Biography
Iphulo lokuhlasela kwe-Nazis le-Eisehuer lalikhokelwa nguYurophu, ephethe isikhundla somphathi-sikhulu kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Ukusebenza kweNorman, ukuqala ngokuphuma kwelanga nge-6 kaJuni, ngo-1944, kwaphumeleza kwimpumelelo. Ngo-1952, abameli bephathi yeRiphabhlikhi beqinisekile, owayeyalela ukuba i-Astthalnance Alliance Alliance, ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lukaMongameli. I-DWITI iphumelele inani leevoti i-adlay stevenson - idemokracrat, emva koko iphinde inyulwe kwikota yesibini (1953-1961).
Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Eisenhower, kwimeko yesisongelo sokwenene ekusebenziseni izixhobo zeatomic, ubudlelwane obuthathaka kunye ne-USSR, igqibezele imfazwe nge-Korea kunye ne-SEATE ye-CIA ye-CIA ejolise kuMthetho wamaKomanisi.
Kwilizwe elisesikweni, eMelika, abantu bakonwabela impilo-ntle, kwaye i-Eisehuer yazisa iinkqubo zendlela ezisebenza kakuhle kwaye yangena emva kweziganeko uJoseph McCards MAYCCTHY, evakalise iimbonakalo zakwaKomanisi. UMongameli, nangona wayesamkeli i-ofisi kawonke-wonke, kodwa watsibela ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu baseMelika, akaphumelelanga ukufezekisa igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo kwizikolo (1954).
Ubuntwana noLutsha
U-Eisehuer Dwight wazalelwa eDenisone (Texas) ngo-Oktobha 14, 1890. Inkwenkwe ikhule kwintsapho engamahlwempu, apho kwaza kwabona oonyana abasixhenxe baba ngowesithathu, esixekweni saseAbilen, eKenasa. Kubazali babafana abancinci bebhayiloni bathule. Kwinto eyoyikisayo kamama, iProtestanti yeProtest kunye nePacifirski, i-Ike i-Ike (njengeyona nto isondeleyo) yaba ngumfundi weZiko leMikhosi laseNew York kwi-West-Point.
Lo mfana wacinga ukuya eYurophu, kodwa ukuphela kwembambano besisizathu sokuphoxeka kwegosa eliselula. Kodwa kungekudala wakwazi ukubhalisa kwikomkhulu leKholeji yaseKholejini yaseFortworth (i-Kansas), njengomncedisi kaJohn Perriha, owayekhokela iMfazwe yeHlabathi yeHlabathi, emva koko uDouglas, umphathi-mkhosi wase-US. Iminyaka emine, i-Eisenhower yayihlala kwiZiqithi zePhilippines.
I-Dloight ibuyele kwilizwe lakhe emva nje kokuhlaselwa kweJamani yaseNazi ePoland, ebangele ukona kwiMfazwe yesibini yaseYurophu kwinxalenye ye-European. I-Eisenhowed intloko iphulo letotshi ekuweni kowe-1942, kwaye lazisa amajoni kwilizwe laseMantla Afrika, emva koko wakhokelela ekuweni kweHorme ngehlobo lowe-1944.
Ngo-1943, uEisenhower, owayenenqanaba leColonel-Jikelele, wanyulwa ngumphathi-ntlanga-ngaphakathi, kwaye ngoDisemba walo nyaka waqalisa ukuhlasela kwemikhosi yaseYurophu. Ekuphumeni kwelanga nge-6 kaJuni, ngo-1944, amahlakani awela ishedy eBritane neFransi kwaye wafumana iilwandle zaseNormandy. Isiphumo sokuhlasela yinkululeko yeParis nge-25 ka-Agasti, esagqiba kwelokuba nemveliso yemfazwe eYurophu. Uvele kwi-lexutenant Coloner Remoder Organisayo kwiminyaka emihlanu, u-Eisenhower wabuyela kwigorha e-US ukuze abe yikomkhulu lekomkhulu le-US.
Umsebenzi wezopolitiko
Ngo-1948, i-Daiiiiight yayekasemkhosini kwaye yathatha isikhundla sika-Mongameli weYunivesithi yaseColumbia. Ukubuyela ngokufutshane kwendlela yokuphila yaseburhulumenteni ngo-1950 kuphela xa uMongameli Harry Truman wacela i-Eisenuan ukuba ayithathe umyalelo wemikhosi yamazwe ase-European. Kwezi ndawo, i-Eisehuer icwangcise ukudala umbutho ongatshatanga wasemkhosini onokujamelana nobundlobongela obunokubakho bamaKomanisi ovela kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngo-1952, xa ukuthandwa kukaTruman yawa ngenxa yemfazwe eqhubeka ne-Korea, i-Eisenuhuer phantsi koxinzelelo lweeRiphabhlikhi zabaleka i-Ofisi kaMongameli.
Kwintlanganiso yeqela likazwelonke ngoJulayi, Dwight ngokuvota lutyunjelwe kwinqanaba lokuqala lonyulo. Ngaphantsi kwesiqubulo esithi "Ndiyayithanda i-IK", njengomncedisi kwiCalifornian Niks, i-Eisenhower yoyisiwe i-Adlay Stevenson ukuba ibe yiminyaka emine, ngenxa yoko inyulwe okwesibini Ikota, ngaphandle kweengxaki zempilo emva kokudluliselwa kwentliziyo).
UMongameli we-U.S.A
Iminyaka yeBhodi ye-Eisnhower (01 / 20/19661) zibonakaliswa ekupheleni kwemikhosi yasemkhosini eKorea, ubudlelwane obufudumeleyo neRussia kunye nokuqala koxolo ".
Iimpawu eziphambili zomsebenzi we-Eisenhower:
- Ukugqitywa kwentshutshiso yokubonakaliswa kweembono zasekhohlo (ngakumbi ngokunxulumene neMcCarts);
- Ulwakhiwo lweendlela eziphezulu zendlela kwilizwe liphela;
- Ukukhula kwe-monopolly yombuso kuqoqosho;
- "Imfundiso ye-Eyenhuer", ethi yonke irhulumente kufuneka ithembele ngoncedo lomkhosi wase-US kwimeko yokuhlaselwa kwamanye amazwe.
Nangona ubudlelwane phakathi kweUnited States naseRussia bahlala befudumele, kubandakanya nentlanganiso kunye neNikita KHrushchev, i-USSR ye-USSR kwi-American "I-2" kwi-1960 kwi-Eisenhower kwi Umhlaba.
Kwintetho yakhe ebusika ngobusika bowe-1961, i-Eisenuer yathetha malunga neengozi zemfazwe yasemkhosini. Ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwecandelo lezokhuselo enezinto eziphunyeziweyo kwicandelo leetekhnoloji, umongameli walumkisa ngokubambisana phakathi komkhosi kunye neshishini, elisongelayo ukuba nefuthe elingapheliyo kwezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, izilumkiso azizange ziviwe, ngaphandle kwexesha lemfazwe ebandayo.
Kwezopolitiko zasekhaya
Ngaphandle kwesininzi sentando yesininzi kwiCongress iminyaka emithandathu iminyaka esibhozo yokuhlala eposini, i-Eisenhower (Republic (Republicated Standan) iphumelele uloyiso lwabantu. Ukongeza ekuqhubekeni kweenkqubo zekhosi entsha kunye "ne-prement ye-" Franklin Roosevelt kunye ne-Truman, ngokulandelelana kwinqanaba lezeMpilo, ephakanyisiweyo), wadala iSebe lezeMpilo, imfundo kunye noKhuseleko lwezeNtlalontle. Ngo-1956, uEisnhower wenza inkqubo ye-Inststreate, eyakhe i-41,000 yeendlela zendlela ejikeleze ilizwe.
Ngexesha lokuqala lase-Eisehuer, umgaqo-nkqubo we-anti-wobuKomanisi we-Senator-Republic Joseph Mccarties waphula intetho yabemi, ekhokelela kwintwasahlobo ye-1954. Ukugcina umanyano lwepati, i-Eisenhower yaphembelela ekugxekeni esidlangalaleni kweMcCarthy, nangona engakhange ayithande i-senator njengomntu, kodwa wasebenza emva kwezinto, kodwa wasebenza emva kweqonga leRiphabhlikhi.
Nangona kunjalo, i-eisenuer isasasa ukunyanzela kumcimbi wamalungelo oluntu kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngo-1954, kwimeko ka-Oliver Brown, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US yagqiba kwelokuba ukwahlula isikolo akunamgaqo. Ngokuka-Eyenhower, idigri kufuneka yenzeke ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye waphinda wasebenzisa amandla kamongameli ukuxhasa ukwenziwa kwesigwebo senkundla, nangona wathumela imikhosi yenkundla, nangona wathumela imikhosi yaseburhulumenteni ukuya kwi-1957 ukuqinisekisa ukudityaniswa kwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo apho. Eisenhower watyikitya umthetho amalungelo oluntu ngo-1957 no-1960, ukubonelela ukhuseleko federal lwabavoti abamnyama - umthetho wokuqala yamkelwa eUnited States emva kokuba kulungiswe yelasezantsi.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle
Kungekudala emva kokusulwa, i-eisenhowern isandisayina i-truce yaba sisiphelo semfazwe yaseKorea. Ukongeza ekuthumezeni imikhosi ukuya eLebhanon ngo-1958, imikhosi exhobileyo yayingasasebenzi ngaphandle kwendawo yaseMelika, nangona uMongameli, engathandabuzekiyo inkcitho, igwetyiwe. Wagunyazisa i-CIA ukuba iphumeze imisebenzi eyimfihlo ngokuchasene nobuKomanisi kumazwe asemzini, amabini apho abhukuqa abalawuli baseIran naseGuatemala ngo-1953-1944. Ngo-1954, i-Eisenhower igqibe kwelokuba inqande ukubetha komoya ekusindisweni kwemikhosi yaseFransi ukuloyiswa kwi-Dienninsula, nangona i-viet-fu, eyayinolawulo lwe-anti-yobuKomanisi ucaphuke ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamazwe kwimfazwe yeVietnam.
I-Eisehuer izamile ukuphucula ubudlelwane neSoviet Union, ngakumbi ngo-1953, emva kokubulawa kukaJoseph Stalin. Ngehlobo lowe-1955, kwintlanganiso neenkokheli zehlabathi eGeneva (Switzerland), wacebisa "umgaqo-nkqubo" ovulekileyo ", apho iSoviet Union iya kuqhuba iinkqubo zokuhamba emkhosini. I-USSR yasala isicelo, ngaphandle kokuvunywa kwayo. Phantsi kwesoyikiso esikhulayo seTekhnoloji yeSoviet yezixhobo zenyukliya, i-Eisenhower noJohn Forkles, obambe impumelelo yonobhala we-Atlantic, ukusekwa kombutho weSivumelwano saseMazantsi, ukulwa ukwanda kobuKomanisi kwingingqi.
Ubomi Buqu
Ukufumene imfundo ephezulu, i-eisenuer eSan Antonio yadibana no-Mancie Geneva Dud, owenza isicelo ngoFebruwari 14, 1916. Emva komtshato, esi sibini sazala oonyana ababini - i-Dudait Duda (umntu olahlekileyo ebomvu kwiminyaka emithathu) noYohane.
Umzukulwana kadekazi uSusan wangena emtshatweni kunye nenzululwazi yaseRussia, efuzisekayo eqhubeka ixesha lobudlelwane obufumileyo bukatatomkhulu wakhe kunye norhulumente wase-USSR, kwaye umzukulwana otshatileyo umongameli uSixon.
I-Dwight Dwight Onnhower
I-Eisenuer yayinemilinganiselo ephakamileyo phakathi kwabavoti abangakwaziyo ukuyichaphazela ukugxekwa kolawulo lwakhe. Ukuphuma eofisini ebusika ngo-1961, wemka kwindlu yelizwe eGettisbug, apho wayesebenza khona, ubukhulu becala ngaphezulu kwencwadi yenkumbulo. Umongameli wase-USA wasweleka nge-28 ka-Matshi 1969, emva kwesifo eside.Iikowuti
- "Idiplomat ngumntu ohlawula kakhulu ukuba acinge ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba angathethi."
- "Isiqubulo sedemokhrasi yokwenene asiyo" makuvumele urhulumente athi, "Kwaye" sizenze ngokwakho "
- "Siza kufezekisa umhlaba, nokuba kufuneka silwele le nto."
- "Into esiyibiza ngayo izinto ezingaphandle azikho ngaphezulu. Ngoku yimicimbi yangaphakathi ... "
Imemori
- Kuncinci ukuba kwaziwa ukuba ePostsdam, ngo-1945, i-Eisehuer ichaze ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zeatomic ngokuchasene neHiroshima naseNagasaki. Uye wavuma ukuba iJapan sele isemnyango wokunikezela, kunye nowokuqala osebenzisa izixhobo ezinobungozi ezinobungozi, onokonakalisa ilukhuni ye-United States kwi-International Arena, efikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lehlabathi.
- Ngexesha lentlanganiso ye-Eisenhower ne Zhukov, iAmerican Counshal "Koloy". UZhukov wayeyithanda kakhulu imbambano kangangokuba wacela i-Eisenusuer malunga nokunikezelwa kwesiselo kuphela kwikopi ye-ZHOV, kodwa isiselo kufuneka sidimazeke. Abasebenzi besityalo bazalisekisile isicelo seMarshal yaseRussia kwaye wathumela iibhokisi ezi-50 kwi-moscow.
- Ukuvulwa kwesibini kuye kwazisa i-eisenhauer i-odolo yoloyiso.
- Kwindima ye-United States kwimisitho yeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-Eisenhower yabhala incwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi "crusade eYurophu".
- Kwinkumbulo yoMongameli wase-US wase-US, iprofayile ka-Dwight ifakwe kwingqekembe yedola enye, umzobo kwizitampu zeposi zeKyrgyzstan kunye ne-USA.