, incwadi kaCopernicus "emacaleni kunye neembombo zobnxantathu kunye ne-sperical" yapapashwa eWritnberg. Owona msebenzi uphambili wapapashwa eNuremberg ngonyaka kamva. Inzululwazi yayikukufa xa abafundi kunye nabahlobo beza nekopi yokuqala eprintiweyo yencwadi ethi "ngokujikeleza kwamanqanaba asezulwini". I-Astronomer enkulu kunye neMathematics yasweleka ekhaya, e-Afborg, ejikelezwe ngoyena mntu usondeleyo nge-24 kaMeyi 1543.
Udumo lwasemva koPortumous of Coornicus dibana nezixhobo kunye nezinto ezifezekisiweyo zenzululwazi. Ngenxa yomfanekiso wobuso beenkwenkwezi, nganye yesikolo iyaziwa, amatye aqingqiweyo kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo nakumazwe, kunye neDyunivesithi yaseNikolai Collynicus kubizwa ngokuba yiPoland kwi-geland kwi-geland ezokuhlonitshwa.
Ukuvula uCopernicus
- Ukudalwa kunye nokuphakanyiswa kwethiyori yenkqubo yehlabathi, ephawula ukuqala kotshintsho lwezenzululwazi lokuqala;
- Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yengqekembe entsha ePoland;
- Ukwakha umatshini we-hydraulic oxhonywe ngamanzi zonke izindlu ezimzi;
- Umbhali-mbutho wezoqoqosho nomthetho wezoqoqosho
- Ubalo lwentshukumo yokwenyani yeeplanethi.