Ubuzima
Nikolay Copernicus nintihanga zidasanzwe zo muri Polonye zivugurura, imibare, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya, imiti. Umuhanga yahakanye icyo gitekerezo, akurikije Abagereki ba kera, ukurikije imibumbe n'izuba izenguruka isi, yaremye kandi ikubiyemo kandi ikubiyemo igitekerezo gishya, cyeruye cya gahunda y'isi.
Nikolay Copernic, yari umwana wa kane mu muryango wa Tarbara Watzenrod na Nikolai Copernic, umucuruzi uva Krakow. Mbere ntarengwa, imbibi z'ibihugu n'amazina byarahindutse inshuro nyinshi, bityo ikibazo cy'abahanga cyavutse mu gihugu, akenshi kibaho. Byabereye mu mujyi wa Prussian wacitse ku ya 19 Gashyantare 1473. Uyu munsi, umujyi witwa Thorun kandi uherereye ku butaka bwa Polonye igezweho.
Nicholas yari afite bashiki bacu babiri, nyuma yaje gutekesha ababikira, undi arashaka ava mu mujyi. Umuvandimwe mukuru wa Angey yabaye inshuti yizerwa kandi akabana na Nicholas. Bose hamwe basuye ijambo ry'Uburayi, biga muri kaminuza nziza.
Coperniste yabayeho mu iterambere no gutera imbere igihe cyose se wo mu muryango yari muzima. Igihe Nicholas yahitize imyaka icyenda, icyorezo cy'icyorezo cyatangiye mu Burayi, ibihumbi icumi. Yabaye igitambo cy'indwara ziteye ubwoba na mukuru-mukuru, kandi mu myaka mike, mu 1489, nyina yarapfuye. Umuryango wasigaye nta mibereho, kandi abana bari impfubyi. Ibintu byose byashoboraga guhagarika gucika intege, niba atari nyirarume, murumuna wa Barbara, Lukas Vatzenrod, Canonik wa Diyosezi yaho.
Yize mugihe cyumuntu, Luka yari afite impamyabumenyi ya Shebuja wa Master ya Krakow JagielSonian na muganga w'ubushobozi bwa Bologna, nyuma afite umwanya wa musenyeri. Luka yita ku bana ba mushiki wa nyakwigendera akagerageza guha uburezi Nikolai na Angehe.
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi ya Nicholas y'ishuri ryaho mu 1491, abavandimwe bari mu barinzi kandi bakimara nyirarume bagiye i Krakow, aho bakiriye amahugurwa muri kaminuza ya Yagellona mu butegetsi bw'ubuhanzi. Iki gikorwa cyaranze intangiriro yicyiciro gishya cya biografiya ya Copernic, icyambere munzira yubuvumbuzi bukomeye muri siyansi na filozofiya.
Siyanse
Kaminuza ya Krakow mu 1496, abavandimwe b'ibiruka bagiye mu rugendo mu Butaliyani. Amafaranga y'urugendo yabanje gutegurwa na Nyirarume, umwepiskopi wa Estch, ariko, nta mafaranga y'ubuntu. Luka yahaye umwishywa we kuba kanonons ya diyosezi ye bwite no kujya mu mahanga mu mahanga ku mushahara wavutse. Mu 1487, Angeya na Nikolai babuze umwanya wa Canonikov hamwe no gutanga impuhwe no gutanga imyaka itatu y'ibiruhuko kugira ngo bamenye.
Abavandimwe binjiye muri kaminuza ya Bologna mu ishami ry'amategeko, aho byiringurwa n'itorero. Muri bologna, iherezo rya Nikolay hamwe n'umwarimu w'inyenyeri, Domenico Maria Novara, kandi iyi nama yashimangiye umusore Copernic.
Hamwe na Novara mu 1497, Umuhanga uzaza yakoraga indorerezi ya mbere yubumenyi bwikigereranyo mubuzima. Ingaruka zari umwanzuro kubyerekeye intera imwe nukwezi mu karubanda, munsi yukwezi gushya nukwezi kwuzuye. Uku kwitegereza kwambere guhatirwa Copernic kugirango dushidikanya ku kuri kw'inyigisho ya Ptolémée, dukurikije imibiri yose yo mwijuru izenguruka isi.
Usibye studio yakazi ku burenganzira, imibare no gukoresha inyenyeri muri bologna Nikolay yize ururimi rw'ikigereki, yakundaga gushushanya. Ifoto igeze kuri uyumunsi, ifatwa nkikopi ya automatike ya Copernic.
Abavandimwe bamaze imyaka itatu bava muri bologna mu myaka itatu, abavandimwe bavuye muri kaminuza nigihe gito basubiye mu gihugu cyabo muri Polonye. Mu mujyi wa Frauenburg, aho serivisi, coperniste yasabye ko yamenetse kandi indi myaka mike ikomeza kwiga. Nk'uko amakuru amwe abivuga, muri iki gihe, Nikolai yabaga i Roma asoma ibiganiro ku mibare ku banyacyubahiro beza bo muri societe yo hejuru, kandi Papa Alexandre wa Alegola afasha guteza imbere amategeko y'inyenyeri.
Mu 1502, abavandimwe bakomeye bageze i Padi. Muri kaminuza ya Paduaan, Nikolay yabonye ubumenyi bwibanze nubunararibonye bufatika mubuvuzi, no muri kaminuza ya Ferrara yakiriye urugero rwa Dr. Bologopovia. Kubera ubwitonzi bunini cyane mu 1506, Copernic yasubiye murugo ku buryo budasanzwe umuntu ukuruye.
Mugihe cyo gusubira muri Polonye, Nikolai yari amaze imyaka 33, umuvandimwe Angehe - imyaka 42. Muri icyo gihe, iki gihe cyafatwaga muri rusange kwakira impamyabumenyi za kaminuza no kurangiza uburezi.
Ibindi bikorwa bya Copernic bifitanye isano numwanya we wanonika. Umuhanga mwiza washoboye gukora umwuga w'abapadiri, icyarimwe akora ubushakashatsi mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Yagize amahirwe ko imirimo yarangiye nyuma y'ubuzima, kandi ibitabo n'ibitabo byasohowe nyuma y'urupfu.
Copernic yishimiye gutoteza itorero kubera inyigisho zidasanzwe n'inyigisho za sisitemu ishingiye kuri heli, zidashoboye abasimbuye n'abayoboke ba Yorodani Brune na Galileo Galileo. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Copernic, ibitekerezo byingenzi by'Umuhanga, bigaragarira mu kazi "ku nkomoko y'inzego zo mu ijuru", ntabwo byari bidafite i Burayi n'isi. Mu 1616 gusa, iyi nyigisho yatangajwe n'ubuyobe kandi irabujijwe na Kiliziya Gatolika.
Sisitemu ya Heliocentric
Nikolai Copernic umwe mubatorowe bwa mbere kubera kudatungana kwa Ptoleofesi yisi yose, ukurikije iyi mibumbe izenguruka isi. Ukoresheje ibikoresho by'inyenyeri by'ibanze, igice cy'inzu, umuhanga yashoboye kuvana kandi ashimangira inyigisho ya SiliyoCentric.
Muri icyo gihe, Copernic, kugeza ku iherezo ry'ubuzima bwe, yizeraga ko inyenyeri za kure no kumurika, zigaragara mu rutonde rudasanzwe ruzengurutse umubumbe. Iri kosa ryatewe no kudatungana bya tekiniki byicyo gihe, kuko muburayi kuvugurura kwa telesikope yoroshye. Ibisobanuro birambuye ku nyigisho ya Copernic, aho ibitekerezo by'abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere ba kera bubahirije, byaranduwe kandi bigatera imbere na Johann Kepr.
Igikorwa nyamukuru cyubuzima bwa siyanse cyabaye imbuto zumurimo wimyaka mirongo itatu kandi wasohotse mu 1543 hamwe numunyeshuri ukunda wa Copernic, Restikus. Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere ubwe yari afite umunezero wo gufata igitabo mu biganza bye mbere y'urupfu.
UMUBgare yeguriwe Papa Paul III yagabanyijemo ibice bitandatu. Mugice cya mbere, byavuzwe ku buryo bworoshye bw'isi n'isi yose, iy'isi yose, irabagirana ku shingiro ry'ingenzi bya sishino y'ibanze n'amategeko yo kubara aho inyenyeri n'imibumbe kuri arch. Igice cya gatatu cyigitabo kikiriwe kumiterere ya kingana na kaburimbo, icya kane - ukwezi, icya gatanu - imibumbe yose, icya gatandatu - impamvu zo guhindura uburebure.
Inyigisho za Copernic ni uruhare runini mugutezimbere azwi na siyanse yisi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kuva ku ya 1506 kugeza 1512, mu gihe ubuzima bwa nyirarume, Nikolai yakoreye Canonik mu gihe umujyanama, hanyuma ahinduka umujyanama wa musenyeri, na nyuma - umuyobozi wa diyosezi. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Musenyeri, Luka Nikolai yimukiye i Franburg agahinduka katenik wa katedrali yaho, kandi umuvandimwe, arwaye ibibembe, ava mu gihugu.
Mu 1516, Copernic yakiriye umwanya wa Sermlor wa Diyosezi ya Varmy kandi imyaka ine yimukiye mu mujyi wa Olztyn. Hano, umuhanga yasanze intambara, prussia iyoboye inkoni ya teutonike. Abayobozi b'amadini bagaragaje igitangaje n'urwego rwa gisirikare rubifitiye ububasha, kubiba kugira ngo ubwunganizi bukwiye no kurengera igihome, cyarokotse munsi y'igitero cya Tutons.
Mu 1521, Copernic yasubiye ivbrok. Yakoze imiti kandi yumvise umuvuzi w'umuhanga. Nk'uko amakuru amwe abivuga, Nikolai Copernicus yakuyeho indwara z'indwara kandi yorohereza ibyago by'abarwayi benshi, ahanini, mugenzi we wanonikov.
Mu 1528, kumusozi, umuhanga mu bumenyiya yakunze bwa mbere. Umutware wa siyanse yari umukobwa muto Anna, umukobwa winshuti ya gukemu, umujipo wa matz ibyuma. Kumenya kwabaye mu mujyi wavuzwe mu mujyi wa siyansi, Toruni. Kubera ko abapadiri gatolika babujijwe kurongora no kugirana isano abagore, Copernin yatuye Anna muri we nk'umukozi ushinzwe umutekano ndetse no mu rugo.
Ariko, bidatinze, umukobwa yagombaga kubanza kugenda kuva mu ngo z'Umuhanga, hanyuma uva mu mujyi na gato, kuko umwepiskopi mushya yasobanuye neza abayoborwa, aribwo ibintu bitagenda neza.
Urupfu
Mu 1542, igitabo cya Copernic "ku mpande no mu mfuruka za mpandeshatu zombi kandi zisumba" zasohotse muri Wittenberg. Igikorwa nyamukuru cyasohotse muri Nuremberg umwaka nyuma. Umuhanga yari apfuye igihe abanyeshuri n'inshuti bazanye kopi ya mbere yacapwe yigitabo "kumugaragaro yinzego zo mwijuru". Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere n'ubumenyi bw'ikirere yapfiriye mu rugo, mu kuvanze, akikijwe na 24 Gicurasi 1543.
Icyamamare nyuma ya Copernic yujuje ibyiza nibikorwa byumuhanga. Murakoze ku ifoto yo mu maso h'ukuri, buri munyeshuri wigana azwi, inzibutso ziri mu mijyi n'ibihugu bitandukanye, kandi kaminuza ya Nikolai Copernic yitiriwe muri Polonye.
Gufungura Copernic
- Kurema no kwerekana icyerekezo cya sisitemu ya helkiocentric yisi, yashyizeho intangiriro yimpinduramatwara yambere yubumenyi;
- Iterambere rya sisitemu nshya muri Polonye;
- Kubaka imashini ya hydraulic ifite ibikoresho byamazu yose mumujyi;
- Co-Umwanditsi w'itegeko ry'ubukungu Copernic-Icyaha
- Kubara urujya n'uruza rw'imibumbe.