I-Biograge
"Umsizi wesintu" wabizwa ngokuthi uHulumeni waseFrance Biologiologist kanye ne-Chemist Louis Pasteur. Umnikelo wesosayensi waseFrance unzima ukuwela ngokweqile, ngoba wafakazela isisekelo semvelo senqubo yokuvutshelwa kanye nokuvela kwezifo eziningana, wasungula indlela yokulwa ne-pathogenic microoorganisms - pasteurization kanye nokugoma. Ngaphambi kwanamuhla, ukuvulwa komsunguli we-immunology kanye ne-microbiology kusindisa impilo yezigidi zabantu.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-microbiologist yesikhathi esizayo yazalelwa edolobheni laseDoyle (France) ngoSepthemba 18, 1822. Ubaba uLouis, uJean pasteur, waphawulwa ngokuhlanganyela ezimpini zamaNapoleonic, futhi kamuva wavula umhlangano wesikhumba. Inhloko yomndeni yayingafundile, kepha iNdodana yafuna ukunika imfundo enhle.
ULouis uthweswe ngempumelelo esikoleni, bese kuthi lapho ukusekelwa nguyise kwaqala ukutadisha ekolishi. Umfana wahlukaniswa ngenkuthalo emangalisayo kunalokho ahlaselwe othisha. Paster okukholakala ukuthi ekufundeni, kwakudingeka ukukhombisa ukukhuthazela futhi ngokwezinqubo kanye nemibhalo eboniswe yimpumelelo ikakhulukazi kuncike ekusebenzeni nasekufiseni.
Lapho usuqede i-Louis College, uLouis wathuthela eParis ukuyobhalisa esikoleni esijwayelekile kakhulu. Ngo-1843, umfana onethalente wanqoba kalula izivivinyo zokungena eminyakeni emine kamuva wathola idiploma yesikhungo semfundo ehlonishwayo.
Ku-Pairallel Paster ekhokhelwa ukupenda isikhathi esiningi futhi yathola imiphumela ephezulu. Umdwebi osemncane wangena kwizikhombisi njengezithombe ezinhle zekhulu le-XIX. Eminyakeni yo-15, uLouis wabhala imidwebo kamama, odadewethu kanye nabangane abaningi. Ngo-1840, uPasteur waze wathola iziqu ze-bachelor of arts.
Ibhayoloji
Ngaphandle kokushintshana kwamakhono amathalente, iLouis Paster yenza sengathi ibangelwa yisayensi kuphela. Eminyakeni engu-26, usosayensi waba nguprofesa we-physics ngenxa yokuthola ukwakheka kwamakristalu e-acid wewayini. Noma kunjalo, ukutadisha izinto eziphilayo, uLouis wabona ukuthi ukubizelwa kwakhe kwangempela kusesifundweni hhayi i-physics, kepha i-biology kanye ne-chemistry.
UPasteur wasebenzela isikhathi esithile e-dijonian lyceum, kodwa ngo-1848 waya e-University of Strasbourg. Emsebenzini omusha, isazi sebhayoloji saqala ukutadisha izinqubo zokuvutshelwa, okwamlethela usaziwayo.
Ngo-1854, usosayensi uphethe okuthunyelwe kukaDean eNyuvesi yaseLille (ubuhlakani besayensi yemvelo), kepha akubambezeli lapho isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uLouis Paster uya eParis eyosebenza e-Alma Mater - isikole esivamile kakhulu njengomqondisi womsebenzi wezemfundo. Endaweni entsha, uPaster uchithe izinguquko eziphumelelayo, ekhombisa amakhono okuphatha aqhakazile. Wethula uhlelo lokuhlolwa kanzima, olukhuphuke izinga lolwazi lwabafundi kanye nohlu lwezikhungo zemfundo.
Ngokufana, i-microbiologist yaqhubeka nokuhlola ama-wine acid. Ngemuva kokuhlola i-wort yesibonakhulu, uLouis Paster waveza ukuthi inqubo yokuvutshelwa akuyona imvelo yamakhemikhali, njengoba uJustus asho lubih ingemuva. Usosayensi uthole ukuthi le nqubo ihambisana nempilo nemisebenzi yesikhunta yemvubelo, ukondla nokuzalela uketshezi oluzulazulayo.
Ngo-1860-1862, udokotela wezifo ze-microbiologist wagxiliswe esifundweni sokufuduka kokuzethemba kwama-microorganisms, abacwaningi abaningi abanamathele kuleso sikhathi. Kulokhu, uPaster uthathe isisindo somsoco, wakushisa emazingeni okushisa lapho ama-microorganisms ayefa khona, bese ebekwe ebhodlweni elikhethekile ngentamo ye-swan.
Ngenxa yalokho, noma ngabe lesi sikejana singaba wusizo kangakanani emoyeni, impilo kulezo zimo ayizange izalwe, ngoba ama-bactera amaningi ahlala ezindongeni zentamo ende. Uma intamo yahlanzwa yahlelwa izikhonkwane ze-liquid medium, khona-ke ama-microorganisms aqala ukwanda kungekudala. Ngenxa yalokho, usosayensi waseFrance waphika umbono ovelele futhi wafakazela ukuthi amagciwane awakwazi ukuzikhulula futhi isikhathi ngasinye silethwa ngaphandle. Kulokhu kutholwa, iFrance Academy of Sciences enikezwa umhlobiso ngo-1862 iprimiyamu ekhethekile.
Pasteurization
Impumelelo esosayensi ocwaningayo wesayensi yaba nomthelela esidlweni sokuxazulula umsebenzi ongokoqobo. Ngo-1864, abenzi bokubi bafaka isicelo sokuhlobisa ngesicelo sokusiza ukuthola izimbangela zomonakalo. Ngemuva kokufunda ukwakheka kwesiphuzo, isazi se-microbiologist sathola ukuthi kwakungeyona kuphela isikhunta semvubelo, kodwa nakwamanye ama-microorganisms aholele ekuphuculeni komkhiqizo. Lapho-ke usosayensi wacabanga ukuthi ungasusa kanjani le nkinga. Umcwaningi waphakamisa ukufudumeza i-wort to 60 degrees, ngemuva kwalokho ama-microorganisms afe.
Le ndlela ehlongozwe yi-pasteur yaqala ukusetshenziswa ekwenziweni kukabhiya newayini, kanye neminye imikhakha yoMkhakha Wokudla. Namuhla, ukwamukela okuchaziwe kubizwa ngokuthi i-pasteurization, ngegama lomtholi.
Ukutholwa okuchazwe kwalethwa usosayensi waseFrance, kepha usizi lomuntu siqu aluzange luvumele umhlobiso ajabule ngokuzuzisa esikhundleni sakhe. Izingane ezintathu ezincane ze-microbiologist zabulawa i-typhus yesisu. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezehlakalo ezibuhlungu, ososayensi bangenela ukutadisha kwezifo ezithathelanayo.
Ukugcaba
U-Louis Paster wahlola amanxeba, izilonda nezilonda, ngenxa yalokho okwambulela inani lezifo zamagciwane (ngokwesibonelo, i-streptococcus ne-staphylococcus). Futhi, udokotela wezifo zemvelo wafunda inkukhu cholere futhi wazama ukuthola ukuphikiswa kwalesi sifo. Isinqumo safika kuprofesa odumile ngengozi.
Usosayensi ushiye isiko ngama-microbes ekholera e-thermostat futhi wakhohlwa ngawo. Lapho igciwane elimisiwe ligcwele izinkukhu, izinyoni azifanga, kepha zashukumisa uhlobo lwesifo. Ngemuva kwalokho uPasdeur uphinde watheleleka izinkukhu ngamasiko amasha aleli gciwane, kepha izinyoni azizange zilimale. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zivivinyo, usosayensi wathola indlela yokugwema izifo eziningana: kuyadingeka ukwethula amagciwane abuthaka ama-pathogenic emzimbeni.
Ngakho-ke kwakukhona ukugoma (kusuka kuLat. Vacka - "inkomo"). Leli gama umtholo asetshenziswa ngokuhlonipha usosayensi odumile u-Edward Jenner. Lesi sakamuva safuna ukuvimba ukugula kwabantu abanezincane, ngakho-ke, uchichima igazi lezinkomo ezilahla okungenabungozi esimweni somuntu.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinkukhu kwasiza isazi se-microbiologist ukudala umuthi wokugoma ukulwa nezilonda zaseSiberia. Ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo kwalolu muthi wokugoma kuvumela uhulumeni waseFrance ukonga imali enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholwa okusha kunikezwe ubulungu bePaster ku-Academy of Science and Lifetime Pension.
Ngo-1881, uPuster wabona ukufa kwentombazane elume ngenja ehlanya. Ngaphansi komqondo wale nhlekelele, usosayensi wanquma ukudala umuthi wokugoma esifo esibulalayo. Kepha isazi se-microbiologist sathola ukuthi i-virus yamarabi yayikhona kuphela kumaseli obuchopho. Kube nenkinga yokuthola uhlobo lwegciwane olubuthakathaka.
Izinsuku zesayensi azizange zishiye ilabhorethri futhi zenziwa izivivinyo zonogwaja. Isazi se-microbiologist sinegciwane okokuqala ngamarabi, bese kubanjwa ubuchopho. Ngasikhathi sinye, uPaster ubekelwe ingozi yokufa, ukuqoqa onogwaja abavela emlonyeni. Noma kunjalo, usosayensi onekhono wakwazi ukukhipha umuthi wokugomela kusuka kumarabi avela ebuchosheni bonomvu obomile. Abaningi bayazethemba ukuthi lokhu kutholwa sekuyimpumelelo enkulu ye-microbiologist evelele.
Isikhathi esithile uLouis Paster akazange afune ukusebenzisa umuthi wokugoma kubantu. Kepha ngo-1885, unina weJosef Maister, 9, weza kuye, wayelunywe yinja. Ingane yayingenalo ithuba lokuhlala iphila, ngakho-ke umuthi wokugoma wawuyithuba lokugcina kuye. Ngenxa yalokho, umfana wasinda, okubonisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kokuvulwa kukaPasteur. Kamuva, ngosizo lomuthi wokugoma, abantu abangu-16 bakhanyisa ukuba basindiswe. Ngemuva kwalokho, umuthi wokugoma wawusetshenziselwa njalo ukulwa namarabi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1848, uLouis Paster waqala ukusebenza eStrasbourg University. Ngokushesha, usosayensi osemusha wamenyelwa ukuba avakashele umbhekisi kaLauren, lapho ahlangana khona nendodakazi yomphathi wakhe - uMarie. Ngemuva kwesonto, isazi se-microbiologist esinethalente sabhala incwadi eya embhalweni, lapho abuza khona izandla zentombazane. Yize uLouis edlulisela uMarie kanye kuphela, akazange akungabaze ukunemba kokuzikhethela.
Ubaba wabakhethiweyo bakhe, uPasteur wavuma ngokweqiniso ukuthi wayenenhliziyo enhle nempilo enhle kuphela. Njengoba kungahlulelwa esithombeni sososayensi, le ndoda ayizange ihluke ebuhleni, uLouis wayengenalo ingcebo noma ubuhlobo obuhle.
Kepha umngcele wawukholelwa ukuthi isazi sezinto eziphilayo zaseFrance futhi savuma imvume yakhe. Intsha yashada ngoMeyi 29, 1849. Kamuva, umlingani wahlala ndawonye iminyaka engama-46. UMarie waqala ukuba ngumyeni wakhe hhayi umkakhe nje, kodwa umsizi wokuqala nokusekelwa okuthembekile. Izithandani zinezingane ezinhlanu, ezintathu zazo zafa ngesifo sesisu.
Ukushona
ULouis Pasteur wasinda esihlahleni ngo-45, okwathi lapho ahlala ekhubazekile. Usosayensi akazange ahambele isandla nomlenze, kodwa indoda yaqhubeka isebenza kanzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi se-microbiologist sasivame ukuba yingozi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, okwaphoqa umndeni ukuba ukhathazeke ngempilo yakhe.
Usosayensi omkhulu ushone ngoSepthemba 28, 1895 ezivela ezinkingeni ngemuva kwemivimbo eminingana. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Louis anameka wayeneminyaka engama-72. Okokuqala, izinsalela zodokotela wezinto eziphilayo zaziphumula engqondweni noNotre Dame de Paris, zabe sezithuthela esikhungweni se-pasteur.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila, usosayensi uthole imiklomelo kusuka cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba (cishe ama-oda angama-200). Ngo-1892, uhulumeni waseFrance wethula indondo ngokukhethekile iminyaka engama-70 yosuku lwe-microbiologist nesiginesha 'yoMsizikazi wesintu.' Ngo-1961, ukuhlonipha uPasdeur, kwaqanjwa i-crater enyangeni, kwathi ngo-1995, uphawu lwakhululwa eBelgium ngesithombe sososayensi.
Kulezi zinsuku, igama le-microbiologist evelele eligqoke imigwaqo engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili emazweni amaningi emhlabeni: I-USA, i-Argentina, e-Ukraine, Iran, Italy, Cambodia, njll. ESt. Petersburg (Russia), Isikhungo Sokucwaninga se-Epidemiology kanye ne-microbiology. Pasteur.
I-Bibliography
- ULouis pasteur. Etudes sur le vin. - 1866.
- ULouis pasteur. Etudes sur le vinaigre. - 1868.
- ULouis pasteur. I-etudes sur la maladie des version à soie (2 volumes). - 1870.
- ULouis pasteur. I-Quelques réflexions sur layensi ye-En France. - 1871.
- ULouis pasteur. I-etudes sur la bière. - 1976.
- ULouis pasteur. I-Les Microbes Organisés, uLeur Rôle Dans La Fermentation, La Putréfaction et la Contagion. - 1878.
- ULouis pasteur. Izinhlakela de Réception de m.l. Pasteur à L'Académie Française. - 1882.
- ULouis pasteur. I-Traitic de la Rage. - 1886.