I-Biograge
Ukwesaba kuwumqondo oqinile womuntu. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi ezincwadini nase-cinema ekhokhela isikhala esiningi kule nqubo engemihle emlonyeni. Kepha emhlabeni, ababhali abambalwa ababengakwazi ukukhipha umfundi kuphela, kodwa futhi bayesabisa nama-goosebumps esikhunjeni. Inani lababhali lifaka i-Howard Phillips LoveCraft, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Edgar eminyakeni engamashumi amabili.
UMdali we- "Izinganekwane zeKtulhu" ungokoqobo kangangokuba ezincwadini kuyisiko ukwaba uhlobo oluhlukile - "I-LoveCraft Horrors". UHoward uthole izinkulungwane zabalandeli (Agasti Derlet, Stephen King, Clark Ashton Smith), kodwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe akazange abone incwadi ephrintiwe. U-LoveCraft Sign ngemisebenzi "yocingo lukaKhulhu", "ukushaya ukwesaba", "ngakolunye uhlangothi lokulala", "загое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", etагое ", etагое", njll.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UHoward wazalwa ngoMashi 15, 1937 enhloko-dolobha yaseRoth Island - Providence. Lo muzi onemigwaqo egcwele iziphithiphithi, izindawo ezinabantu abaningi kanye nezikhala ze-gothic zivame ukutholakala emisebenzini ye-lovecraft: impilo yonke yobuhlakani bezincwadi zayo, kwakuyingozi ezweni lakubo. Umlobi watshelwa ukuthi uvela eMkhakheni we-Adronoday John John John, owayephila esikhathini sika-Elizabeth I futhi wethule umbuso ohlangene nemisebenzi kaNikolai Copernicus.
Ubuntwana bakwaHoward abancane bekuyingqayizivele. Umfana othule futhi ohlakaniphile wakhula waya eneminyaka emibili ubudala endaweni engaphansi kweBoston futhi wakhuphuka emndenini wobucwebecwecwe beWinfield Scott, olahlekelwe yisizathu futhi wahlanya. I-Winfield yabekwa esibhedlela i-Psychiatric, lapho washeshe yadlula, futhi uSarah USusan kanye nendodana eneminyaka emibili yathuthela endlini yesilisa eyisisekelo yezihlobo zakhe ezihlotsheni zakhe ku-Angell Street, 454.
Indlu esokade yomkhulu kaLoveEcraft wo wolly wanu bhuti Phillips nomkakhe uRoby, owayezwakala yincwadi evuthayo futhi agcina umtapo wezincwadi omkhulu. Futhi ezazonazo kwakukhona izinceku eziningana, ingadi yezithelo enomthombo nesitebeleni esinamahhashi amathathu. Ungaphupha ngokunethezeka okunjalo, kepha empilweni kaHoward omncane wawungabushelelezi kangako. Ukugula kwengqondo kukaWinfield kwadluliswa eSusan: ukulahlekelwa ngumlingani, waba ngumqondo othambekile wokuthi uHoward wayeyikho konke lokho ayenakho.
Ngakho-ke, uSusan akazange asuke e-Chad yakhe ethandekayo kakhulu, ezama ukufeza ngisho nokuhlanya okumangalisa kakhulu kweNdodana. Yebo, futhi umkhulu wayethanda ukumfaka umzukulu omncane, kubo bonke babemfihle. Umama kaHoward wayethanda ukugqoka umfana ezingutsheni zentombazane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abazali bakwa-Ernest Hemingway bathenge nezingubo zakhe zenzalo nezinwele zakhe.
Imfundo enjalo ayizange ivimbele isigelekedi esiseHoward, owaqala ukubuyisa inkondlo, nakancane ukufunda ukuhamba, engeza ezincwadini. Izinsuku ze-Lovecraft nobusuku bahlala emtatsheni wezincwadi, izincwadi ezichichima. Hhayi imisebenzi yakudala kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinganekwane zama-Arabhu eza ezandleni zale nsizwa: Wafunda izindaba ezazisa nguShehrezada.
Iminyaka yokuqala yeHoward yathola imfundo yasekhaya. Njengoba umfana wayenempilo ebuthaka, wayengeke aye esikoleni semfundo, ngakho-ke kwakufanele akwazi kahle ama-Physics, amakhemikhali, izibalo nezincwadi ezakhe. Lapho uLoveCraft eneminyaka engu-12, yena, enjabulweni yakhe, waqala futhi esikoleni, kodwa wahlala isikhashana. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngo-1904 wonongo wang uBren Phillips ushonile, ngenxa yokuthi umndeni ulahlekelwe ngumthombo wawo omkhulu weholo.
Ngenxa yalokho, i-LoveCraft, kanye nonina, imiphetho encishisiwe yahlangana, kwadingeka ithuthele eLodge Lodge. Ukufa kukagogo nokuhamba kwavalwa uphawu, wangena ekucindezelekeni okujulile waze wacabanga ukunciphisa izikolo ngempilo. Ekugcineni, umlobi "Dagoni" akazange athole isitifiketi semfundo ephakathi, eyayinamahloni ngayo yonke impilo yakhe.
Into yokufunda
UHoward Phillips Lovecraft wathatha izimpaphe ze-inKWell kanye nezimpaphe ebuntwaneni. Umfana wayehlukunyezwa amaphupho amabi, ngenxa yokuthi leli phupho laliwukuhlukunyezwa kabi, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukuphatha la maphupho noma ukuvuka kusuka ku-lovecraft. Ubusuku bonke, wabona emcabangweni wakhe ophahlazeka wezidalwa ezesabekayo ezinamaphiko e-webbed, abizwa ngokuthi "Masts ebusuku".
Imisebenzi yokuqala yeHoward yabhalwa ohlotsheni oluhle, nokho, lovecraft waphosa le ndaba "engeyona emibi" futhi waqala waqhakambisa ikhono, ukubhala izinkondlo kanye nezinkondlo. Kepha ngo-1917, uHoward wabuyela enganekwaneni futhi wakhipha izindaba ezithi "CYRP" noDagon.
Lesi sakhiwo samuva sakhiwa ezungeze unkulunkulu kaDagon, okungokwasePantheon yezinganekwane zikaCthulhu. Ukuvela kwalesi silo esijulile solwandle kubangela ukunyanya, futhi izandla zakhe ezinkulu ezinobukhulu zizokwenza kulimaze wonke umuntu nawo wonke umuntu.
Kubonakala sengathi impumelelo isivele isondele, ngoba "uDagoni" wanyatheliswa ejenali ngo-1923. Kepha empilweni kaHoward, kwenzeke usizi. Unina ungene esibhedlela esifanayo, lapho uyise axosha khona iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yakhe. USarah washona ngoMeyi 21, 1921, odokotela abakwazanga ukwelapha lowesifazane ohlanya. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuphazamise ukuhlushwa, ubuhlakani bezincwadi baqala ukusebenza kanzima.
UHoward Lovecraft wakwazi ukusungula imihlaba yakhe eyingqayizivele engafakwa emugqeni owodwa noJohn Tolkina, izwe elicwengekileyo likaTerry Pratchett, izwe laseLaven Frank Bauma nezinye izincwadi ezifanayo. UHoward waba umsunguli wohlobo oluthile lwehlelo eliyimfihlakalo: Kunabantu emhlabeni abakholelwa konkulunkulu abangakaze babe khona futhi abanamandla obunamandla (basendulo), abatholakala ku-necronomicon.
Abalandeli baka-Writter bayayazi ukuthi uLovecraft ubhekisa emisebenzini yakhe emithonjeni yakudala. I-Necronomicon yi-encyclopedia yemilingo yemilingo, ehambisana ngokuqinile nezinganekwane zikaKhulhu, okuqala okutholakala endabeni ethi "inja" (1923).
Umlobi ngokwakhe wathi lowo mbhalo wawukhona eqinisweni, wathi "incwadi yabafileyo" wabhala i-Mad Arab Abdul Algazred (i-pseudonym yokuqala yombhali, ophefumulelwe "ubusuku base-Arab"). Futhi uhamba nenganekwane le ncwadi igcinwe izinqaba eziyisikhombisa, ngoba iyingozi empilweni yengqondo nangokomzimba yomfundi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izingcaphuno ezivela ku- "Necronomicon" zahlakazeka kanye nezindaba ze-lovecraft kanye nezindaba, futhi lezi zingcaphuno zaqoqwa ngevolumu eyodwa yabathandi. Owokuqala ukukwenza kwaqhamuka umlobi u-Augustus Drill - Umuntu othandekayo weHoward. Ngale ndlela, i- "Neconomicon" i-Squance yasebenzisa umqondisi uSam Raymi eCult Trilogy "efile ebubi" (1981,1987,992).
Futhi, inkosi yezimpaphe yanika izincwadi zayo uhlobo lwezinsimbi nemidwebo. Isibonelo, ukuhlonipha i-ktulhu enkulu neyesabekayo, i-AdTEpt yehlelo elinonya kufanele ishiwo: "Pch'glui Mglung'nafh Ktuluhu R'leh VgTahn!" Ngendlela, okokuqala ngqa isilo esikhulu se-octopog-efana nesilo esikhulu, silala olwandle lwePacific kanye ne-Eable ukuthonya ingqondo yomuntu, avele endabeni ethi "shayela uKtulhu" (1928).
Okulandelayo, ngonyaka olandelayo, kuphuma ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Horror Danvich" (1929). U-LoveCraft utshela umfundi wakhe ngedolobha eliqanjiwe, elisenyakatho leMassachusetts elisenkabeni. Kule ndawo emnyama, indoda endala eyayithanda ukwenza amasiko e-soning, nensizwa yaseWilbur, eyayingeyona nkonga, kodwa isidalwa esingajwayelekile esinezitezi ezingajwayelekile.
Ngo-1931, uHoward wabuyisela kabusha i-biography yakhe yokudala yenoveli emnandi ethi "Madness Ridge", futhi futhi waqamba le ndaba "i-InnSmut" (1931), indawo ezungeza idolobha eligcwele imfihlakalo, lapho abantu abanombala osabekayo khona Ukubukeka kubonakala kungavikelekile phambilini, lesi sifo.
Ngo-1931 ofanayo, uLoveCraft wabhala omunye umsebenzi - "ehlebeza ebumnyameni", lapho kukhulunywa khona umjaho wamakhowe we-mi-th okokuqala. Endabeni yakhe, umbhali uxubana nebhodlela elilodwa lomseshi, inganekwane yesayensi futhi wayalela indalo yakhe ngokwamukelwa okukhethekile koLovecraft.
Izincwadi ze-Lovekraft ziyesabeka kangangokuba ukwesabeka ngokwengqondo kokusatshiswa okungekho emthethweni, nokungabi nakuqala komfundi wama-vampires, izilo, izilo, ama-zombies nezinye izinhlamvu zisetshenziswa emibhalweni yesandla yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHoward wayekwazi ukumpompela isimo esinjalo sokungabaza, okungenzeka ukuthi u-Alfred Hhichkok ngokwakhe owayengaba nomotha ngobuhlakani bezincwadi.
Kamuva, uLoveCraft wethula le ndaba "amaphupho endlini ye-Witch" (1932). Indaba ichaza impilo yomfundi onolwazi uWalter Jilman, lapho esezwile izindaba ezikhuluma ngeSortunion of Kezia Mason, ongangena kalula emkhathini. Kepha umfana osemusha uyaqiniseka ukuthi umthakathi uhamba ngobukhulu besine. Ekugcineni, i-walter edidiyelwe iqala ukubona amaphupho amabi: Lapho nje i-morphor ithinta iso lomlingiswa ophambili, isalukazi esidala siqala ukumhleka usulu.
Ngo-1933, uHoward waqamba indaba negama elikhulumayo - "uMdali embundwini." I-Fabulal isebenza edolobheni lezinganekwane lase-Arkhem, endlini yomakhi kaDaliyeli Apton, ozama ukuchaza umfundi, kungani abulala umngane wakhe - umlobi u-Edward Pikman derby. Lo msebenzi ngokuphela okuningi okungalindelekile ukucwilisa incwadi evuthayo ezindabeni eziyimfihlakalo neziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kwathi ngo-1935, uLoveCraft wabalalisa incwadi ethi "Ngaphandle kwezikhathi" nangowokuqala wanikezela kuRobert Bloch umkhiqizo omusha - "ehlala ebumnyameni." Le ncwadi ilandisa ngomlobi uRobert Blake, otholakale eshonile ekhaya. Lapho ebhekene nomlobi, ukwethuka kwakuqandisiwe, futhi kwahlulela okwenzeka ngalolo suku lokufa, kungenzeka ngekhanda, kusakazeke etafuleni.
Phakathi kokunye, ekukhonzeni kweHoward kukhona iqoqo lama-sonnets "amakhowe avela kuYuggota", alotshwe ngo-1929. Futhi i-LoveCraft, eyabika kaThemba elingenakuqhathaniswa lethalente, yasiza ozakwabo emhlanganweni wokufundisa izindaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenzeka kwenzeka ukuthi bonke abakwaLaurel of the Humori bathunyelwa kumbhali wesibili we-co-auto abanomnikelo omncane ku-podabul yomsebenzi.
U-LoveCraft ushiye ifa le-epistolar, ososayensi bathi izincwadi eziyinkulungwane zalotshwa ngesandla sokufiphaza. Kufaka phakathi okusalungiswa kwabanye ababhali abahlelwe yi-lovecraft. Ngakho-ke, uHoward washiya imisho embalwa kuphela ukusuka "koqobo", ethola inani elingelutho kulokhu, kuyilapho abanye ababhali abathile beneliseka ngemali enkulu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UHoward Lovecraft waphila impilo yokutakula. Wayengaba setafuleni elinezinsuku nobusuku, abhala amanoveli amnandi, aqala athandwa kuphela ngemuva kokushona kombhali. I-wizard yegama yashicilelwa ngenkuthalo kumagazini, kodwa imali abayikhokhayo yayinganele ukuba khona okuhle.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i- "Fodder" yomsebenzi wokuhlela we-Lovecraft embonini ye-Amateur Religical Reborther. Akagcinanga kuphela kokusalungiswa kwabalobi "uswidi", kodwa futhi wabandakanyeka ekuphindizeleni imibhalo ngesandla, ukuthi wamthatha, ngoba imibhalo eyakhiwe yaya eHoward iphinde yaphinda yaba nobunzima.
Okwesikhathi esithathwe njengomuntu omude futhi omncamile okubukwayo kukhumbuza uBoris Carlofa (odlalwe kwifilimu "Frankenstein" kwinoveli kaMary Sphelly) kanye ne-Max von Sudov, kwakuyindoda enokuphendula ethokomele. ULovecraft wayazi ukuthi azwelana kanjani nothando, ngokwesibonelo, ukuzibulala komngane kaRobert Howard, owanquma isenzo esinjalo ngenxa yokufa kukamama - wabubula impilo yakhe enhliziyweni futhi wabubula impilo yakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali wegazi le-Horror Blood wabonga amakati, u-ayisikhilimu nokuhamba: wayeseNew England, Quebec, Philadelphia kanye noCharleston. Ngokumangazayo, uLovecraft uLovecraft akazange athande isimo sezulu esibandayo nesixakile, umkhathi wawubusa emanoveli ka-Edgar ngaphakathi kanye nemidwebo kaTim Berton. Futhi, wayekhathele yikho konke okuxhumene nolwandle, yize imisebenzi yakhe ifakwe ngephunga lamanzi namabhishi asogwini aluhlaza.
Ngokuqondene nobudlelwano besifo, kwaziwa kuphela ngomunye wombhali, abomqondo woMbuso WaseRussia - Okotshani be-SONA. Abathandi basuka ePacific Providence e-Neisy New York, kepha uLovecraft akakwazanga ukuma ijubane eligcwele impilo. Ngokushesha owakwakhe wahlukana, engabi nesikhathi sokuhlela isehlukaniso.
Ukushona
Kufundza ngokufa komngane wazidubula emlonyeni wakhe, esuka esipini, Howard akakwazanga ukuza kuye. Ekugcineni, wayeka ukudla ukudla, ngoba uthole umdlavuza wamathumbu. U-Lovecraft washona ngoMashi 15, 1937 ebunzimeni bakhe bendabuko, wasinda eRobert Howard izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Kamuva, umsebenzi womlobi wawuvame ukuthatha isisekelo samafilimu ahlukahlukene kanye namakhathuni, futhi uHoward wafuna ukwakha itshe lesikhumbuzo.
I-Bibliography
- 1917 - "Christpt"
- 1917 - "Dagon"
- 1919 - "Ukuphindukuzalwa kukaJuan Romero"
- Ngo-1920 - "Amakati Ulstar"
- 1921 - "Music Erich Tsana"
- 1925 - "Iholide"
- Ngo-1927 - "Umbala ovela kwamanye amazwe"
- Ngo-1927 - "Case Charles Dexter Ward"
- 1928 - "Shayela iKtulhu"
- 1929 - "Horror Danvich"
- 1929 - "Ukhiye Wesiliva"
- Ngo-1931 - "Madness Rats"
- Ngo-1931 - "Isithunzi phezu kwe-Innsmut"
- Ngo-1931 - "Ukuhlebeza ebumnyameni"