I-Biograge
U-Igor Kurchatov ungusosayensi omkhulu kakhulu waseSoviet kanye noMsunguli ogama lakhe ekuqaleni kwama-40s nama-50s ekhulu lamashumi amabili nalawo macala olwandle, futhi izimpumelelo zenze ukubukeka okusha kwamathuba womuntu. Injongo, ngokuzithandela futhi ayikhathali, wathi:"Yenza emsebenzini, empilweni kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, okungokokini, yize kudingekile, kugcwalisa kalula impilo yakho, kuzothatha wonke amandla, futhi ngeke ufike entweni eyinhloko ... hlola ukuthi yini ezokuholela egoli. "Ubuntwana nentsha
UMdali wesikhathi esizayo webhomu le-athomu lokuqala leSoviet azalwa esiteshini se-Simsky ngo-1903. Ngemuva kuka-1928, le ndawo yaqanjwa kabusha nge-SIM. Namuhla kuyidolobha esifundeni sase-Ashinsky esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, lapho kuhlala khona abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-13. Ubaba wayeyisakhamuzi sodumo somuzi, i-World ProvingER Amermer, futhi umama wafundisa umshado esikoleni edolobheni laseZlatoust. Amadodana amabili azalwa emshadweni: U-Igor noBoris, naye owaba usosayensi.
I-biography yeminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kanye ne-Acadomian yentsha inguchungechunge lwezikhungo zemfundo ezazishintshana njalo. Ekuqaleni, amahlandla amathathu iqhawe labasebenzi bezenhlalo aboniswa ngentshiseko enkulu kwisayensi yokusiza abantu, kepha ngemuva kokumazi okungahleliwe ngencwadi ethi "Impumelelo Yezobuchwepheshe Yanamuhla" idlule esithandekayo.
U-Igor uthweswe iziqu ezivela emakilasini ayi-8 eMgcinimafa we-Treasure Male Gymnasium waseSimferopol, lapho umndeni wathutha khona ngo-1912. Ngokufana, ngifunde ku-Locksmith ebuciko besikole, basebenza efektri. Ekuqeqesheni, le nsizwa yathukutheliswa, ihlakaniphile futhi iyakwazi.
Imfundo ephakeme yaqala ukuthola ngonyaka ka-1920 eTavride University (manje iTavric National University ebizwa nge-V. I. Vernadsky), evule eminyakeni engu-2 ngaphambili. Waqhubeka ePetrograd Polytech (manje eyi-St Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter The Great).
Isikhathi esithile esichithwa esimweni somsizi woMnyango we-Physics we-Azerbaijan Polytechnic Institute eBaku (manje yase-Azerbaijan State University of Amafutha Nemboni). Ngo-1925, uchwepheshe osemusha wabuyela eLeningrad, waba yisikhulu sesayensi ye-PhysiCo-technical Institute (manje isikhungo se-Physico-Technical Institute eqanjwe ngo-A. F. Ioffe RAS).
Isayensi
Engadini ethi "Izingane kaPapa Ioffe" (Ngakho-ke abantu bephila babebizwa ngokuthi yi-LFTI) Inkululeko yabasebenzi ibingalinganiselwe. U-Abrama Ioffe wamukele umdlandla kanye nomqondo obona abacwaningi abasebasha. Ubaba wesikhathi esizayo we- "Tsar-Bomb" ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5 efika esikhungweni esithole isikhundla seZavedadel. Ekuqaleni, wafunda ama-dieelectric, ama-ferroeelectricicity, kwathi ngo-1932 waba iphayona phakathi kososayensi bodokotela abanesifiso sezinkinga ze-athomu.
Kuze kube ekuqaleni kwempi, isifundo sezemfundo sakha lo mqondo, sandisa ulwazi kuze kube yilapho indawo engaziwa.
Eminyakeni yempi, wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwamasu wokuqothuka kwemikhumbi ukuvikela imikhumbi kusuka kumabhomu kazibuthe aseJalimane. Le ndlela ihlinzeke ngemikhumbi nge-100% Ezokuphepha, kanye nomvikeli wezwe laseMpilo ngemuva kokuthi iMpi Yezwe Yesibili yafakwa kumklomelo wombuso. Kusukela ngo-1942, usosayensi wahola iphrojekthi yeSoviet Atomic.
Ngemuva kokuphothula embuzweni wezwe wesibili mayelana nekhono lenuzi kanye nelopopoly ye-United States ngezikhali ze-athomu, zazimi khona. Ngo-Agasti 29, 1949, kwaqhutshwa isivivinyo sebhomu le-athomu lokuqala leSoviet Atomic ePolygon esifundeni seSemipalatinsk esifundeni. Ngokwezinkumbulo zofakazi bokuzibonela, ezazikhona lapho kwenzeka uLawrence Beria eqabula ubuhlakani.
Kungekudala, njengokusekelwa kokubaluleka komnikelo kwisayensi ye-USSR, umcwaningi wanikeza umklomelo, isihloko esihlonishwayo, imoto nemali. Ngo-1953, ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, kwaqalwa ibhomu lokuqala le-hydrogen. Iqembu labafundi basezezifundo nabo badale "i-Tsar-Bomb" edumile.
Impi ebhongayo nezimpi zahamba nayo yonke impilo yakhe. Mhlawumbe, ngakho-ke, iqhawe elingenabugovu liye lathi kaninginingi ukuthi i-athomu lingakwazi futhi kufanele lisebenzele abantu ngezinhloso ezinokuthula. Ngo-1958, wenza inkulumo emhlanganweni weSun yase-USSR:
"Ososayensi bajabule kakhulu ngeqiniso lokuthi alisekho isivumelwano samazwe omhlaba ngokwenqatshelwa okungenamibandela kwe-athomic kanye ne-hydrogen izikhali. Sinxusa ososayensi bososayensi bomhlaba wonke ngokushaya amandla e-hydrogen nuclei yesikhali sokubhujiswa abe esinamandla, umthombo omuhle kakhulu wamandla, ephethe inhlalakahle kanye nenjabulo yabo bonke abantu emhlabeni. "Lapho uKurchatov esethula isitshalo samandla enuzi sokuqala senuzi - Obninskaya.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
I-Academinian ibingumuntu onokwethenjelwa, othembekile nohloniphekile onomlingiswa omuhle. Wabandakanyeka eCharity, wakha ukuxhumana okunamandla, kwasiza ozakwabo, imvamisa besebenzisa igunya lakhe nethonya lakhe.Cishe kuzo zonke izithombe, kubanjwa ngentshebe iso, elagcina laba yisici salo "ubunikazi bezinhlangano". Ngokusho kwakhe, ama-Comrade angaqagela isimo sososayensi. Uma intshebe inemivimbo - konke kuhlelekile, futhi uma kunyathela, kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwe-snag.
Ebusheni, iminyaka emi-2 ngemuva kokubuyela eLeningrad, iKurchatov yadlala umshado. Unkosikazi kaMarina Sinelnikova wabalwa nozakwabo noComrade Kirill. Lo mbhangqwana uhlala ndawonye oneminyaka engama-33 ubudala kuze kube sekufeni komsunguli ngo-1960. Babengenazo izingane.
Ukushona
Kuyo yonke impilo, usosayensi wenze okutholakele kakhulu, wabeka izivivinyo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, umsebenzi ohambisana nemithwalo emikhulu nezingcindezi. Ngo-1956 wasinda lapho unhlangothi. Impilo yabuyiselwa kancane kancane, kepha izinkathi ngaphandle komsebenzi zenziwa kakhulu esimweni nasesimweni sezemfundo. Ngo-1960, wahamba wayovakashela osebenza naye uYulia Kharitonu, ephumula eBarvikha.
Abangani bahamba bezungeza ipaki ebusika, bakhuluma, bahlala phansi ukuze baphumule ebhentshini. Ngokuphazima kweso, kwavela ukumiswa okukhulu kwengxoxo. UHariton wabukana futhi wabona ukuthi ushonile. Imbangela yokufa yayiwuphawu lwe-thromboemolea. Umzimba wezemfundo wawususwe, futhi uthuli lwabekwa e-URN odongeni lwesiKremlin esikwele esibomvu saseMoscow.
Ukukhumbula
Ngo-2020, uchungechunge oluthi "ibhomu" lwakhishwa kwizikrini, lilandisa ngokudalwa kwezikhali ze-athomu zeSoviet. Ngendlela ye-Igor Kurchatov, kwavela umlingisi uMikhail Hmurov. U-Evgeny Tkachuk, u-Alexander Lykov, uVictor Dobronravov nabanye abaculi nabo bahlungwa esithombeni.Ifilimu likhanyisa isikhathi sengxenye yesibili yawo-1940s, kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwenuzi kuHiroshima naseNagasaki futhi kuphelile ngokuhlolwa kokuqala kweSoviet Atomic Bomb ngo-Agasti 1949.
Ukutholwa
- Ngo-1937 - i-cyclotron yokuqala eYurophu
- 1946 - I-athomu yokuqala ye-athomu eYurophu
- Ngo-1949 - ibhomu lokuqala le-soviet athomu
- 1953 - Ibhomu lokuqala le-hydrogen emhlabeni
- 1954-1961 - Idivaysi eqhumayo enamandla kunazo zonke "Ibhomu le-Tsar" (ukwethulwa kwenziwa ngemuva kokufa kwe-Academian)
- Ngo-1954 - Isitshalo samandla esiqala senuzi senuzi sokuqala
- 1958 - I-athomu yokuqala ye-athomu yama-submarines kanye nama-Icebreaker