Ubuzima
"Umugiraneza w'umuntu" yari yitwaga guverinoma y'utubu mu Bufaransa na chemiste Louis Pasteur. Umusanzu w'abahanga mu Bufaransa biragoye kurenganya, kuko yerekanye microbiologiya yo gutunganya inzira fer kandi hagaragaye indwara nyinshi zo kurwanya mikorobe ya pathogenic - Pasteurisation. Mbere yuyu munsi, gufungura uwashinze umujinya na mikorobiologiya bikiza ubuzima bwabantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Muri Nzeri 18 Nzeri 18 Nzeri 1822. Padiri Louis, Jean Pasteur, yamenyerewe ku rugamba rwa Napoleonic, nyuma akingura amahugurwa y'uruhu. Umutware w'umuryango ntiyazi gusoma no kwandika, ariko Umwana yashakaga kwiga neza.
Louis yarangije amashuri, hanyuma agashyigikira ko se atangira kwiga muri kaminuza. Umuhungu yatandukanijwe n'umunyamwete utangaje kuruta uko yagonzwe n'abarimu. Umwanya wizeraga ko mu kwiga, byari ngombwa kwerekana kwihangana no kwandikirana na Sistem byerekanaga ko gutsinda cyane cyane biterwa n'umurimo no gushaka kwiga.
Kurangiza kaminuza ya Louis, Louis yimukiye i Paris kugirango yiyandikishe mu ishuri risanzwe risanzwe. Mu 1843, umusore ufite impano yatsinze ibintu byo kwinjira kandi nyuma yimyaka ine yakiriye impamyabumenyi yikigo gihanishwa.
Mubanjiringiwe yipimisha igihe kinini bishushanya kandi bigera ku bisubizo bikuru. Umuhanzi ukiri muto yinjiye mububiko nkishusho nziza ya XIX. Ku myaka 15, Louis yanditse amashusho ya Mama, bashiki bacu n'inshuti nyinshi. Mu 1840, Pasteur ndetse yakiriye urugero rwa bachelor.
Biologiya
Nubwo hari impano z'impano, Louis Pastru yitwaga ko yishora gusa na siyansi. Afite imyaka 26, umuhanga yabaye umwarimu wa fiziki kubera kuvumburwa n'imiterere ya vino arid. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, kwiga ibintu kama, Louis yamenye ko guhamagarwa kwe nyabyo biri mu bushakashatsi atari fiziki, ariko biologiya na chimie.
Pasteur yakoraga mu gihe runaka muri Dijonian, ariko mu 1848 yagiye muri kaminuza ya Strasbourg. Ku murimo mushya, umuhanga mu binyabuzima yatangiye kwiga inzira ya fermentation, nyuma yamuzaniye ibyamamare.
Mu 1854, umuhanga afite umwanya wa Dean muri kaminuza ya Lille (Abarimu ba siyanse karemano), ariko ntibatindayo igihe kirekire. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, Louis Paster ajya muri Paris gukora muri Alma Mater - ishuri risanzwe risanzwe nkumuyobozi wimirimo. Ahantu hashya, Pageck yakoresheje neza, yerekana ubushobozi bwubuyobozi bwiza. Yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kwipimisha, yongereye urwego rwubumenyi bwabanyeshuri nicyubahiro cyamakuru yuburezi.
Mugereranije, Microbiologue yakomeje gushakisha acide ya vino. Nyuma yo gusuzuma imbonankubone ya microscope, Louis Paster yatangaje ko inzira yo gusebanya atari kamere yimiti, nkuko Justus yavuze ko Lubih backgror backgror backgror. Umuhanga yavumbuye ko iyi nzira ifitanye isano n'ubuzima n'ibikorwa by'umusemburo wuzuye, kugaburira no korora amazi azerera.
Mu 1860-1862, muri Microbiologue yibanze ku bushakashatsi bwo kwiyobora kwimurwa na mikorobe, abashakashatsi benshi bakurikiza icyo gihe. Kubwibyo, Paral yafashe imbaga intungamubiri, yawukubise ubushyuhe muri mikorobe yapfaga, hanyuma ishyirwa mu ijosi ridasanzwe hamwe n'ijosi ridasanzwe.
Nkigisubizo, nubwo ubwo bwato bukubiye intungamubiri buba ari mu kirere, ubuzima mubihe nkibi ntabwo byaravutse, kubera ko ababi ba bagiteri bamaze kuvuka mwinyamanswa. Niba ijosi ryarakuweho ryometse kunama zamazi zuzuye, hanyuma mikorobe itangira kugwira vuba. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abahanga mu Bufaransa bahakanye igitekerezo cyiganje kandi bagaragaza ko mikorobe idashobora kwikuramo kandi buri gihe izanwa hanze. Kuri ubu buvumbuzi, ishuri ryigifaransa rya siyansi ryahaye paste mu 1862 premium idasanzwe.
Pasteuriation
Intambara mubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi bwa siyansi yagize uruhare mu gukenera gukemura umurimo ufatika. Mu 1864, divayi yakoresheje kugirango isubize icyifuzo cyo gufasha kumenya ibitera kwangirika. Nyuma yo kwiga ibiyobyabwenge, Microbiologuld yavumbuye ko atari umusenguzi gusa, ahubwo yavugiye izindi mikorobe iganisha ku muzamu w'ibicuruzwa. Noneho umuhanga atekereza ku buryo bwo gukuraho iki kibazo. Umushakashatsi yatanze igitekerezo cyo gushyushya dogere 60, nyuma ya mikorobe ipfa.
Uburyo bwasabwe na Pasteur bwatangiye gukoreshwa mu gukora inzoga na vino, ndetse no mu zindi nzego z'inganda zibiribwa. Muri iki gihe, kwakira ibyakiriwe byitwa Pasteurisation, n'izina ry'Umuvumbuwe.
Ubuvumbuzi bwasobanuwe bwazanywe n'umuhanga mu Bufaransa, ariko ibyago ku giti cye ntibyatumye umuyoboke wishimira bucece mubyo yagezeho. Abana batatu ba microbiologue bapfuye bazize umukunzi winda. Kubera iyo mpamvu zibabaje, abahanga mu bushakashatsi bushakashatsi ku ndwara zandura.
Gukingirwa
Louis Pallege Ibikomere, ibisebe n'ibisebe, nk'ibisubizo byagaragaje indwara nyinshi zanduye (urugero, streptococcus na staphylococcus). Nanone, Microbiologiste yize kuri Cholere y'inkoko kandi agerageza gushaka iyi ndwara. Icyemezo cyaje kuri mwarimu uzwi kubwamahirwe.
Umuhanga yasize umuco muri mikorobe ya kolera muri thermostat kandi iyibagirwa. Igihe virusi yumye yatewe ninkoko, inyoni ntizipfa, ariko zimumura indwara yoroheje yindwara. Noneho Pasteur yongeye kwandura inkoko zifite imico mishya ya virusi, ariko inyoni ntizikomereka. Dushingiye kuri ubwo bushakashatsi, Umuhanga yavumbuye inzira yo kwirinda indwara nyinshi: Birakenewe kumenyekanisha imikorobe ya pathogenic mu mubiri.
Hariho urukingo (kuva Lata. Vacca - "inka"). Iri zina ni UBUVUZI BWA BUKORESHEJWE MU KWIHA BW'UMWUGA W'UBUCURUZI B'ABACIZI EGARDER Jenner. Uwa nyuma yashakaga kubuza indwara z'abantu batonyanga, bityo, yuzuza amaraso y'inka yanduye ingaruka ku buryo bw'umuntu.
Igeragezwa hamwe n'inkoko zafashije microbiologue gukora urukingo rwo kurwanya ibisebe bya Siberiya. Gukoresha nyuma y'uru rukingo byatumye Guverinoma y'Ubufaransa ikiza amafaranga menshi. Byongeye kandi, kuvumbura gushya byahaye abanyamuryango ba passer mu ishuri rya siyansi na pansiyo yuzuye.
Mu 1881, yihuta yibasiye urupfu rw'umukobwa kuva ku cyumba cy'imbwa. Mu buryo bw'ibyago, umuhanga yahisemo kurema urukingo ruva mu ndwara zica. Ariko Microbiologue yavumbuye ko virusi ya kabe yabayeho mu tugari tw'ubwonko. Hari ikibazo cyo kubona uburyo bwagabweho intege.
Iminsi ya siyansi ntabwo yavuye muri laboratoire kandi ikora ubushakashatsi ku bavugizi. Microbiologiste amatungo yanduye yabanje afite ibirango, hanyuma ubwonko bwimuwe. Muri icyo gihe, hari ikibanza cyakorewe hazard y'urupfu, gukusanya inkwavu mu kanwa. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, umuhanga ufite impano yashoboye kwihagarika urukingo ruva mu gisashi kuva mu bwobavu rw'urukwavu rwumye. Benshi bizeye ko ubwo buvumburwa bwahindutse ikintu nyamukuru cyagezweho muri microbiologue idasanzwe.
Igihe kimwe Louis Pastr ntabwo yatinyutse gukurikiza urukingo mubantu. Ariko mu 1885, nyina w'imyaka 9 Matseru w'imyaka 9 Maistera aramwegera, imbwa yabasazi yararumwe. Umwana nta mahirwe yari afite yo gukomeza kubaho, niko urukingo rwari amahirwe ya nyuma kuri we. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umuhungu yarokotse, yerekanaga imikorere yo gufungura Pasteur. Nyuma gato, abifashijwemo nurukingo, abantu 16 bamaze gukizwa kugirango bakizwe. Nyuma yibyo, urukingo rwahoraga rukoreshwa mukurwanya ibisasu.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1848, Louis Paster yatangiye gukora muri kaminuza ya Strasbourg. Bidatinze, umuhanga ukiri muto watumiwe gusura Umuyobozi wa Lauren, aho yahuriye n'umukobwa wa shebuja - Marie. Nyuma yicyumweru, mikorobeyiyo ifite impano yandikiye Umuyobozi mukuru, aho yabajije amaboko yumukobwa. Nubwo Louis yavuganaga na Marie rimwe gusa, ntabwo yashidikanyaga ko guhitamo.
Se w'intore we, Pasteur yemeye neza ko afite umutima mwiza n'ubuzima bwiza. Nkuko bishobora gucirwa urubanza kuva ku ifoto yumuhanga, umugabo ntiyigeze atandukanye mubwiza, Louis nta butunzi yari afite cyangwa ubuvandimwe bwiza.
Ariko umuyobozi yizera ko abahanga mu binyabuzima b'Abafaransa kandi barabyemera. Urubyiruko rwashyingiwe ku ya 29 Gicurasi 1849. Nyuma yaho, uwo mwashakanye yabanye imyaka 46. Marie yatangiye umugabo we ntabwo ari umugore we gusa, ahubwo umufasha wa mbere n'inkunga yizewe. Abashakanye bafite abana batanu, batatu muri bo bapfuye bazize icyorezo cy'inda.
Urupfu
Louis Pasteur yarokotse ubwonko bwa 45, nyuma akomeza guhagararira. Umuhanga ntabwo yimuye ukuboko n'amaguru, ariko umugabo akomeza gukora cyane. Byongeye kandi, Microbiologue yakunze guteza akaga mugihe cyubushakashatsi, bwahatiye umuryango guhangayikishwa n'ubuzima bwe.
Umuhanga ukomeye yapfuye ku ya 28 Nzeri 1895 avuye ku ngorane nyuma y'inkoni nyinshi. Muri kiriya gihe, Louis Paste yari afite imyaka 72. Ubwa mbere, ibisigazwa bya microbiologue byari biruhukiye muri Notre Dame de Paris, hanyuma bimukira mu kigo cya Pasteur.
Mu gihe, umuhanga yakiriye ibihembo mu bihugu hafi ya byose byisi (hafi 200). Mu 1892, guverinoma y'Ubufaransa yerekanye umudari mu byifuzo byimyaka 70 ya Microbiologue n'umukono w '"umugiri w'umugiraneza wabantu." Mu 1961, mu rwego rwo kubaha Pasteur, ikiraku ku kwezi cyatijwe, maze mu 1995, ikirango cyasohotse mu Bubiligi hamwe n'ishusho y'umuhanga.
Muri iki gihe, izina rya mikoroberiyo ridasanzwe ryarira imihanda irenga 2 mu bihugu byinshi byo ku isi: Amerika, Arijantine, Ukraine, Irani, Ubutaliyani, n'ibindi. Muri St. Petersburg (Uburusiya), Ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi bw'icyorezo na Microbiologiya. Pasteur.
Bibliografiya
- Louis Pasteur. Etides sur le vin. - 1866.
- Louis Pasteur. Etides sur le vinaigre. - 1868.
- Louis Pasteur. ETUDS Sur La Maladie des umurongo à Soe (Umubumbe wa 2). - 1870.
- Louis Pasteur. QUELQUES Réflexions Sur la Ubumenyi en Ubufaransa. - 1871.
- Louis Pasteur. Etides sur la bichire. - 1976.
- Louis Pasteur. Les Microbes Organisés, Leur Rôle Dans La fermentation, La Putréfaction et la. - 1878.
- Louis Pasteur. Discours de réception de m.l. Pasteur à L'Académie Française. - 1882.
- Louis Pasteur. Traeitement de la uburakari. - 1886.