Biography
Erich Fromm - American psychoanalyst with German roots, who developed the concept of humanistic psychoanalysis. A bright representative of the Frankfurt school, one of the founders of Neofreedism and Freidomarxism.
Many books theorist of the psychology of the personality written by the live language became bestsellers: "Flight from Freedom", "Man for Himself", "Have or Be", "Art Love."
The main theme of the creativity of Erich Fromma, almost all his life dedicated to the study of the subconscious, was the contradictions of human existence in the world.
Childhood and youth
Future psychoanalyst was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1900. Erich's only child in the family of orthodox Jews. Naftali Fromm, head of family, owned wine shop. Mom Erich, Rosa Krause, daughter of emigrants from Poznan (then Prussia). The family has supported religious traditions, and parents dreamed of seeing her son rabbi or, at worst, musician.
Erich studied at school, where the foundations of Judaism and general educational items were taught. In 1918, Froms graduated from school and became a student of Heidelberg University. In the university, Erich chose philosophy, sociology and psychology with priority subjects.
In 1922, Erich Fromm defended his doctoral dissertation by choosing the theme of the Jewish law and the sociology of the Jewish diaspora. His supervisor was Alfred Weber - the younger brother of the historian famous for the whole world and economist Max Weber.
Froms continued to education in Berlin, at the Institute of Psychoanalysts, famous for his students and teachers by Sandor Rado, Max Eitingon, Wilhelm Raihich.
In Berlin, Erich Fromm met with the future beloved Karen Horney, psychoanalyst, graduate of the institute and a key figure of Neofreedism. Influential Horney helped frommus to entrenched the posts of professor of psychology in Chicago.
Philosophy
In the mid-1920s, Erich Fromm became a psychoanalyst and opened a private practice, which was not stopped by 35 years. Communication with patients gave a rich material for analyzing the biological and social factors for the formation of a human psyche.
In Frankfurt, working at the Institute of Social Research from 1929 to 1932, Fromm comprehended and classified his observations. During these years, he wrote and issued the first works about the methods and objectives of psychology.
In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power, the scientist moved to Switzerland, and a year later in America. In New York, Fromma was taken to Columbia University, confest to teach psychology and sociology. In the early 1940s, the German scientist stood at the origins of the formation of the Washington School of Psychiatry, and in 1946 he became the founder of the Institute of Psychiatry William Alansson White.
In 1950, psychoanalyst moved to the capital of Mexico and was working as a teacher in the largest autonomous university in North and South America for 15 years. Erich Fromm investigated the social projects of different eras and published the work "Healthy Society", in which criticized the capitalist system.
In 1960, the scientist became a member of the American Socialist Party and even wrote the program bases that the parties after long disputes rejected. Erich Fromm read lecture students, composed scientific works and participated in rallies. Another psychoanalyst and sociologist was invited to universities in New York and Michigan.
Fromma works enjoyed great popularity. Bestseller became the book "Flight from Freedom", published in the early 1940s. The scientist explored changes in the psyche and human behavior in the conditions of Western culture, considered his desire for individuality leads to loneliness. Particular attention in his work Fromm paid the period of the Reformation and the teachings of the theologians of Jean Calvin and Martin Luther.
In 1947, the scientist wrote a continuation of a popular study on flight from freedom, calling him a "man for himself," which developed the theory of human self-insulation in the world of Western values and culture. Erich Fromm saw the cause of neuroses in the moral defeat of a person in the struggle for freedom, and the task of psychoanalysis called the disclosure of the truth about himself.
In the mid-1950s, the founder of humanistic psychoanalysis published a book "Healthy Society", in which he raised the topic of the relationship between society and man. In this work, Erich Fromm tried to "reconcile" the opposite theories of Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx. The first believed that a person by nature is antsocial, the second - that the individual is a "public animal". The book became a bestseller, who disassembled quotes. One of them:
"In the XIX century. The problem was that God is dead; In the XX - what is dead man. "Exploring human psychology and behavior in different layers of societies and countries, psychoanalyst concluded that the least suicide is performed in the poorest countries. A cinema, radio, television, frekdom mass events called "ways to save themselves from nervous disorders, and if they take these" benefits to the people of Western civilization for 4 weeks, then many thousands are diagnosed with neurosis.
In the mid-1960s, Frome gave fans a new work, named "man's soul". In the book, the German psychologist focused on the essence of evil. In a certain sense, this work has become a continuation of another, called "Art Love". Arguing about the nature of evil, Erich Fromm concluded that violence is a product of the desire to rule, and not so much dangerous sadists and monsters, how many ordinary people who focused power in their hands.
In the 1970s, Erich Fromm, continuing to analyze the acute problems of the era, issued the work of the "anatomy of human destructiveness", in which the nature of the nature of human self-destruction has developed.
Personal life
Love for older in age women Erich Fromm explained the lack of maternal heat in childhood. The first wife of a 26-year-old scientist became the eldest colleague of Frida Reichmann, who has a lecture course of psychoanalysis.
With Frieda Fromm lived only 4 years, but the woman had an impact on the professional formation of her husband. After parting, they remained friends, and officially divorced in the 1940s, when Erich met Karen Horni.
The famous feminist and psychoanalyst Horney often entered the romantic relationship with colleagues, invariably disappointed in the chosen. Sometimes, Karen had several lovers at the same time, each of them complemented the missing qualities of the rest.
Karen and Erich got acquainted in Berlin. The novel flashed in America, where they immigrated. Horney trained fromm technology psychoanalysis, he is her asia of sociology. The novel was not crowned with marriage, but scientists have completed knowledge of each other and influenced further professional growth.
For the second time, Fromm married in 40 years. His wife became 10 years old Henney Gourland, photographer and journalist. Henny had severe back disease. To facilitate the sufferings of the spouse, Fromm on the advice of physicians moved to Mexico City. The death of his beloved in 1952 shocked the scientist. Living with Gourland, the German psychoanalyst was interested in mystics and Zen Buddhism.
I was able to cope with Depression Erich, having met Annis Freimen. She became the only female female that was younger.
Together, the spouses lived 27 years old, until the death of the scientist. American Annice inspired her husband to write a scientific bestseller "Art Love."
Death
Under the Curtain of the 1960s, Erich Fromma diagnosed the first heart attack. In the mid-1970s, the scientist moved to the Swiss Moralto Commune, where he graduated from the book to "have and be". In 1977 and 1978, Fromrom had the second and third heart attacks.
The heart of the famous psychoanalyst stopped in 1980. Up to the 80th anniversary of Erich Fromm did not survive 5 days.
Bibliography
- 1922 - "Jewish law. To the sociology of diaspora Jewry "
- 1941 - "Flight Freedom"
- 1947 - "Man for himself"
- 1949 - "Man and woman"
- 1950 - "Psychoanalysis and Religion"
- 1951 - "Forgotten language. Introduction to the science of understanding of dreams, fairy tales and myths "
- 1955 - "Healthy Society"
- 1956 - "Art Love"
- 1962 - "On the other side of the illusions enslaving us. As I encountered Marx and Freud "
- 1968 - "Man's Nature"
- 1970 - "The crisis of psychoanalysis"
- 1973 - "Anatomy of human destructiveness"
- 1976 - "Have or Be"
- 1979 - "The Great and Limit of Freud's theory"
- 1981 - "On disobedience and other essays"