I-Biograge
Izithombe zokugcina zeBobby Fisher, isidlali sethalente chess, hhayi nakancane ezifana nezithombe zama-70s, lapho iqhaka lomhlaba nge-chess (ukukhula komuntu - 185 cm) kwakukuZenith of inkazimulo. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, indoda, futhi ngaphandle kwezitatimende ezingalungile ekhelini lezifunda ezahlukahlukene, zayeka ukuzilawula ngesikhathi senhlolokhono. Umphumela waba ukuncipha kwesakhamizi sase-US, kanye nokuguga kude nezimbangi ezinamandla kanye nemincintiswano ethokozisayo.Intsha Yezingane
I-Biography ye-Chess Buntar ivela ngoMashi 9, 1943. Umfana wazalelwa eChicago, lapho umama uBobbby, uRegina Fisher, wasuka eMoscow, lapho athola khona imfundo yezokwelapha. Ngokusemthethweni, uYise wengane kwakuyi-German Biologist Hans-Gerhard Fisher, kodwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa kweNdodana yoMlingani kaMshadelwano akazange aphile isikhathi eside.
Abezindaba zemvelo bathi umzali wemvelo weBobby BOOLOSOM angaba yizibalo ezingamaJuda uPaul Nenoye, owakhombisa ukubamba iqhaza okuningi ekukhuliseni ingane. Njengoba umama kaBobbby wayengummeleli wabantu baseSemite, umphikisi wesikhathi esizayo wamaJuda ngokwakhe owayengobuzwe bamaJuda.
Uthando lwe-chess luzibonakalise kusuka kuBobby ngo-6, lapho udadewethu ekhombisa izindlela eziyisisekelo zomfana zomdlalo. Kuleli phuzu, izingane ezingawazi umehluko phakathi kwe-pawn nendlovukazi, ziyekile ukuba nentshisekelo enganeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi ubuntwana be-chess banciphisa ubuntwana, umama wazama ukuvimba umfana ukuthi adlale. Isenzo esisheshayo sasichithwa naphakade ubudlelwano phakathi kweRegina noBobby.
Ukukhishwa komdlali osemusha empini ngokumelene nabaphikisi ababi kwenzeka ngo-1957. Ngaleso sikhathi, osemusha waphenduka eneminyaka eyi-14, kodwa wanqoba isihloko sompetha phakathi kweJuniors insizwa ayizange ibe nobunzima obukhulu. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uBobby waphonsa isikole, esho izihlobo zakhe ukuthi othisha abakwazi ukumfundisa okuthile, futhi izifundo zithatha isikhathi nje ekuqeqeshweni.
Nendlovukazi
Maduze nje umphakathi waseMelika wabadlali beChess waqikelela ukuthi uBobby oneminyaka engu-15 ungabhekana nobunzima obungenacala nabaphikisi bamazinga endawo. Ngo-1958, ngemuva komqhudelwano olandelayo wase-US, le ndoda iya eYugoslavia, lapho kuthatha izindawo ezingama-5-6 kuGridi yomqhudelwano, kepha yenza okujwayelekile okuvumela isihloko sikaGlulu.
UTigran Petrosyan waba isitha esivame kakhulu sabadobi phakathi kwabadlali be-soviet chess. Amadoda angena empini yezemidlalo amahlandla angama-27, owokuqala wawo wenzeka ngo-1958 eMoscow. Ngesikhathi ejwayelene ne-petrosyan, wawina osemusha kalula, kodwa walulelisa kakhulu ozakwabo ukuze bakhumbule igama lobuhlakani be-novice.
UPetrosyan wayeqinisile. Iminyaka engu-2 elandelayo ibonise umphumela ongakaze ube khona. Le nsizwa yaphumelela emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe aphesheya. Kepha ukudonswa nge-mikhail botvinnik komunye wemidlalo kwathukuthela kwakuthukuthele futhi kwamisa insizwa ngokumelene nabadlali be-soviet chess.
UFisher washo ukuthi uzungu lolo lwalubumbana kuye, ngemuva kwalokho uhulumeni wase-USSR. Ngombhikisho, iminyaka emithathu ezayo, le nsizwa ayizange ibamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yamazwe omhlaba.
Eminye yemidlalo ebaluleke kakhulu yomdlali we-chess yenzeka ngo-1972. Umzabalazo wesihloko seChampion Womhlaba waqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba uBoris Spassky noBobby Fisher bahlala phansi etafuleni. AbaseMelika bashintshe izimfuneko kaningana, ukusongela ukungafaki emiqhudelwaneni uma abahleli bengeke banelise izicelo zakhe.
Ngakho-ke isikhwama semiklomelo sesidlali seChess sakhuphuka saya ku- $ 250,000, futhi umcimbi uqobo wenzeka ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kosuku olumenyezelwe. Isizathu sokudluliswa kwaba yintokozo yeBobby ukuba bangene endizeni - le ndoda yesaba ukuthi ama-sabers aseRussia azoshaya imoto. Impi yomdobi wempikiswano yesihloko iwine. Kepha ubuhlakani be-chess akazange avele nasendlini emhlophe ukuze alalele inkulumo yokuhalalisela kaMongameli.
Ngo-1975, uFisher waphinda washaqeka umphakathi. Kulokhu isidlali se-chess senqabile ukubamba iqhaza kwiNdebe Yomhlaba, enikeza isithombe senkanyezi yezwe anatoly karpov. Uhlobo olusemthethweni ukwehluleka kwe-American ukuvela kulo mqhudelwano - abahleli abazange bafeze imibandela umuntu avezwa ngayo. Ukudelela okunjalo kubuhlungu umdobi, futhi waveza ukuthi wayengeke esadlala noma acabange nge-chess.
UBobby wahlala ethembekile esinqumweni sakhe kuze kube ngu-1992. Esikhathini sokuziphindisela - ukuziphindisela nge-Boris Spassky, lapho umdobi wavuma khona ngokuzumayo, uhulumeni wase-US wabona ukwephulwa kwe-embargo yamanye amazwe. Le ndoda yasongela ukuboshwa isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyi-10. Kepha uBobby usabonakala ku-duel, enethemba lokuthi izibalo zemidlalo edlule zizohlala zingashintshiwe.
Ngemuva komunye ukunqoba ngaphezulu kwesikhala, ubuhlakani be-chess wabhekana nokhetho olunzima. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukubuyela e-USA indoda, ngakho-ke uBobby waya eBudapest, lapho athuthela khona eya ePhilippines, nangemva kwembongolo isikhathi eside eJapan.
Ngo-2004, umdobi weBobby waboshwa ngenkathi ezama ukungena ePhilippines ngepasipoti engalungile. Uhulumeni wase-US, ukhathele ukunikeza ingqondo enkulu ukugwema amahloni, akhansele ukuba yisakhamuzi somdlali weChess. Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu angaqinisekisiwe, utshani bokugcina kubantu baseMelika baba yinzuzo izingcaphuno zokudoba mayelana nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngo-2001 eNew York.
Izwe lavuma ukwamukela ababaleki baba yi-Iceland. Ngemuva kokushukumisela uFisher eMbhonini omusha, abezindaba zezwe bandisa isitatimende somdlali we-US Chess. Le ndoda yabiza izwe lakubo okubi, okulawula amaJuda. Kodwa-ke, ingxoxo yokugcina nompetha wangaphambili igcwele umunyu nobubi ngokumelene neMelika, kanye nezimbangi zangaphambili.
Ikakhulukazi i-harry kasparov ne-anatoly karpov. Mayelana neKasparov, indoda yaphendula njengeselelesi futhi ivezwa ukuthi imidlalo yango-1984-1985 yaqedwa yi-KGB. Ama-aphorisms ahlanya e-Fisher athinta ngisho nempi yenuzi, okuthi, ngokusho kwesidlali seChess, amaMelika maduze azoqala.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ubudlelwano bokuqala obukhulu empilweni kaBobby buvela ngo-1990. Isidlali se-Chess esivela eHungary Peter Ryachani sahlabeka umxhwele ngempumelelo yeFisher, eyayibhalela isithombe. UBobby waphendula umyalezo omude kuphela ngonyaka. Kepha isikhathi eside asizange sipholise isithakazelo sikaRychanti.
Ngokushesha intombazane yathuthela kothandekayo eLos Angeles. URoman waphela eminyakeni emi-2. UPeter, ukhathele ngobuqotho besithandwa sakhe, wenqaba ukuba ngumkakhe bobby futhi wasonta inoveli nomdlali weSoviet Chess Player.
Umndeni wangempela uvele eBobby ngonyaka ka-2000. Indoda yathuthela eJapan yaya kumlingani ojwayelekile nozakwabo ekwenzeni iCANDA Chess Board. Owesifazane wahlala eduze kwesithandwa sakhe, ngisho naphezu kwezinkinga zengqondo zomdobi. AmaJapan avale amehlo akhe emahlengezi athi indodakazi engekho emthethweni ikhula ePhilippines, yakhulelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanza inyoka eneminyaka engu-22 ubudala.
Abathandi bashada ngo-2004 ejele, lapho umdlali weChess efika ngemuva kokuzama ukushiya izwe ngepasipoti engalungile.
Ukushona
UBobby Fisher ushone ngoJanuwari 17, 2008. Imbangela yokufa yayihluleka ukwehluleka. Lesi sifo savezwa ezigabeni sokuqala futhi sasimiswa ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, kepha umdobi wenqaba ukusebenza ngokuzithandela. Ngokusho kwabangani baka-Icelandic, uBobby akazange akholelwe emithini yaseNtshonalanga.
Ugogo wangcwatshwa emathuneni amaKatolika edolobhana laseSozi. Endleleni yokugcina yobuhlakani, bambalwa kuphela abantu, phakathi kwabo uMekolo. Bekezela umngani wokuphila ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yokuqulwa kwenkantolo kanye namahlazo athola ifa. Kusuka e-Vatai ethandekayo ye-eccentric ithole ama- $ 2 million.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngo-2011, "umdondo weBobby Fornisher wonke" waphuma. Ifilimu le-biographical laqokwa umklomelo we-EMMY esigabeni "Ifilimu elihamba phambili elingcono kakhulu".
- Ngo-2015, ifilimu lesici "Sonazing Pawn" yaphuma. Isithombe sikaBobby sasihlanganiswe ngumlingisi uToby Maguire.
- Ngo-1981, umdlali weChess waboshwa ngezinsolo zokuphanga kwasebhange. Amadoda adideka omunye umsolwa. Ngemuva kwesiphetho esifushane, umdobi ukhiphe incwadi ethi "Ngangihlushwa Ijele likaPasaden."
- UBobby akazange athethe ama-American Banknotes, ngakho-ke wagcina eyokulondolozwa emigoqweni yegolide.
- AbakwaFisher bakhulume izilimi ezi-5 zakwamanye amazwe. Amandla okulandisa owesilisa adluliswa kusuka kumama owayazi izilimi eziyi-8.
Ukunqoba
- Ngo-1956 - Ubuqhawe base-US Junior
- 1957 - New Jersey Championship
- Ngo-1960 - XIVIS US Championship
- Ngo-1961 - Ubuqhawe base-XV baseMelika
- Ngo-1962 - 5th Interzone Chess Tournament eStockholm
- Ngo-1962 - I-XVII US Championship
- Ngo-1963 - Vula Ubuqhawe Nobuhlakani beNew York
- Ngo-1963 - I-XVIII US Championship
- Ngo-1965 - Ubuqhawe base-Xx US
- Ngo-1967 - Ubuqhawe base-XXI US
- Ngo-1972 - Ukunqoba kulo mdlalo wesihloko se-World Chess Champion