I-Biograge
I-biography yalowesifazane onethalente idume ngempumelelo yempumelelo kanye nempilo yomuntu siqu. Igama nemibhalo yesithombe yomlingisi we-Olga Bookper-Czech ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ehlobisa amaphosta weshashalazi yeshashalazi edumile yaseMoscow, esiteji akhanya kanye neGrand Konstantin Stanislavsky. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi, wahlangana nothando lwakhe olukhulu futhi kuphela - umlobi u-Anton Chekhov, unono wawo wamemeza iminyaka yokugcina yobuhlakani.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Olga Boother yazalwa ngoSepthemba 21, 1868 edolobheni laseGlazov lesifundazwe saseVyatka. Ubaba kaLeonard Bookper - isiJalimane sase-Alsatian, ongowokuzalwa ePrussia, wasebenza njengonjiniyela wesitshalo esivikelekile. Unina ka-Anna Ivanovna Salza - umculi, onezwi elihle futhi edlala upiyano.
Lo mbhangqwana waletha izingane ezintathu - uKonstantin, u-Olga noVladimir. Ngo-1871, umndeni webhukwana wathuthela eMoscow. Izingane zibonga umama zikhule ngomoya wokudala: Amaholide, ukusebenza komculo kwalungiswa njalo, bona uqobo bathungatha, bapenda indawo, bafunda izingoma futhi benza izingoma.
Yazalelwa e-Olga encane yaba msebenzi wobuciko, kodwa ubaba waphupha ngendodakazi yendodakazi nakuzo zonke izindlela wakhuthaza ukupenda kwakhe. Futhi, u-Olga wafunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe kusukela ebuntwaneni, unesiNgisi ngokuphelele, isiFulentshi nesiJalimane. Kepha intombazane bekungafanele isebenze. Ekupheleni kwendawo yokuzivocavoca yangasese yabesifazane, uphile "waphila intokazi."
Konke kwashintsha ukufa kukababa ngonyaka we-1894. Isimo sezezimali somndeni sawohloka kakhulu. Lapha, imfundo yomculo ka-Anna Ivanovna yayiwusizo, yanikeza izifundo zangasese, kwathi ngemuva kwesikhashana iba nguprofesa wokucula esikoleni sasePhilharmonic School. U-Olga noVladimir njengoba omama bangasiza. UKonstantin ngaleso sikhathi wakhonza eCaucasus.
Ithiyeta
Ukuphupha ngomsebenzi osebenzayo, u-Olga wazama kabili ukuthola imfundo yobuciko. Ngokokuqala ngqa, le ntombazane yazama amandla ayo estudiyo somlingisi kanye nothisha ka-Alexander Lensky, kodwa akazange ayibone umlingisi wesikhathi esizayo kumfundi. Umzamo wesibili wawungaphumeleli futhi: Ngo-1895 waphuthunyiswa esitudiyo esimangalisayo se-The Might Theatre, kodwa waxoshwa ngemuva kokuhlolwa kokuqala okungekho emthethweni.
Njengoba kwenzeka, "ukuncipha" kwalungiswa: U-Olga wathatha ifa elithile elithile eliphakeme. Lo mcimbi wawunzima kakhulu entombazaneni, futhi ikusasa, njengokungathi ligaxwe, lithumela okuhle kumculi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ungena esikoleni esimangalisayo eMoscow Philharmonic School (manje eyi-guitis). Izincwadi ezikanye ne-Olga zazinguVsevolod Meyerhold, u-Ivan Moskvin, uMaria Germanov kanye nezinye izinkanyezi zesikhathi esizayo MHT.
Umeluleki wemaki osemncane kwakuwumfoloko ovelele wezemidlalo kanye ne-playwright vladimir nemirovich-danchenko. Ubengowokuqala ukuba ngethalente lomfundi wakhe, kwathi ngo-1898, ngemuva kokukhululwa kweqembu, umema u-Olga eTroupe yaseshashalazini yaseMoscow adalwe nguye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekudlaleni kokuqala kwe-MHT "Tsar Fyodor John" ku-Google PlayEi Tolstoy Olga, indima enkulu yabelwe - iNdlovukazi yase-Irina. Umlambi wempumelelo emangalisayo, futhi indima elandelayo eyinhloko yayingakude.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-troupe yaqala kabusha "i-seagull" kaChekhov, kulokhu kubuswa u-Olga Leonardovna yathola indima ye-arcadine. UTrepleva wadlala iMeyerold, noTrigorin - Stanislavsky. Induna yokudlala yenzeke unyaka omusha, futhi kwaba ukunqoba kwangempela, ihholo lishayele ihlombe umdlalo wabadlali abami. Ngokushesha "Chaika" waba yikhadi lebhizinisi elidumile le-MHT.
I-Anton Pavlovich ngemuva kwe-Premiere Ehlulekile ye- "Seagulls" enkundlenidolobha yaseshashalazini yase-Alexandrian ayikholelwa empumelelweni yesigaba saseMoscow, kepha isavakashelwa ngumdlalo futhi yahlatshwa umxhwele ngumlingiswa ophambili. Lo mbono futhi wakhe isisekelo somlando wabo omangalisayo wothando nomshado olandelayo.
Kodwa-ke, waze wabopha isiphetho sakhe nomlobi, u-Olga Leonardovna akazange athathe umhlalaphansi naye, esegula kakhulu, eYalta, futhi waqhubeka nokudlala lesi sigameko semidlalo yaseshashalazini ethandekayo. Ngemuva kwempumelelo "yama-Seagulls", imidlalo yaseChekhov yaba yindabuko ngenxa yesimo se-MHT. "Umalume vanya", "odade abathathu", "Getry Garden", "Ivanov" - kuyo yonke le mikhiqizo u-Olga Knipper wakhanya ngezindima eziphakeme.
"Angazi ukuthi ngiye kanjani endimeni yezimpawu ezithile zangaphandle, kusuka kumahhanisi angaphandle, ukudala iqhaza ngosizo lwendlela eyodwa ... kanti okuthile kungazalwa emphefumulweni wami, uhlobo oluthile lwabantu ngeke luvele - Angikwazi ukudlala. Ngabiza lo "mshado oyimfihlo" ngendlela, "wabhala ngezinkumbulo zakhe.
Ngemuva kokushona kuka-Anton Pavlovich, umlingisi isikhathi eside wathathelwa umhlalaphansi, kodwa lapho eqhubeka futhi esiteji, umdlalo wakhe waguqulwa, waba ajulile kakhulu futhi afile. E-repertoire yale ncwadi kwavela izindima ezintsha nemikhiqizo. Umculi udlale ku-Gogolev "Auditor", amahlaya ka-Alexander Griboedov noMoliere "entabeni kusuka ku-Wit" kanye "nesiguli esibonakalayo", amadrama endlu, abafileyo, abavukayo "kanye neMaxim abanye.
Ngokuqala kwemicimbi yezinguquko ye-MHT TROUPE ishiya ukuvakasha. Kusukela ngo-1919 kuya ku-1922, u-Olga Leonardovna neqembu wahamba emadolobheni aseningizimu naseRussia, kanye neYurophu ne-United States. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kuzulazula kokudala kwaphoqelelwa - kwakukhona impi yombango ezweni lakubo, futhi abaculi babengenalo ithuba lokubuya futhi basebenze njengakuqala.
Kwakukulolu hambo oluthi isibongo esimbili salo mculi sazalwa - u-Knipper Chekhov. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, e-Zagreb yaseCroatia ukwandisa isithakazelo ezinkulumweni zeqembu, incwadi-chekhov yanquma ukubhala kule porte, ibizwa ngegama lomlingisi womyeni wakhe odumile. Futhi iqhinga lasebenza - izilaleli ehholo zaze zaba ngqenya.
U-Olga Leonardovna wabuyela eMoscow kuphela ngo-1924. Kepha kusukela manje kuqhubeke, i-repertoire yayo ayisakabi kakhulu njengakuqala. Kwasuswa abaningi uChekhov nezinye izinto zakudala, ngaphandle kwalokho, abalingisi abancane bafika enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi, abathatha izindima ezazifaka phambili lapho kulungiswa. Okomlingisi, isikhathi sezindima zeminyaka ubudala benzekile: Usizi "osukwini oluvela engqondweni", uNadezhda Lvovna ", u-Arman Markby", uCharman Markby ", uCharman" ovukweni "ovukweni".
Ngo-1937, u-Olga Leonardovna wathola umklomelo wombuso kanye nesihloko somdwebi wabantu. Kepha-ke kwakukhona imiklomelo yokufaneleka edlule. Esikhathini se-soviet yeshashalazi, azikho izindima zenkosana yangaphambili, angakhululeki ezithombeni zabesifazane abazithobayo, zobuqhawe futhi bavame ukuvela endaweni yeseshashalazi yandala. Okokugcina umlingisi waya kuzimele eziyintandokazi ngo-1950 "ovukweni".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Yize umuntu omaziyo we-primacy yaseshashalazini ye-MHT kanye nombhali ovelele kwenzeka ekuzilolongeni kwe- "Chaika", uChekhov waze wasebenzisa ukubona u-Olga ekwakhiweni kweNdlovukazi iRina. Wabhala ngomfanekiso wakhe ovela kumlingisi:
"U-Irina, ngombono wami, mkhulu. Izwi, ubukhosi, i-Incessia - kuhle kakhulu kangangokuba ngisho nasemphinjeni matches ... ukube bengihlale eMoscow, ngithandana nalerina. "Eduze kakhulu no-Olga no-Anton Pavlovich baqala ukuxhumana ngemuva kwe- "Seagulls" ngo-1899. Kulowo nyaka, umbhali wahambela indlu yomlingisi, futhi yena naye wavakashela impahla yakhe eMelikov. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuba kude, lo mbhangqwana waqala ukubhalelana. Ingxoxo yeRomance ye-Epistolar ngesicelo sezandla nezinhliziyo. Ngo-1901, uChekhov noKipper bashada. Ngoba bobabili kwakuwumshado wokuqala. Ebusheni bakhe, u-Olga wayenenoveli eyodwa kuphela - nonjiniyela odumile waseRussia uVladimir ShuKhov.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva komshado, abashadikazi babona izinkathazo. Isifo sakhe safuna indawo eqhubekayo efudumele - eningizimu, futhi umsebenzi wakhe wadonswa eMoscow Scene. Kodwa-ke, uChekhov uqobo akakaze aqonde kuwo nokuthi angawaqinisekisa kanjani umkakhe ezincwadini zakhe ezifudumele futhi ezithinta inhliziyo:
"Ukwahlulele njengoba kufanele: Uma ngabe uhlala nami e-Yalla ebusika bonke, khona-ke impilo yakho izophangwa, futhi ngangizizwa ngingcono kakhulu. Yize kunjalo, ngangazi ukuthi ngishade nomlingisi, okungukuthi, lapho eshada, kwacaca ukuthi ubuzohlala eMoscow. "
Izincwadi kwakukhona kuphela izindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kwabathandi. Kuyinto exhumana nabo yothando, kanye nobuqambi bokubhala, kubhekwa njengefa elibalulekile lombhali. Noma kunjalo, ukuziphatha kwale ncwadi kwalahlwa emhlabeni futhi kwaze kwathiwa izihlahla zakhe ezingekho nomyeni odumile. Ukwenqatshwa okwengeziwe komfazi ka-Anton Chekhov ngemuva kokushona kwakhe ngo-1904.
Owesifazane wakwazi ukusinda lesi simo sengqondo, kodwa ngokushesha wanqobeka ngenhlonipho yokuthi ngaphambi kwalokhu okulandelayo, inkumbulo ethembekile yeBogatvita Anton Pavlovich yahlala. Owesifazane oshadile akasaphumi ahlala kuzo zonke izinsuku zodwa.
Ukushona
Umlingisi ovelele we-OLGA Bookper-Chekhov ushiye ngoMashi 22, 1959 eMoscow ngenxa yesifo esihlala isikhathi eside. I-Theatrical Prima isengcwatshwe emathuneni eNovodevichy.Ukusebenza Kwezemidlalo
- Ngo-1898 - "Seagull"
- Ngo-1899 - "UMalume vanya"
- Ngo-1900 - "Intombi yeqhwa"
- 1901 - "Odade Abathathu"
- Ngo-1901 - "I-Ivanov"
- Ngo-1904 - "Ingadi yeCherry"
- 1905 - "Izingane zaseLanga"
- 1908 - "Umcwaningi Mabhuku"
- Ngo-1913 - "Mnimy Sitikwe"
- Ngo-1924 - "Kuzo zonke izitho ezilula zokulunga"