Biography
Erun Antonison Van Aken, better known as Jerome Bosch, - the Netherlands Artist of the Renaissance, which connected fantastic, folklore, philosophical and satirical motives in his paintings.Childhood and youth
Jerome Bosch was born around 1453 in Hertohenbosa (Brabant Province). His family, originating from the German city of Aachen (from where he received the last name), has long been associated with creative fishery. Grandfather Jeronima, Jan Van Aken, as well as four of his five sons, including the father of the future artist Anthony, were painters.
The family workshop Van Akenov performed orders for the paintings of the walls, the gilding of the wooden sculptures and the manufacture of church utensils. Probably, in this blacksmith painting Jerome Bosch and received the first creative lessons. In 1478, when his father dies, Bosch becomes the owner of the art workshop.
The first mention of Ieronim dated 1480 year. Then he, wanting to start his own business and alienate from the surname Aken, took the alias of the Hieeronimus painter on the name Bosch, which is coming from the name of his hometown.
In 1486, a turning point comes in the biography of Jerome Bosch: he enters the brotherhood of the Mother of God - a religious society dedicated to the cult of the Virgin Mary. He performs creative work - draws up festive processions and rites, paints the altar for the brotherhood chapel in the Cathedral of St. John. From this point on, religious motives are held in red thread on the work of Jerome.
Painting
The first known paintings of Bosch, which are bright satirical character, are allegedly belonging to the mid-1470s. So, for example, in the period 1475-1480, the works "Seven mortal sins and four last things", "Marriage in Cana", "Focuscript" and "Deleting Stuffing Stones" ("Operation of Stupidity").
These works hypnotize contemporaries. For example, the King of Spain Philip II even hangs the picture "Seven mortal sins ..." in his bedroom, so that reflections on the sinfulness of human nature felt more acute.
In the first paintings, Ieronim makes fun of human naivety, their vulnerability before charlatans, including in the monastic robe. In 1490-1500, Bosch creates an even more cruel picture of the "ship of fools", which shows the monks. They sow songs surrounded by commoners, and the ship rules the jester.
There is a place in the work of Bosch and Landscape. For example, in Triptikha "Garden of Earth Delights", Ieronim depicts the world on the third day of the creation of God. In the center of the picture - naked people who are measured in a blissful half, and around them - animals and birds affecting their sizes.
The largest of the surviving works of Bosch is the Triptych "Scary Court". In the central part, a terrible court is depicted directly, where the righteouss on the pigeon sky are opposed to the sinners pierced by arrows and spears. On the left sash - paradise in dynamics. In the foreground shows the creation of Eve, on average, the scene of the temptation of Adam and Eva Apple discord, and in the back - Cherub, who expels them from Eden. On the right sash tryptic depicted hell.
Bosch for the filing of creativity through triptych. For example, the picture "WHO SENA" also consists of three parts. In the central part, a distraught crowd is depicted, which takes over on beams of a large hay. Thus, the artist refuses greed.
In addition, on the canvas, you can find pride in the image of secular and spiritual lords, ugrable in lovers in love with pairs and currency - in a suspension monk. The left and right flaps are decorated with already familiar motives - hell and the fall of Adam and Eve.
According to the pictures of Bosch, it is impossible to say that he has been to a certain genre of painting. Portraits, landscapes, architectural paintings, animalism and decor were reflected in his canvases. Nevertheless, Jerome is considered one of the progenitors of landscape and genre paintings in Europe.
A distinctive feature of the creativity of Jerome Bosch is that he became the first of compatriots who created Etudes and sketches before moving to full-fledged creation. Some sketches have seen the light in the form of paintings and triptychs. Often sketches were the fruit of the imagination of the painter inspired by the images of the gothic monsters, which he saw on engravings or church frescoes.
It is also characteristic that Ieronim Bosch did not sign and did not dating his works. According to art historians, only seven paintings were signed by the hand of the Master. Those names that canvases have today may have been invented not at all by the author himself, but preserved on museum catalogs.
Ieronim Bosch worked in technique a la prima (from IT. And La Prima - "in one sitting"), which is that the oil layer finish applying to its complete drying. In the traditional method of drawing, the artist is waiting for the paint layer before putting the next one.
Personal life
With all the madness of artistic designs, Jerome Bosch was not alone. In 1981, he married Aleit Goyartats Van der Meerven, with which, on assumptions, was familiar from childhood. She was out of a rich and noble family and brought a spouse to a solid state.
Marriage did not leave descendants, but provided a monetary well-being to Jerome. From the moment of his marriage to Aleit, he was taken for those orders who brought him moral, and not material pleasure.
Death
The painter died on August 9, 1516. The funeral took place in the very chapel of the Cathedral of St. John, which Bosch painted, being a commitment to the idea of the Brotherhood of Our Lady. The cause of death, in contrast to the creativity of Jerome, is impossible to name - at that time the artist was 67 years old. However, centuries after the burial historians indicate amazing events.
In 1977, the grave was opened, but there were no remains there. Historian Hans Galfe, who led the excavations, told that a fragment of stone was found in the grave. When he was laid under a microscope, he began to heat up and glow. Because of this interesting fact, the excavation was decided to stop.
Work
Bosch's work is stored in galleries and museums around the world - in the Netherlands, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, Austria, etc.
- 1475-1480 - "Seven mortal sins and four last things"
- 1480-1485 - "Crucifixion with Donator"
- 1490-1500 - "Allegory of Czechodia and Literality"
- 1490-1500 - "Crumpled Crown"
- 1490-1500 - "Garden of earthly pleasures"
- 1495-1505 - "Scary Court"
- 1500 - "Death of Puppet"
- 1500-1502 - "WHO SENA"
- 1500-1510 - "The Temptation of St. Anthony"
- 1505-1515 - "Blessed and Cursed"