Biography
Graph of Leo Tolstoy, the classic of Russian and world literature is called the master of psychologist, the creator of the genre of Roman Epopea, the original thinker and teacher of life. The works of a brilliant writer are the greatest heritage of Russia.
In August 1828, a classic of Russian literature was born in the estate of Casual Polyana in the Tula province. The future author of the "war and the world" became the fourth child in the family of famous nobles. According to the paternal line, he belonged to the old family of Tolstoy graphs who served Ivan the Terrible and Peter first. On the mother line Lev Nikolayevich is a descendant of Rurikov. It is noteworthy that Lion Tolstoy and Alexander Pushkin is a common ancestor - Admiral Ivan Mikhailovich Golovin.
Mom Leo Nikolayevich - the nee princess Volkonskaya - died from the birth of the warmth after the birth of her daughter. At that time, the lion was not two years old. Seven years later, the head of the family died - Count Nikolai Tolstoy.
The care of children lay on the shoulders of the aunt writer - T. A. Ergolskaya. Later the guardian orphaned children became the second aunt - Countess A. M. Osten-Saken. After her death in 1840, children moved to Kazan, to the new guardian-sister of Father P. I. Yushkova. The aunt has influenced the nephew, and childhood in her house, which was considered the most cheerful and hospitable in the city, the writer called happy. Later, Lion Tolstoy described the impressions of life in the estate of Yushkov in the story "Childhood".
Primary education Classic received at home from German and French teachers. In 1843, Lion Tolstoy entered the Kazan University, choosing the Faculty of Eastern Languages. Soon, due to low performance, he switched to another faculty - legal. But also did not succeed: in two years, he left the university without receiving degrees.
Lion Nikolayevich returned to a clear clearing, wanting to establish relations with peasants in a new way. The idea failed, but the young man regularly won the diary, loved secular entertainment and became interested in music. Tolstoy's clock listened to Johann Bach, Frederick Chopin and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Disappointed with the life of the landowner after spent in the village of Summer, the 20-year-old Lion Tolstoy left the estate and moved to Moscow, and from there to St. Petersburg. A young man rushing between preparing for candidate exams at the university, music, music, kates and gypsies, and the dreams to become an official, then the junker of the Connogvardesky regiment. The relatives called the lion "the most trivial small", and the debts vented them had to be available for years.
Literature
In 1851, the writer's brother - an officer Nikolai Tolstoy - persuaded a lion to go to the Caucasus. For three years, Lev Nikolayevich lived in the village on the banks of the Terek. The nature of the Caucasus and the patriarchal life of the Cossack Stunnye were later displayed in the "Cossacks" and "Haji Murat" titles, the stories of the "raid" and "logging".
In the Caucasus, Leo Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood", which was published in the magazine "Contemporary" under the initials of L. N. Soon he wrote the continuation of "adolescence" and "Youth" by combining a story in the trilogy. The literary debut turned out to be brilliant and brought Lerly Nikolayevich the first recognition.
The creative biography of Leo Tolstoy is developing rapidly: appointment to Bucharest, translation to the deposited Sevastopol, the battery command has enriched the writer with impressions. From under the feather of Leo Nikolayevich, the cycle of "Sevastopol stories" was released. The writings of the young writer struck critics with a bold psychological analysis. Nikolai Chernyshevsky found in them "Dialectics of the Soul", and Emperor Alexander II read the essay "Sevastopol in December" and expressed admiration for the talent of Tolstoy.
In the winter of 1855, the 28-year-old Lion Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and entered the "Contemporary" circle, where he was welcomed, calling "the great hope of Russian literature." But for the year, the writing environment with its disputes and conflicts, readings and literary lunchs is tired. Later in the "confession" tolstoy admitted:
"People of these were conveyed to me, and I myself apatone."In the autumn of 1856, the young writer went to the estate of Casual Polyana, and in January 1857 - abroad. Half a year, Lion Tolstoy traveled Europe. Visited Germany, Italy, France and Switzerland. Returned to Moscow, and from there - in a clear clearing. In the generic estate, it was engaged in the arrangement of schools for peasant children. In the vicinity of Casual Polyana, twenty educational institutions appeared with his participation. In the 1860s, the writer traveled a lot: in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, he studied pedagogical systems of European countries to apply seen in Russia.
A special niche in the work of Lion Tolstoy is tales and essays for children and adolescents. The writer created hundreds of works for small readers, among which the good and instructive tales of the "kitten", "two brothers", "hedgehog and hare", "lion and a dog".
School manual "Alphabet" Lion Tolstoy wrote to teach children writing, reading and arithmetic. Literary and pedagogical work consists of four books. The writer included instructive stories, epics, fables, as well as methodical advice to teachers. The third book entered the story of the Caucasian Captive.
In 1870, Lion Tolstoy, continuing to teach the peasant children, wrote the novel "Anna Karenina", in which he opposed the two storylines: the family drama of the Karenina and the homemade idyll of the young landlord Levin, with whom she identified himself. The novel only at first glance seemed love: the classic raised the problem of the meaning of the existence of the "formed class", opposing him to the truth of the Menzitsky life. "Anna Karenina" highly appreciated Fedor Dostoevsky.
The fracture in the consciousness of the writer was reflected in works written in the 1880s. Spiritual insight, changing life, occupies a central place in stories and titles. "Death of Ivan Ilyich", "Creicherova Sonata", "Father Sergius" and the story "after the Bala" appear. The classic of Russian literature draws pictures of social inequality, the bichties of the fever of the noble.
In search of a response to the question about the meaning of life, Lion Tolstoy appealed to the Russian Orthodox Church, but also did not find satisfaction. The writer came to the conviction that the Christian Church was corrupted, and under the guise of religion, the priests promote false teachings. In 1883, Lev Nikolayevich founded the "mediator" edition, where the spiritual convictions stated with the criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church. For this, Tolstoy left the church, a secret police watched the writer.
In 1898, Lion Tolstoy wrote the Roman "Resurrection", who received approving reviews of critics. But the success of the work was inferior to Anna Karenina and "War and Mire".
The last 30 years of Lion Lion Tolstoy, with the teachings about the non-violent resistance of the evil, recognized by the spiritual and religious leader of Russia.
"War and Peace"
Lion Tolstoy disliked his novel "War and Peace", calling the epic "Verious Zabe". The work of the classic wrote in the 1860s, living with his family in a clear clearing. The first two chapters, called "1805," printed "Russian Bulletin" in 1865. Three years later, Lion Tolstoy wrote three more chapters and completed the novel, which caused the stormy disputes of critics.
The features of the heroes of the work written in the years of family happiness and mental lifting, the novelist took from life. In the princess, Marya Bologkoe recognizable the features of Mother Lion Nikolayevich, her tendency to reflection, brilliant education and love for art. Father's features - mockery, love for reading and hunting - the writer awarded Nikolai Rostov.
When writing a novel, Lev Tolstoy worked in the archives, studied the correspondence of thick and volitional, Masonic manuscripts, visited the Borodino field. A young wife helped him, rewriting drafts raided.
The novel was read by himself, hitting readers with a latitude of epic web and a subtle psychological analysis. Lion Tolstoy characterized the work as an attempt to "write a history of the people."
According to the estimates of literary critic Lion Anninsky, by the end of the 1970s only abroad, the works of Russian classics were shielded 40 times. Until the 1980th epic "War and Peace" shot four times. Directors of Europe, America and Russia shot 16 films on the novel "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection" was not highlighted 22 times.
For the first time, "war and world" was shielded by the director Peter Chardynin in 1913. Most of all a famous film filmed by the Soviet director Sergey Bondarchuk in 1965.
Personal life
At the 18-year-old Sofary Bers Lev Tolstoy married in 1862, when he was 34 years old. Count lived with his wife for 48 years, but the life of the pair is difficult to call cloudless.
Sophia Bers is the second of the three daughters of the Moscow Palace office of Andrei Bersa. The family lived in the capital, but in the summer rested in the Tula estate near the Casual Polyana. For the first time, Lion Tolstoy saw the future wife of a child. Sophia received a home education, read a lot, understood in art and graduated from Moscow University. The diary, which led Bers-fat, was recognized as a sample of the memoir genre.
At the beginning of the married life, Lev Tolstoy, wanting to be tune between him and his wife, gave Sophia to read the diary. The shocked spouse learned about the stormy youth of her husband, enthusiastically with gambling, rampant life and the peasant girl Aksinier, waiting for Lev Nikolayevich Child.
Firstborn Sergey was born in 1863. At the beginning of the 1860s Tolstoy took up the writing of the novel "War and Peace". Sofya Andreevna helped her husband, despite the pregnancy. A woman taught all children and raised at home. Five of 13 children died in infant or early childhood.
The problems in the family began after the end of the work of Lion Tolstoy over the "Anna Karenina". The writer plunged into depression, expressed dissatisfaction with the life that Sophia Andreevna Sophia Andreevna was so diligently in the family nest. The moral throwing of the graph led to the fact that Lev Nikolayevich demanded from relatives to abandon meat, alcohol and smoking. Tolstoy forced his wife and children to dress in the peasant clothes, which Masteril himself, and wished to give out the htched property to the peasants.
Sophia Andreevna has made considerable efforts to dissuade her husband from the idea to distribute good. But the argument of the split family: Lion Tolstoy left the house. Returning, the writer laid the duty to rewrite drafts on daughters.
The death of the last child - seven-year-old Vanya - briefly near the spouses. But soon mutual resentment and misunderstanding was completely completely. Sophia Andreevna found consolation in music. In Moscow, the woman took lessons from the teacher to whom the romantic feelings appeared. Their relationship remained friendly, but the graph did not forgave the "semi-immotes" wife.
Rock quarrel of spouses happened at the end of October 1910. Lion Tolstoy left the house, leaving Sofa farewell letter. He wrote that he loves her, but otherwise it cannot do.
Death
82-year-old Lion Tolstoy, accompanied by a personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky left a clear clearing. On the way, the writer fell ill and came off the train at the Astapovo railway station. The last 7 days of life Lev Nikolayevich spent in the house of the station caretaker. For news about the state of health Tolstoy watched the whole country.Children and wife arrived at the station Astapovo, but Lion Tolstoy did not want to see anyone. There was no classic on November 7, 1910: he died of lung inflammation. The spouse survived him for 9 years. Buried Tolstoy in a clear glade.
Quotes of lion Tolstoy
- Everyone wants to change humanity, but no one thinks about how to change himself.
- Everything comes to the one who can wait.
- All happy families are similar to each other, every unhappy family is unhappy in their own way.
- All let them sweep in front of his door. If everyone does so, the whole street will be clean.
- Without love, live easier. But without it there is no point.
- I do not have everything that I love. But I love everything I have.
- The world moves forward thanks to those who suffer.
- The greatest truth is the simplest.
- All are building plans, and no one knows if he will live until the evening.
Bibliography
- 1869 - "War and Peace"
- 1877 - "Anna Karenina"
- 1899 - "Resurrection"
- 1852-1857 - "Childhood". "Defense". "Youth"
- 1856 - "Two Hussar"
- 1856 - "Morning landlord"
- 1863 - "Cossacks"
- 1886 - "Death of Ivan Ilyich"
- 1903 - "Notes of Crazy"
- 1889 - Creichars Sonata
- 1898 - "Father Sergius"
- 1904 - "Haji Murat"