Chiphunzitso
Mantha ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ya munthu. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti m'mabuku ndi cinemayo adalipira kwambiri njira yolakwika iyi. Koma mdziko lapansi, ochepa a olemba omwe sakanangokopa owerenga, komanso amawawopseza kuti atuluke pakhungu. Chiwerengero cha olemba chimaphatikizapo Howard Phillips Crellips, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa edgar m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri.
Mlengi wa "zikhulupiriro za Ktolhu" ndi zoyambirira kuti m'mabukuwa ndiachikhalidwe chogawana mtundu - "chikondi cha chikondi". Howard yapeza otsatira masauzande ambiri (August Derlet, Stephen King, Clark Ashton), koma nthawi ya moyo wake sanawone buku lililonse losindikizidwa. Chizindikiro cha chikondi pa ntchito za "Kuitana kwa KhullahU", "kuwomba mantha", "mbali ina yogona", "загое", ex.
Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Howard adabadwa pa Marichi 15, 1937 m'chigawo cha Roth Island - Volomence. Mzindawu wokhala ndi misewu yovuta, madera okhala ndi zigawo ndi zingwe za Gothic nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu ntchito za chikondi cha zokonda: M'dziko lazinthu za mabuku, zinali pachimake m'nyumba yakwawo. Wolemba adanenanso kuti abwera chifukwa cha zakuthambo "munda wa Elizabeti ndidziwitse za United Kingdom ndi ntchito za Nikolai Copernicus.
Ubwana wa Howard wachinyamata anali wachilendo. Mnyamata wopanda nzeru komanso wanzeru anakula mpaka kukafika zaka ziwiri zakumapeto kwa Boston ndipo anakulira m'banja la zodzikongoletsera za Winfil of Winfil Scott, omwe adayamba chifukwa cha misala. Winfield adayikidwa kuchipatala cha amisala, komwe adamwalira, ndipo Sarah Susan anali ndi mwana wamwamuna wazaka ziwiri adasamukira kunyumba yamphongoyo ya angoll Street, 454.
Khotholo linali la agogo a Lordraft Wippraft Willips Phillips ndi mkazi wake roby, yemwe adamveka buku la Avid ndipo adasunga laibulale yayikulu. Komanso anali ndi ndalama zomwe anali nawo angapo, m'munda wa zipatso wokhala ndi kasupe ndi khola ndi akavalo atatu. Mutha kungolota za zabwino zoterezi, koma m'moyo wamkuwa pang'ono sunali wosalala. Matenda am'mutu Winfield anasamutsidwa ku Susan: kutaya mkazi, adakhala chinthu choganizira kwambiri kuti anali ndi nkhawa.
Chifukwa chake, Susan sanachoke ku Chaso Wake Wokondedwa Wake, kuyesera kukwaniritsa zonena zazikulu kwambiri za Mwana. Inde, ndipo agogo ake agogo ankakonda kuyimitsa mdzukulu wamng'ono, m'zonse zomubisalira. Amayi a Howard anakondedwa kuvala mwana zovala za mtsikanayo. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti makolo a Enerest Hemingwiy adagulanso madiresi ake ndi chingamu cha tsitsi.
Maphunziro oterowo sanalepheretse Houdderdety Houdzenje, ndani adayamba kubwezeretsa ndakatuloyi, koma kuphunzira kuyenda, kuwonjezera m'mabuku. Masiku okonda ndi usiku adakhala mu laibulale ya agol, mabuku osefukira. Osati ntchito zapamwamba zokha, komanso nthano za Arabu zidafika m'manja mwa mnyamatayu: adawerenga nkhani za Shehrezada.
Zaka zoyambirira za Howard adalandira maphunziro apanyumba. Popeza mnyamatayo anali ndi thanzi lofooka, sakanatha kupita ku bungwe la maphunziro, motero amayenera kudziwa sayansi ya masewera, chemistry, masamu ndi mabuku payekha. Pamene chikondi chakwanitsa 12, iye, atakhala achimwemwe, adayamba kupita kusukulu, koma adatenga kwakanthawi kochepa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mu 1904 WIPI WAG Phillips Phillips adamwalira, chifukwa chomwe banja lidataya ndalama zake zazikulu.
Zotsatira zake, zachikondi, limodzi ndi amayi ake, zosathetsa kumapeto, zimayenera kusamukira ku Lodge Lodge. Imfa ya agogo a agogo omwe anali akuchoka anali atasindikizidwa mkuwa, adakumana ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndipo ngakhale amaganiza kuti muchepetse zambiri ndi moyo. Pomaliza, wolemba "Dagoni" sanalandire satifiketi ya maphunziro apakati, omwe anachita manyazi ndi moyo wake wonse.
Malembo
Howard Phillips Creatraft adatenga inkill, ndi nthenga za ubwana. Mnyamatayo ankazunzidwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha zodandaula, chifukwa chomwe malotowo anali kuzunzidwa koopsa, chifukwa sikunali kotheka kuyang'anira maloto awa kapena kudzuka ku Soltraft. Pausiku usikuwo, adawona malingaliro ake owopsa a zolengedwa zowopsa ndi mapiko a Webbb, omwe amatchedwa "Usiku Unss".
Ntchito zoyambirira za Howard zidalembedwa mu mtundu wabwino kwambiri, komabe, zokondana ndi "mabuku osakhala akulu" ndipo adayamba kukonza maluso, polemba ndakatulo ndi nkhani. Koma mu 1917, Howard idabweranso zopeka ndikutulutsa nkhani "cyrp" ndi Dagon.
Chiwembu cha chomaliza chimamangidwa mozungulira mulungu wa Dagoni, chomwe ndi cha pantheke cha nthano cha Cfuulhu. Kuwoneka kwa chilombo cham'madzi chozama cham'madzi kwambiri kumayambitsa kunyansidwa, ndipo manja ake akuluakuluwo adzapangitsa kuti anthu akhale aliyense komanso aliyense.
Zikuwoneka kuti kuyenda bwino kuli pafupi, chifukwa "Dagoni" adasindikizidwa mu magazini mu 1923. Koma m'moyo wa Howard, tsoka lidachitika. Mayi ake adalowa m'chipatala chomwechi, pomwe abambo ake adatengera zaka zomaliza za moyo wake. Sara anamwalira pa Meyi 21, 1921, madotolo sakanakhoza kuchiritsa mkazi wopenga uyu. Chifukwa chake, kuti asokoneze kuzunzika, wanzeru mabuku adayamba kugwira ntchito molimbika.
Howard amakonda kupanga zodzikongoletsera zake zapadera zomwe zingaike mu mzere umodzi ndi Mediterranean John Touna, dziko lave laven pratchett, dziko lame lavetet Bauma ndi mabuku ena onse ofanana ndi ofananirapo. Howard adayambitsa mtundu wina wa chipembedzo chachinsinsi: Pali anthu padziko lapansi omwe amakhulupirira milungu yomwe sanakhalepopo kale (zakale), zomwe zimapezeka ku Necronicomon.
Olemba a wolemba amadziwa kuti masewera olimbitsa thupi amatchula ntchito zake pazambiri zakale. Necronicomon ndiye buku la matsenga a miyambo yamatsenga, yolumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi nthano za Khulla, zomwe zimapezeka koyamba mu nkhani "galu" (1923).
Wolemba iyeyo ananena kuti wolemba pamanja analipo zenizeni, ndipo anati: "Buku la akufa" linalemba abulu a Abdul Algaraz (mawu oyambirira a wolemba, akuuziridwa ndi "mausiku a Arabu"). Amayendanso nthano yomwe bukuli limasungidwa m'mabwalo asanu ndi awiri, chifukwa ndizowopsa kwa thanzi ndi thupi la owerenga.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti nkhani za "necronibomomon" zidabalalika pamalingaliro achikondi komanso nkhanizo, ndipo mawu awa adasonkhanitsidwa mu gawo limodzi la okonda. Woyamba kuchita izi adabwera wolemba Augustus Kubowoleza - katswiri wokonda Howard. Mwa njira, "necroronomon" The Someronomon "idagwiritsa ntchito wotsogolera Sam Raymi mu Clana trology" akufa "(1981,1987,992).
Komanso, mbuye wa nthenga adapereka mabuku ake kukhala mtundu wa zojambulajambula ndi zojambula. Mwachitsanzo, kulemekeza ktulhu yayikulu ndi yowopsa, katswiri wa chipembedzo chankhanza liyenera kutchulidwa kuti: "Pch'glui mglv'nafh k'leh VGAH'NAAGL FHATH'NAND!" Mwa njira, kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Octopog, ngati chilombo, akugona pa Nyanja ya Pacific ndi kutha kuthandizira malingaliro a munthu, kuwonekera mu nkhaniyo "Imbani Ktulhu" (1928).
Kenako, patapita chaka chimodzi, zimatuluka pansi pa Dzinalo la Daniks "(1929). Convecraft imauza owerenga ake za mzinda wopeka, zomwe zili kumpoto kwa masrachushisetts. Pamakhala malo achidwi amenewa, bambo wokalamba amene amakonda kuchita miyambo yolakwika, ndipo mnyamatayo Wilbur, yemwe sanali munthu, koma cholengedwa chodabwitsa chokhala ndi mahema.
Mu 1931, Howard adabwezeretsa mbiri yake ya "misala", komanso adalemba nkhani ya "Mdima wa Innsmut" (1931), gulu lokwezeka lokwezeka, pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi oyipitsitsa Maonekedwe akuwoneka ngati osafotokozedwa kale, matendawa.
Chimodzimodzi mu 1931, chikondi cha chikondi adalemba ntchito ina - "kung'ung'udza mu mdima", komwe mpikisano woyipa wa Mi-Th amatchulidwa koyamba. M'nkhani yake, wolembayo amasakaniza mu botolo limodzi la nyimbo, zopeka za sayansi ndikukonzekera chilengedwe chake mwa kulandiridwa kwapadera.
Mabuku a chikondi ndi chowopsa kuti kuopseza kwamaganizidwe, osati kuwopseza kwa owerenga kwa ma vampires, zimphona, zombo, zilembo zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamipukutu yake. Kuphatikiza apo, Howard anadziwa momwe angampukirire malo okayikira, omwe mwina a Alfred Hichkok akadachita umboni wa fanizoli.
Pambuyo pake, amakonda kwambiri nkhaniyo "maloto m'nyumba ya asing'anga" (1932). Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza moyo wa wophunzira waluso Walter jilman, atamva nkhani za utoto wa Kezia Mason, omwe amatha kusunthira mlengalenga mosavuta. Koma mnyamatayo ali ndi chidaliro kuti mfiti imayenda m'njira yachinayi. Pamapeto pake, Walter Walter ayamba kuwona zoopsa: Morphy morphy akangofika pachiwopsezo cha munthu wamkulu, mkazi wokalambayo ayamba kumunyoza.
Mu 1933, Howard adalemba nkhani ndi dzina lolankhula - "Mlengi pakhomo." Ntchito zafulu zimayamba kusokonekera kwa Ar'rance, mnyumba ya munthu wa Katswiri wa Kotoni Apton, yemwe akufuna kufotokozera owerenga, wolemba Elid Pikby Derby. Ntchitoyi ndi zokwanira zosayembekezereka zimayipitsa buku la Avid mu nkhani zachinsinsi komanso zodabwitsa.
Kenako, mu 1935, chikondi anatulutsa buku "Mphiri" ndipo mchaka chomwecho anadzipereka ku Robert Bloach chinthu chatsopano - "wokhala mumdima." Bukuli likufotokoza za wolemba Robert Blake, yemwe adapezeka atafa kunyumba. Pamaso pa wolemba, zoopsazi zidaundana, ndikuweruza zomwe zidachitika tsiku la imfa, ndikungolowetsa kuloweza patebulopo.
Mwa zina, pa ntchito ya Howard pali mndandanda wa sonnets "bowa wochokera ku Yugota", wolembedwa mu 1929. Amakondanso, omwe mafani oyamikiridwa tativale atopa, adathandizira anzawo pa msonkhanowo pa nkhani zolembedwa. Komanso, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti ma loirels onse amtunduwu adaperekedwa kwa wolemba wachiwiri wa Co-Auto omwe anali ndi chopereka chocheperako ku Podabal pantchitoyo.
Achikondi adasiyidwa kumbuyo kwa cholowa cha Epistolar, asayansi adanena kuti makalata zana chikwi adalembedwa ndi dzanja lachinsinsi. Kuphatikiza zolemba za olemba ena okhazikitsidwa ndi chikondi cha chikondi. Chifukwa chake, ma Howard adangosiyiratu ziganizo zochepa kuchokera ku "choyambirira", cholandira ndalama zosafunikira pa izi, pomwe olemba anzawo anali okhutira ndi ndalama zazikulu.
Moyo Wanu
Howard amakonda moyo wobwezeretsa moyo. Amatha kukhala patebulo ndi masiku ndi usiku, akulemba mabuku osangalatsa, omwe adayamba kutchuka pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa Wolemba. Mfiti ya Mawu idasindikizidwa mwachangu m'magazini, koma ndalama zomwe akonza adalipira sizinali zokwanira kuti munthu akhaleko.
Amadziwika kuti "chakudya" cha zojambulajambula m'makampani opanga ma alangizi a amateur. Sanangochokera kumene kuchokera pakulemba kwa olemba kuti "Maswiti", komanso adachitanso zolemba pamanja, kuti zidamutengera, ngakhale malembedwe a Howard adalemba movutikira.
Anthu a nthawiyo anati munthu wamtali komanso woonda yemwe amakumbutsa Boris Carlofa (yemwe amaseweredwa mufilimuyo "Frankenstein" Fon Von Shorth anasangalala. Convectrat imadziwa momwe mungachitire chidwi chidwi, mwachitsanzo, kudzipha kwa mnzake wa Robert Howard, yemwe adaganiza zotere chifukwa cha imfa ya mayi - adavulala mumtima mwanga.
Kuphatikiza apo, wolemba magazi a amphaka opangidwa ndi magazi owoneka bwino, ayisikilimu ndi maulendo: anali ku New England, Quebec, Philadelphia ndi Charlestero. Modabwitsa, chikondi cha chikondi sichinakonde nyengo yozizira komanso yotsetsereka yomwe imalamulira m'mabuku a Edgar in ndi zojambula za Attoni. Komanso, anali atatopa ndi chilichonse chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi nyanja, ngakhale ntchito zake zimaphatikizidwa ndi fungo lamadzi ndi magombe am'madzi.
Ponena za mgwirizano wa zikhalidwe, zimadziwika chabe za wolemba, nzika za Ufumu wa Russia - Sona Green. Okondana ndi Pacific ku Dokork yatsopano, koma yachikondi sinathe kuyimirira komanso kuthamanga kwa moyo. Posakhalitsa mwamunayo adasokonekera, osakhala ndi nthawi yopanga chisudzulo.
Imfa
Kuphunzira za imfa ya bwenzi lomwe ladzidzimuka mkamwa mwake kuchokera ku pistol, Howard sakanakhoza kubwera kwa Iyemwini. Mapeto ake, adasiya kudya chakudya, chifukwa adapeza khansa yamatumbo. Soltracy idamwalira pa Marichi 15, 1937 pamalo ake okhalamo, kupulumuka Robert Howard kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi.
Pambuyo pake, ntchito ya wolemba nthawi zambiri imatenga maziko a mafilimu osiyanasiyana ndi zojambulazo, ndipo mahotoni omwewo amafuna kumanga chipilala chodalirika.
M'bali
- 1917 - "Crypt"
- 1917 - "Dagoni"
- 1919 - "Kubadwanso mwatsopano kwa Juan Romerro"
- 1920 - "amphaka ulr"
- 1921 - "Music Erich Tsana"
- 1925 - "holide"
- 1927 - "Mtundu Wochokera Kudziko lina"
- 1927 - "Charles Chles Dexter Ward"
- 1928 - "Imbani Ktulhu"
- 1929 - "Harror Danvich"
- 1929 - Kiyi ya siliva "
- 1931 - "makoswe amisala"
- 1931 - "Mthunzi wa innsmut"
- 1931 - "Kugwetsa M'mdima"