Biography
The name of the Decembrist Mikhail Bestumeva-Ryumin is forever entered Russian history, and the years of men are described in numerous sources of the XIX century. Being still very young, he became one of the leaders of the opposition movement and participated in the December uprising, for which she later paid his life.Childhood and youth
Mikhail Pavlovich was born in the summer of 1801 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire. His father Pavel Nikolaevich was a surrender adviser, the mother was called Ekaterina Vasilyevna, he wore the surname of Grushetsky to marriage.
The wealth of parents allowed not to give the Son to school, instead they organized a boy home learning, teachers regularly engaged in reversal-raised, sometimes a university professor came to lecture.
At the age of 17, Mikhail received a good assessment certificate, in the future he was guaranteed an increase in the titles, subject to the civil part. However, this young man did not, preferring a military case.
Military service
Already in 1818, a military service appears in the biography of Bestumev-Ryumin, in the summer of that year he became a junker of the Sauna Regiment, and a year later, Estandard-Juncker was raised. A year later, he moved to the Semenov Regiment. In a new place, it happened to acquaintance with the commander of the 3rd fusil rhot of the regiment Sergey Muravyov-Apostol.At the end of 1820, the regiment, in which Mikhail Pavlovich consisted, was disbanded, so he got into the Poltava Regiment of Infantry People, where in a year he was delivered to the rank of ensign.
Personal life
About the personal life of the Decembrist little is known. There are no official sources that he had no children and wives. In the village of Kudrenoshka, the Nizhny Novgorod region at Bestuzhev-Ryumin was a manor with a forest park zone and two ponds.
After the death of a man, she moved to his brother Nikolai Pavlovich, who brought up ten children. However, this subject of history failed to keep up to this day, due to the debts of the family, the estate was sold, the new owner disassembled her and transported to the neighboring village.
Decembrist revolt
In the first half of the XIX century, opposition movements began to emerge in the Russian Empire, which were united in associates of like-minded people. In 1823, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, together with the Muravyov-Apostol, entered the southern secret society created by Pavel Pestel, Alexey Yunshevsky and Alexander Baryatinsky 2 years before these events. Together with his comrade, he headed Vasilkovskaya Governance, met with Polish patriots at the negotiations, where the main topic of the discussion was the merger of two societies.
The purpose of this movement was to eliminate the autocracy and the extermination of the royal family, this was planned to be planned using officers. Decembrists wanted to prevent the new king to bring the oath, occupying the Petropavlovsk fortress and the Winter Palace. The leader of the uprising was chosen by Prince Sergey Trubetsky. The king and his neighbor was planned to take captive, and if necessary, eliminated. Tsarubytsi chose Peter Kakhovsky, he accidentally got to the oppositionists, was lonely in life, and therefore agreed to fulfill the task.
The seizure plan was that the Senate publishes the manifesto compiled by them, according to which the former government is destroyed, "and establishes a revolutionary government with a new constitution. In case of refusal, it was planned to use the power of the Decembrists army. Basically, the law contained articles on the abolition of serfdom, on equal responsibility to the law of all civil society, the obligatory passage of the service of citizens (regardless of their position in society) and a number of other amendments.
Further, at the Constituent Assembly, the form of the Board is elected, when choosing a republican form, representatives of the royal authorities were sent to another state. As an idea of the organizers of the action, the soldiers should not have become bloody, like the Spanish revolution of 1820, only with the participation of the same army and without attracting the people of the soldiers wanted to capture power.
In the most responsible moment, Kakhovsky refused to kill Nikolai I, despite this, the officers continued to campaign and 8 hundred soldiers were brought to the morning to the Senate Square, to which other servicemen also later joined. Having learned in advance about the plans of the Decembrists, without waiting for the appointed time, the senators even early in the morning brightening the new emperor. Stop Decembrists first only Connogvardeysians tried.
Against the rebels Nikolai failed to collect a large army, the number of his soldiers was several times less, while the royal officers had an advantage in weapons. The emperor was afraid that the uprising would not be able to stop to the dark, since attacking the fortress unnoticed in the dark easier. Because of this, under the command of General Ivan Sukhozneta, the Guards Artillery was sent off the revolutionaries.
At first, the soldiers made an enemy by the volley of idle shots, and when it did not affect, they decided to apply firearms charged by real cartridges. Trying not to touch people, the first vololates were given along the roofs of the houses, which they received the shelling from guns. The response volley scared them, they turned to their escape.
But at this desire to capture the fortress they did not disappear, the next offensive was led from the River Neva, putting on ice, the soldiers were preparing for attack. The next shots from the core cannons whose strikes were destroyed by ice, many were sinking.
When the second attack of the Decembrists was reflected, the uprising was recognized as affected. The streets were literally littered with the corpses of people, Nikolai ordered to clean the road to the morning. The executives of the orders entered inhumanly - creating a hole on the river, they threw the bodies into the river. The same fate waited for those who were wounded, but still alive. From the very beginning of the uprising, Mikhail Pavlovich did not plan to use the weapon, and therefore the man was very quickly arrested.
Casman
After the arrest of detained soldiers and officers were delivered to the Petropavlovsk fortress (about 700 people), the emperor Nicholas I played the investigator, 539 officers were under investigation, but only half of them were found guilty. The majority sent to Katvoa to Siberia, someone remained in conclusion, and the five organizers of the movement made a death sentence, and Runtuzhev-Ryumin was also among them.Before hearing the sentence, a man has conducted a couple of months in the conclusion, where he tried to improve the ownership of the Russian language. In letters to higher persons, he requested permission to answer questions in French, since this language knew much better, but having received a categorical refusal, began to study spelling and the right pronunciation of Russian.
The execution was carried out in the Petropavlovsk fortress, the cause of Mikhail Pavlovich's death was hanging, which was used to execute punishment. Moreover, it was possible only from the second time when sentenceded rose to a special platform, he collapsed under the weight of men. Convoirs had to hold the procedure again. All this happened in front of other convicts on the square of the fortress.
Memory
At the former place of the estate of the Decembrist, a monument to Bestuzhev-Rumin is established. Also in memory of it, the events of those years were described in many books. And in 2019, director Andrei Kravchuk removed the film "Union of Salvation", where the role of Mikhail Pavlovich was performed by actor Ivan Yankovsky.
The artistic ribbon tells about the December 1825 uprising, when Russia has become the strongest European power. This awareness pushed the Guards officers to conquer equality and freedom. For this, they are ready to sacrifice their own life, well-being and subordinate soldiers.