Biography
I-Sholom Aleichhem ngumbhali odla ngokubizwa ngokuba kukuKhanya koncwadi lwamaYuda. Nguye owakonzayo ukuchaza ubomi nobungqina bamaYuda, ubuqhayisa ubulumko kunye nengqondo yokuhlekisa kwesi sizwe. I-Sholom Aleachem Engomnye wangaphambili wagqiba kwelokuba ubhale kwi-Yiddish, ukugcwalisa kwakhona ibhanki ye-piggy yolu lwimi kunye nabantwana, nakwabadala.Ubuntwana noLutsha
USolomon Nanovich Ribinovich - Eli ligama lolimi-elizelwe ngoMatshi 2, 1859 kwisixeko sasePereyaslav-khmelnitsnitsky). Ubuntwana bombhali wexesha elizayo odlulele kwilali yaseVoronovkov (ngoku yingingqi yeKiev, i-Borispolsky yesithili). USolomon uphulukene nonina - inkwenkwe yayingaphelanga 13 xa waswelekayo.
Ukususela ebutsheni, uSolomon Rinenovich wayebalasele kuontanga becinga kwaye bethanda ukubonakaliswa. USolomon waqalisa ukubhala kwangethuba, kwaye sele eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, ephefumlelwe ngumsebenzi kaDaniel Defon Kruzo, umfana wagqiba kwelokuba ngumbhali wokwenene. Kwangelo xesha, i-feudusmm ye-shoudugom yavela, nto leyo eguqulelayo, ithetha ukuthi, "Uxolo kuwe" - yindlela umbuliso wemveli wamaYuda uvakala.
Emva kokuphumelela esikolweni, uSolomon rabimovich waqalisa ukusebenza kwangoko. Lo mfana wayebandakanyekile ekutsaleni, ukufundisa abantwana bangabazali abakhuselweyo ukuya kwizikolo ezikolweni. Omnye wabafundi bakaSolomon wayeyigolide yeLoeva (kweminye imisebenzi ibizwa ngokuba yi-Olga).
Imvakalelo ethambileyo ivele phakathi komcebisi kunye nomfundi, kodwa utata wentombazana, umniniyo wentombazana, wayenomtshato wentombi yakhe ethandekayo. Ke uSholom Aleachem waphulukana nalo msebenzi kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba abuyele kwi-pereyaslavl yakhe.
Uncwadi
Kude kube ngu-1880, uSholom Aleichem wafaka isitayile sakhe kwaye wathumela amanqaku namabali kwiimagazini ezahlukeneyo ngethemba lokupapashwa. Nangona kunjalo, kwakuphela nje kokuba kufunyanwe ukwala-inye kuphela i-sholom-aleichem yapapashwa ngeli xesha (imalunga nebali elibizwa ngokuba "ngabaphupha" ,.
Ngokuhambelana nombhali weSholom, umsebenzi kawonkewonke wawusenziwa: uSolomon Rinevovich wayethanda ukuthetha esidlangalaleni, ohambelana nezinambuzane kunye namabali okufumana isazi. Ngokuthe ngcembe, igama leSholom Aleachem liyaziwa, umbhali wabonakala ukuba babini.
Ebutsheni be-1880, iphepha elitsha lavulwa kwi-shography yoluleko-iAlechema: Umbhali waqala ukubhala kuphela kwi-iItiš. I-Sholom yayifuna ukugcina kwaye ityhile inkcubeko yamaYuda etyebileyo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwantlandlolo kwabonakala kubalulekile kuye.
Imisebenzi yokuqala enkulu libali "amatye amabini" kunye nebali elifutshane elibizwa ngokuba "kunyulo" kwi "uphononongo lwamaYuda". Le veki iye yaba ngumthonyama wombhali: Phantse yonke imisebenzi yeSholom Alaichema yaqala ukuvela kumaphepha akhe.
Umbhali olawulwa ngokuqaqambileyo nangokufuziselayo echaza isimilo kunye nemo yendawo engaphakathi yendawo enemifanekiso emihle. Nangona kunjalo, uthando lweSolom-Aleachem kubantu bakhe luthathelwa ngokulula ngokuzicaphukisa kunye nokuzibuza. Kukho emsebenzini wombhali kunye namabali anikezelwe ekungalingani kuluntu, iingxaki ezizelwe apho kukho ukwahlulwa okuphumeleleyo kwabasisityebi nabangamahlwempu. Umbhali akazange abeke umda ngesakhelo esicacileyo samabali okanye akhokele. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-Sholom Aleichema kukho iifonti ezihlekisayo, kunye neenoveli ngeeleta, kunye nemibongo.
Kwakhona umbhali unexhala "Boulevard". I-Sholom Aleichhem, engazisoli ngamandla, ukugculela amaqhinga afikayo afakwe kwi-inols, ekholelwa ukuba uncwadi lufanele lubaluleke ngakumbi kwaye lude luze naloo nto. Kwaye owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wegama elibhaliweyo, njengoko umbhali egxininisile, ukubethelela amayeza ebantwini kwaye alondoloze inkcubeko ye-FLK kwinzala.
Impumelelo yabafundi yayinenoveli ye-satirical "yaknenokhoz, okanye umdlalo omkhulu wesitokhwe", oprintwe ngo-1894. Lo msebenzi ude ungene kwiimvavanyo zethiyetha kwaye wabekwa kwinqanaba, kodwa kamva inoveli yagxothwa ngenxa yokubala. Ngokuhambelana noHlelo lwakhe, uShalom-Aleachem wasebenza kwiimpapasho ezifutshane zemagazini aseMelika. Iincoko ze-Satirian zombhali zinandipha impumelelo kumaYuda awayehlala eUnited States.
Enye yezinto eziphambili zabagxeki zibizwa ngokuba yinoveli ebizwa ngokuba "ziinkwenkwezi ezihambahamba", zagqitywa ngo-1910. Njengoko iNtloko yomsebenzi ibhaliwe, bapapasha kwiimagazini kunye namaphephandaba, emva koko bakhulule iLena iqengqele kabini (inxenye yokuqala yale ncwadi yabizwa ngokuba "ngabadlali", owesibini baphuma 'besibini'.
"Iinkwenkwezi Ezibhadulayo" zisaphindwe kabini kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo, ukongeza, le noveli izaliswe nguMlawuli VSEVOLOD Shilovsky ngo-1991. Iipeyinti ziye zagxeka abadlali be-chephico chiahoolel, elga e cape, stanislav sanesky, olegi swiadboy, lala dovichenko.
Inoveli "inoveli igazi", igqitywe nguSholom-Aleachem ngo-1912, kwabangela ukugxekwa nokugxeka. Embindini weyelenqe - abafundi bobabini, umKristu nomYuda. Abahlobo, ukuxambulisana, i-gwebyly thessings passpors, ebanzi iqaqanjelwa ukuba i-adventures yemvavanyo olunye noluthambileyo lomhlambi wesibini. Ngobomi bombhali, lo msebenzi awupapashwa ngenxa yokungenelwa.
Omnye umsebenzi obonakalayo weSholom Aleachem libali "Inkwenkwe", equlatha iinxalenye ezininzi. Apha umbhali uchaza ubomi bamaYuda ekufudukeni umlomo we-orphan ye-orphan eqala ukufunda eli lizwe. Omnye umsebenzi-"ovela ku-Sholom Aleachem obizwa ngokuba" yinqanawa yokomoya ". Umbhali ugxininise ukuba kulo msebenzi wokuzenzekelayo watyala intliziyo yakhe.
Ubomi Buqu
Ubomi bombhali buqhubekile ngovuyo: Gold Lovev, apho iSholom, apho uAleihem wathandana naye okwishumi elivisayo, wamtshata ngokuchasene nomnqweno kaBawo. Abathandathu bazalelwa kulo mtshato.
Utata kaGoldeda washiya iintombi zelifa eline-sholom elalichitha ngokukhawuleza ekupapasheni ababhali abancinci abangamaYuda, emva koko banceda, kunye ne-adveveres enobungozi nengathandekiyo ezazinokuzisa inzuzo, kodwa ayizanga.
Ukufa
Umbhali uchithe iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi eNew York. Nge-13 kaMeyi, ngo-1916, uSholem Alaichema akazange. Umbhali wakrwitshiswa sisifo sephepha, owoyilele iminyaka emininzi esempilweni. Umbhali wayeneminyaka engama-57 ubudala. Emva kokufa, uShomom Aleachem wangcwatyelwa eQueens (eNew York).
Kwilitye lengcwangu endaweni yefoto, i-Epitaph, eyazibhalela isifundo ngesiFuikim yazibhala. Iqala ngamazwi:
UmYuda olula ungcwatywe apha.Wayengumbhali ebantwini,
Wabhala lonke ubomi bakhe ngenxa yabantu
Isihloko esilula kunye nohlobo.
I-Bibliography
- 1883 - "amatye amabini"
- 1884 - "Taileley"
- 1886 - "Umdlalo wabantwana"
- Ngo-1886 - "iOsses Solovy"
- 1888 - "stempnu"
- Ngo-1903 - "I-Moskile-Isela"
- Ngo-1903 - "Ikhaya le-Ista"
- Ngo-1903 - "Aman nentombi yakhe"
- Ngo-1907 - "Kwisaqhwithi"
- Ngo-1907-1916 - "Imoti yenkwenkwe"
- Ngo-1916 - "Ukusuka kwiFares"