Biography
Uloyiko yeyona nto inamandla yomntu. Ke ngoko, ayimangalisi into yokuba kwincwadi kunye ne-cinema ahlawule indawo eninzi kule nkqubo yemvakalelo engalunganga. Kodwa ehlabathini, abambalwa bababhali abangakwazanga kuphela ukubamba umfundi, kodwa boyikise i-goosebumps kulusu. Inani lababhali ababandakanya i-Howard Philips, ababizwa ngokuba be-Edgar kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.
UMdali we "Myniki zeKtulhu" ulokuqala ononcwadi olusisiko ukuba wabela uhlobo olwahlukileyo - "ezoyikisayo". U-Howard ufumene amawaka abalandeli (u-Agasti Derler, uKumkani uStephen, uClark Ashton Smith), kodwa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe khange abone nayiphi na incwadi eprintiweyo. Uphawu lweTeskraft kwimisebenzi "yefowuni yeKhulhu", "ukubetha uloyiko", "kwelinye icala lokulala", "загое", njl.
Ubuntwana noLutsha
UHoward wazalwa ngoMatshi 15, 1937 kwikomkhulu leRoth ISiqithi. Esi sixeko sinezitrato ze-chaotac, iindawo ezixineneyo kunye ne-Gothic Spiers zihlala zifumaneka kwimisebenzi yeTestantraft: Kubo bonke ubomi bobuhlakani boncwadi, yayikuko kwilizwe lakhe. Umbhali waxelela ukuba ivela e-Astomama John, owayehlala kwixesha lika-Elizabeth i kwaye wazisa i-United States ngemisebenzi kaNikolai Coorponis.
Ubuntwana babantwana abancinci behlonit. Inkwenkwe ethe cwaka nekrelekrele ikhulele ibe yiminyaka emibini ubudala kwidolophu yaseBoston kwaye ikhuselwe kusapho lwe-gewelry ye-Widebry Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott? I-Winfield yabekwa kwisibhedlele sengqondo, apho idlula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye uSara nonyana oneminyaka emibini ubudala bafudukela kwindlu yendoda enezizalwane ezintathu zezalamane zezalamane ze-Angell, 454.
I-cottage yayingotat'omkhulu weTestan Wiple Way Phillips kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uRoby, oweva yincwadi ye-and, bagcina ilayibrari enkulu. Ngaphakathi kwabo babekho izicaka ezimbalwa, igadi yeziqhamo enomthombo kunye nezinzile ngamahashe amathathu. Unokuphupha kuphela ngobunewunewu, kodwa ebomini beHough Hought yayingagudileyo. Ukugula kwengqondo yeWinfield kwathunyelwa eSusan: Ukuphulukana neqabane, waba yingqondo ekhathazayo yokuba yonke into awayenayo.
Ke ngoko, uSusan akazange ashenxiswe yi-qud yakhe eshushu eshushu, efuna ukuzalisekisa neyona nto ingumntu ongumntu ongumntu. Ewe, kwaye utat'omkhulu wayethanda ukupakisha umzukulwana omncinci, ezele ndawo yonke. Umama kaHoward wayethanda ukunxiba inkwenkwe kwiimpahla zentombazana. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba abazali be-herest heming yaphinda yathenga iingubo zayo zenzala kunye ne-gum yeenwele.
Imfundo enjalo ayithintelanga i-gudder yakho i-hion, eyaqalisa ukubuyisa lo mbongo, kunzima ukufunda ukuhamba, yongeza kuncwadi. Iintsuku zothando kunye nobusuku bahlala kwithala leencwadi likaTat'omkhulu, iincwadi eziphezulu. Ayisiyo nje imisebenzi ye-classic, kodwa kunye neentsomi ze-Arabhu zeza ezandleni zomfana: wafunda amabali axelelwa nguShehrezada.
Iminyaka yokuqala yeHoward ifumene imfundo yasekhaya. Ekubeni inkwenkwe yayinempilo ebuthathaka, wayengenakukwazi ukuya kwiziko lemfundo, ngoko kwakufuneka afundise impuphu, chemistry, imathematics, uncwadi lwezakhe. Xa uthando lokwenene lwavela 12, yena, ulonwabo lwakhe, waphinda wafunda kwakhona, kodwa yaqhubeka ixesha elifutshane. Inyani yile yokuba ngo-1904 i-Wiple Wang Buren Phillips ifile, ngenxa yokuba usapho lwaphulukana neyona mithombo iphambili yengeniso.
Ngenxa yoko, uthando, kunye nonina, ngokungagungqiyo kuncitshiswa, kwafuneka bafudukele kwi-Lodge Dolge. Ukusweleka kotatomkhulu kwaye umhambi watywinwa uHoward, wangena kuxinzelelo olunzulu kwaye wade wacinga ukunciphisa amanqaku ngobomi. Ekugqibeleni, uDago "uDagon" akazange afumane isatifikethi semfundo ephakathi, eyayinentloni zobomi bakhe bonke.
Uncwadi
I-Howard Phillips ithandile ithathe i-inkill kunye nentsiba ebuntwaneni. Inkwenkwe yayisoloko ithuthunjiswa ngamatyeresy, ngenxa yokuba iphupha lingutyeni enkulu, kuba ayinakwenzeka ukuba ilawule la maphupha okanye ivuke kwi-verecraft. Ngobusuku bonke, wajonga kwingcinga yakhe eyoyikisayo yezidalwa ezoyikisayo enamaphiko ane-weble, ezazibizwa ngokuba "ziiMasis zasebusuku".
Imisebenzi yokuqala ye-Howard yabhalwa ngohlobo oluthandekayo, nangona kunjalo, uthando lukhuphe olu ncwadi "lungelo lungabi" kwaye lwaqala ukubopha ubuchule, imibongo kunye nezincoko. Kodwa ngo-1917, uHod wabuyela kwiYintsomi yaphinda yakhulula amabali "cyrp" noDagon.
Isiteti selokugqibela sakhiwa ngeenxa zonke, nokuba semfesheni wentsomi yeCthulhu. Ukubonakala kolu dade-sinda onzulu onzulu kubangela ukuba icekiseke, kwaye izandla zakhe ezinkulu zekali ziyakwenzakalisa wonke umntu nomntu wonke.
Ingabonakala ukuba impumelelo sele isondele, kuba "uDagon" waprintwe kwijenali ngo-1923. Kodwa ebomini beHoward, kwenzeka ububi. Unina wangena kwisibhedlele esifanayo, apho utata wakhe wayeyichithe iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe. USarah wasweleka nge-21 kaMeyi, ngo-1921, oogqirha abakwazanga ukunyanga lo mfazi uphambene. Ke ngoko, ukuze kuphazamise ukuthuthumbisa, ubuhlakani boncwadi baqala ukusebenza nzima.
I-Howard Oveyfraft ilungiselelwe ukuba izuze umhlaba wakhe owodwa onokubekwa kumqolo omnye uJohn Tolkina, ilizwe le-terry prank bauma kunye nolunye uncwadi lwendalo jikelele. U-Howard waba ngumsunguli wohlobo oluthile lwehlelo engaqondakaliyo: Kukho abantu emhlabeni abakholelwa kwizithixo ezingazange zibonwe kwaye azifunyanwanga kwaye azifumaneki kwi-necromioni.
Abalandeli bombhali bayazi ukuba ukuthandaza kwakhe kubhekisa kwimisebenzi yalo kwimithombo endala. I-Necronomicon yi-encyclopedia yezithethe zemilingo, ezinxulunyaniswa ngokuqinileyo neentsomi zeKhuntu, okokuqala zifumaneka kwibali "inja" (1923).
Umbhali watsho ukuba lo mbhalo-nye wawusekho, wathi "Incwadi Yabafi" Yabhala i-Arab Arab Arab (i-puundusm yakudala yombhali, ephefumlelwe "ebusuku". Ikwahamba ibali ukuba le ncwadi igcinwe kwiinqaba ezisixhenxe, kuba kuyingozi kwimpilo yengqondo nezempilo yomfundi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iimpazamo ezivela kwi "Necronolon" zasasazeka kumabali othando kunye namabali, kwaye ezi zicatshulwa zaqokelelwa kumthamo omnye wenzondelelo. Eyokuqala ukuyenza inyukele umbhali uAugustus Drill - fan othandekayo weHoward. Ngendlela, i-Necromicon "I-Somblence" isebenzise uMlawuli wam Raymi kwi-Nullogy 'yeTrilogy "yeTrilogy" Obefileyo "(1981,1987,992).
Kwakhona, inkosi yabasiki yabayisisa iincwadi zayo zihlobo lokupeyinta kunye nemizobo. Umzekelo, ukuhlonipha i-Ktulhu enkulu neyoyikekayo, i-Geept yeNdibano ekhohlakeleyo ifanele ivakaliswe: "PCH'Glui Mglv'naf ra'hleh vgagn!" Ngendlela, okokuqala ngqa-qala i-octoopog-njenge monster, elele kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kunye nokwazi ukuphembelela ingqondo yomntu, kwavela kwibali "Fowunela i-Ktulhu" (1928).
Emva koko, kunyaka emva koko, kuphuma phantsi kwegama "ukothuka kukaDanvich" (1929). I-Toveraft ixelela umfundi wakhe malunga neSixeko seNgingqi, esemantla eMassachusetts. Kule ndawo ityhafisayo, umntu omdala wayethanda ukwenza iziko elingu-Desile, kunye nomfana waseWilbure, owayengekho kwindoda yonke, kodwa isidalwa esingaqhelekanga esineentente.
Ngo-1931, uHoward waphinda waphinda wenza ibhayibhile yakhe yedayinti yenoveli ", kwaye wacela iBali" (1931), i-Dloust Town ijikeleze iMfihlakalo Inkangeleko ibonakala ingafakwanga ngaphambili, isifo.
Kwabanye ngo-1931, i-Lindercraft yabhala omnye umsebenzi - "ukuhleba ebumnyameni", apho ugqatso lwe-coustrestrialm yama-mushrooms efanelekileyo i-mi-th ithethwa okokuqala. Kwibali lakhe, umbhali uxube kwibhotile enye yokufunda, intsomi yesayensi kwaye wancama indalo yakhe ngokwamkela okukhethekileyo.
Iincwadi zika-Avekraft ziyoyikeka kangangokuba isoyikiso sengqondo yengqondo ye-onsorent, kwaye ayisoyiki yokufunda i-vampires, izilo zangaphambi komfundi, izilo, i-Sonsters, i-Zombies kunye nabanye oonobumba zisetyenziswa kwimibhalo-ngqangi yayo. Ngapha koko, uHoward wayesazi indlela yokupopha umoya wokuzibandakanya, nto leyo apho uAlfken Hickokhed wayeya kuba nomonakalisile kolu ncwadi.
Emva kwexesha, iYonde ivelise ibali "Amaphupha Kwindlu Yamagqwirha" (1932). Ibali lichaza ubomi bomfundi onomdla wokujonga i-Wilman, ekuweva amabali malunga ne-coldanion ye-kezia mason, enokukuhamba ngokulula kwindawo. Kodwa umntu oselula unethemba lokuba igqwirha lihamba ngomda wesine. Ekugqibeleni, uWalter odidayo uqalisa ukubona amaphupha am ebusuku: Kwakamsinya nje ukuba i-gorphere ichukumisa amehlo olona lolona phawu, umntu ogudileyo ondala uqala ukumgculela.
Ngo-1933, uHoward wenza ibali elinombhalo othethayo - "uMdali embundwini." I-fabul isebenza isebenza kwidolophu ye-Erthethem, endlwini yokwakha uDaniel Apton, ozama ukuchaza umfundi, kwakutheni ukuze abulale umhlobo wakhe - umbhali uEdward Pikbman Derby. Lo msebenzi unento engalindelekanga ininzi isusa incwadi ye-avivied kumabali angaqondakaliyo namabali angenayo.
Kwandula ke, ngo-1935, i-Linderaft yakhutshwa incwadi "Ngaphaya kwamaxesha" kwaye kwangalo nyaka wawunikela kuRobert Bloch Imveliso entsha - "ehlala ebumnyameni." Le ncwadi isixelela ngombhali Robert Blake, ofunyenwe efile ekhaya. Ngasebusweni bombhali, ukoyikeka kwakuqhutywa yiqhwa, kwaye igweba into eyenzekileyo kolu suku luthambileyo lokufa, kunokwenzeka ukuba lukhuni, lisasazeke etafileni.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwinkonzo ye-Howard kukho ingqokelela ye-sonnets "amakhowa avela kwi-Yuggota", ebhalwe ngo-1929. Kwakhona italente yokwenene, italente yakhe engafikelelekiyo exabiseke abalandeli, banceda abasebenza nabo kwindibano yokubhala amabali okubhalwa. Ngapha koko, yayisenzeka ukuba zonke izikhuselo zembeko zaziswa kumbhali wesibini wokubambisa i-co-Auto eyayinegalelo elincinci kwi-podabul yomsebenzi.
I-Teveraft eshiyekileyo kwilifa lemveli lase-Epistowale, izazinzulu zathi ikhulu lamawaka eeleta zabhalwa ngesandla semfihlakalo. Kubandakanya uyilo lwabanye ababhali abamiselwe yi-LiveyCraft. Ke, u-Howard washiya izivakalisi ezimbalwa kuphela "kwintsusa", efumana isixa esingabalulekanga kule, ngelixa abanye ababhali-co-banelisekile yimirhumo enkulu.
Ubomi Buqu
I-Howard Overaft yayihlala ubomi bokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo. Unokuba etafileni ngeentsuku nobusuku, ebhala iinoveli ezithandekayo, ezaziwa kuphela emva kokusweleka kombhali. I-wizard yegama yapapashwa ngenyameko kwiijenali, kodwa imali ehlawulwa akwanelanga ukubakho.
Kuyaziwa ukuba "ukutya" komsebenzi woHlelo loThengiso lwe-Testracker kwishishini lentatheli yoLwazi loLwazi lokuFundiswa koLwazi. Akazange enze nje kuphela kwi-Diffti yababhali "ipipi", kodwa zibandakanyeke kwi-recrint yezicatshulwa ngesandla, ukuba ithathe, kuba nezicatshulwa zeHoward zibukhanyisiwe.
Abantu bexesha lokuhlala bathe umntu omde kwaye onqabileyo ocinga ukuba uBoris Carlofa (odlalwa kwifilimu "kwinoveli nguMary Shedov, wayeyindoda elungileyo nephendulayo enoncumo oluthambileyo olwenziwe ngobushushu. I-Teveracraft iyayazi indlela yokwaphula umthetho, umzekelo, ukuzibulala komhlobo kaRobert Howard, othathe isigqibo malunga nokufa kukamama-owenzakeleyo entliziyweni kwaye wawuchitha impilo yakhe.
Ukongeza, umbhali wegazi eliyinto eyoyikisayo eyalelweyo, i-ice cream kunye nokuhamba: wayeseNew England, iQuebec, iPhiladelphia noCharleston. I-paradyacing, inyameko ayizange ifane nemozulu ebandayo kwaye ityibilika, umoya olawula iinoveli ze-Edgar ngaphakathi kunye nepeyinti nguTim Carton. Wayediniwe yiyo yonke into enxulumene nolwandle, nangona imisebenzi yakhe ifakwe ivumba lamanzi kunye nonxweme oluhlaza.
Ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane be-AFLUL, isaziwa kuphela ngombhali, abommi bomthonyama baseRussia - i-sona green. Abathandi bafudukele kwi-Picific Actrence kwi-Noisy New York, kodwa ukuthandabuza kwesantya sobomi ngokukhawuleza. Kungekudala iqabane lahlukana, lingenalo ixesha lokuqhawula umtshato.
Ukufa
Ukufunda ngokusweleka komhlobo ohlileyo emlonyeni wakhe kummisi, uHoward akazange eze kuye. Ekugqibeleni, wayeka ukutya, kuba ufumene umhlaza onamandla. I-Liveycraft yasweleka nge-15 kaMatshi, 1937 kwi-intencence yakhe, esisinda iRobert Hold kwiinyanga ezisithoba.
Emva koko, umsebenzi wombhali wayedla ngokuthatha isiseko seefilimu ezahlukeneyo kunye neekhathuni, kwaye wayefuna ukwakha ilitye lesikhumbuzo.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1917 - "I-Crypt"
- Ngo-1917 - "Dagon"
- Ngo-1919 - "ukuvela ngokutsha kukaJuan Romero"
- Ngo-1920 - "iikati i-ulrir"
- Ngo-1921 - "Umculo Erich TSAANA"
- Ngo-1925 - "Iholide"
- Ngo-1927 - "Faka umbala ovela kwelinye ilizwe"
- Ngo-1927 - "Ityala likaCharles Dexter Ward"
- Ngo-1928 - "biza i-Ktulhu"
- Ngo-1929 - "Worker Danvich"
- Ngo-1929 - "Isitshixo sesilivere"
- Ngo-1931 - "Iigundane zeManyano"
- Ngo-1931 - "isithunzi ngaphezulu kwe-innsmut"
- Ngo-1931 - "ukuhleba ebumnyameni"