I-Biograge
I-Ekaterina II - I-Great Russian Empress, ukubusa kwayo kwaba isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseRussia. I-Epoch of Catherine Great imakwe yi- "Golden Age" yoMbuso WaseRussia, amasiko nezepolitiki lapho indlovukazi eyakhiwe khona ezingeni laseYurophu.
I-Biography of Catherine II yagcwala imivimbo ekhanyayo neminwe emnyama, amasu amaningi kanye nezimpumelelo, kanye nempilo yomuntu siqu, kanye nanamuhla amafilimu adubula futhi abhala izincwadi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UCatherine II wazalwa ngoMeyi 2 (Ephreli 21, ngesitayela esidala) ePrussia emndenini wombusi uShttitin Prince Czybst kanye ne-Duchess of Hollytein-GottorPSkaya. Naphezu kwe-pedigree ecebile, umndeni wenkosazana wawungenalo isimo esinengqondo, kepha lokhu akuzange kuvimbele abazali ukuba banikeze indodakazi yakhe ekhaya. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Russian Empress yesikhathi esizayo esisezingeni eliphakeme afunda isiNgisi, isiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi, ithathe ukudela nokucula, futhi yathola ulwazi ngezisekelo zomlando, iJografi nezenkolo.
Ngiseyingane, inkosazana esencane kwakuyingane enobuhlakani neyokufuna ukwazi ngesimo esishiwoyo "esithandekayo". Akazange akhombise amakhono akhanyayo engqondo futhi akazange akhombise amathalenta awo, kodwa wasiza umama wakhe ekukhulisweni kodadewabo omncane u-Augustus, owanelisekile kubo bobabili abazali. Eminyakeni ye-Young, umama wabiza uCatherine II FIE, okusho ukuthi i-Federica encane.
Eminyakeni engu-15, kwaziwa ngokuthi i-Pzyss Czyrbst yakhelwe ngu-Elizabeth I njengoMlobokazi wendlalifa ePeter Fedorovich, kamuva waba umbusi waseRussia uPeter III. UPrincess nonina bamethuse ngasese eRussia, lapho baye khona ngaphansi koMkhandlu wegama laseRinbek.
Le ntombazane ngokushesha yaqala ukutadisha umlando waseRussia, ulimi kanye no-Orthodoxy, ukufunda ngokugcwele ngezwe lakhe elisha. Ngokushesha washintshele e-Orthodox futhi wakhonjwa nguCatherine Alekseevna, ngakusasa wavulelwa uPeter Fedorovich, owayenaye umfowethu wesibili.
I-Palace Coup futhi ugibele isihlalo sobukhosi
Ngemuva komshado noPeter III empilweni yesikhathi esizayo saseRussia, i-Empress ayizange iguquke - waqhubeka nokuzinikela ekuzifukuleni, isifuba sefilosofi, ubuqili kanye nabalingani be-World-Worlds, njengoba lowo oshade naye akazange abonise intshisekelo kuye futhi wajatshulelwa ngokusobala namanye amantombazane emehlweni akhe. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-9 emshadweni, lapho ubudlelwane phakathi kukaPhetro noCatherine ekugcineni bangcwatshwa, indlovukazi yabeletha indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaPawulu, ayesinikeza yona.
Lapho-ke, ekhanda likaCatherine, icebo lalivuthiwe ekuchithekeni koshade naye ngesihlalo sobukhosi. Ulungile, ngokusobala futhi uhlele kahle isigodlo se-parolika, okuyi-Ambassador Williams kanye ne-chancellor yoMbuso WaseRussia - Bala u-Alexey Beluzhev.
Ngokushesha kwavela ukuthi bobabili abantu abathembekile be-Empress yaseRussia bakhashelwa. Kepha uCatherine akazange alahle leli cebo futhi athola abalingani abasha ekubulaweni kwakhe. Baba abafowethu base-Orlov, i-Fyodor yase-Fyodor yase-Fyodor yase-Adhodor Khitror. Ibambe iqhaza enhlanganweni yePulace Coup kanye nabezinye izizwe abazabe uxhaso lokufumbathisa abantu abadingekayo.
Ngo-1762, i-Empress yayilungele igxathu elivikelwe - yaya eSt. Petersburg, lapho izingxenye zononofundwe, ngaleso sikhathi zazingagculisekile ngaleso sikhathi inqubomgomo yezempi eMbusi uPeter III. Emva kwalokho, wasilahla isihlalo sobukhosi, wavalelwa esitokisini futhi ngokushesha wafa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaziwa. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2, ngo-Septhemba 22, 1762, uSofia Frederick Augustus Ahaltus Anhalt-Crebstskaya wabekwa umqhele eMoscow futhi waba yi-Russian Empress Catherine II.
Ibhodi nokufeza kwe-catherine II
Kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lokukhuphuka esihlalweni sobukhosi, indlovukazi ikhombe ngokusobala imisebenzi yayo ye-monk futhi yaqala ukubasebenzisa. Ngokushesha wahlela futhi wenza izinguquko eMbusweni waseRussia, othinte impilo yonke yabantu. Ipolitiki enhle ye-Catherine iholwa yizepolitiki, ibheka izintshisekelo zawo wonke amakilasi, kunokuxhaswa kwezifundo.
Ukwelula uMbuso WaseRussia kusuka ku-BOG yezezimali, iNdlovukazi yathatha izwe futhi yathatha izwe lamasonto, yaphenduka yaba yindawo yezwe. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi kwenzeke ukuba akhokhe amabutho futhi kugcwalise umcebo wombuso ngemiphefumulo eyizigidi eziyi-1 zezilwane. Ngasikhathi sinye, wakwazi ukuzothola ukuhweba eRussia, lapho ekhuphuke izikhathi ezi-2 inani lamabhizinisi ezimbonini ezweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lemali engenayo kahulumeni lenyuka izikhathi ezi-4, uMbuso wakwazi ukuqukatha amabutho amaningi futhi aqale ukuthuthukiswa kwama-urals.
Ngokuqondene nenqubomgomo yangaphakathi ka-Catherine, namuhla ibizwa ngokuthi "I-Absourse Ekhanyisiwe," ngoba i-Empress yazama ukuthola "okuhle" komphakathi kanye nombuso. I-Absolututism Catherine II imakwe yokwamukelwa kwemithetho emisha, eyamukelwa ngesisekelo se- "Empress of Empress Catherine" equkethe izindatshana ezingama-526.
Basho ngemigomo obekumele iqondiswe amasekela-lawo makamthetho, ngokuyinhloko ngemibono kaDenidini, uCharles de Montcape, uJean Lerona d'Aembert nabanye abakhangisi. Umthetho osalungiswa wathuthukiswa ngokuqondile ngo-1766 yiKhomishini Yethuthiwe.
Ngenxa yokuthi imisebenzi yezepolitiki ye-Tsaritsa yayisenomlingiswa "we-prodvLansky" ibe ngu-1773 kuya ku-1775 wabhekana nokuvukelwa kwabalimi ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Emelyach Pugachev. Impi empofu imbozwe cishe wonke umbuso, kepha amabutho wombuso acindezela isiyaluyalu futhi abopha iPugachev, eyanqunywa ikhanda ngemuva kwalokho. Kwakuwukuphela kwesimemezelo esijewulo sentambo, esanyatheliswa ukugcizelela eminyakeni edlule yokubusa kwakhe.
Ngo-1775, i-Ekaterina Great yaqhuba isigaba sendawo yombuso futhi yandise iRussia yaba izifundazwe eziyi-11. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, iRussia yathola u-Azov, eCrimea, iKuban, kanye nengxenye yeBelarus, ePoland, uLithuania kanye nengxenye yasentshonalanga yeVolyn. Ukuguqulwa kwesifundazwe kukaCatherine, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kwaba nezingqinamba eziningi ezibalulekile.
Ekwakhekeni kwesiFundazwe, ukwakheka kuzwelonke kwalabaningi kwakungabhekwanga, ngaphandle kwalokho, kwakudingeka ukwandisa izindleko zesabelomali. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwethulwa izinkantolo ezikhethiwe ezweni, ezazibandakanyeka ekuqhubekeni kwamacala obugebengu kanye namacala ohulumeni.
Ngo-1785, i-Empress ehlelekile yokuzibusa edolobheni emadolobheni. Isimemezelo se-Catherine II saletha amalungelo acacile - wakhulula izicukuthwane ekukhokhweni kokuhlunga, inkonzo eyisibopho embuthweni wamasosha futhi wanika ilungelo lokuba namazwe kanye nabalimi. Ngenxa ye-Empress eRussia, kwethulwa uhlelo lwemfundo yesibili, lapho kwakhiwa khona izikole ezikhethekile ezivalekile, izikhungo zamantombazane, amakhaya ezemfundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uCatherine wasungula i-Russian Academy, eyayiphakathi kwezisekelo eziholayo zesayensi yaseYurophu.
Ukunakwa okukhethekile ngesikhathi seBhodi likaCatherine kukhokhelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo. Kwakucatshangwe ukuthi iRussia imboni eyisisekelo, ethonya ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kombuso. Ukwanda kwezwe elilimekayo kwaholela ekukhuphukeni kokuthumela okusanhlamvu.
Naye, okokuqala ngqa eRussia, kwaqala ukuthengisa isinkwa, lapho inani lalithengiwe ngephepha lemali, liphinde langena ekusetshenzisweni yi-Empress. Futhi, protuden of monarchin kufaka phakathi ukwethulwa kokugoma eRussia, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuvimba ukushona kobhubhane ezweni, ngaleyo ndlela kulondolozwe inani lezakhamizi.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine, owesibili wasinda ezimpini ezi-6 lapho ama-trophies afisa athola khona ngesimo samazwe. Umgomo wakhe wakwelinye izwe, abantu abaningi babheka ubuhlambi futhi bazenzisa namhlanje. Kepha umfazi wakwazi ukungena emlandweni waseRussia njengenkosi enamandla, eyaba isibonelo sokuthanda izwe lezizukulwane ezizayo zezwe, naphezu kokuntuleka kwamaconsi egazi laseRussia kuyo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yeCatherine II inemvelo ekhanyayo nezinsuku zanamuhla inentshisekelo. Sekusebusheni, i-Empress yazibophezela 'uthando olukhululekile', okwaba umphumela womshado wayo ongaphumelelanga noPeter III.
Amanoveli wothando luka-Ekaterina amakwe ochungechungeni lwamahlazo, nohlu lwayo oluthandayo luqukethe izibongo ezingama-23, njengoba kufakazelwa ucwaningo lwe "Ekaterinovdov". Isikhungo se-Favorititimism sisithinte kabi isikhathi sesimo saleso sikhathi. Waba nomthelela enkohlakalweni, izixazululo zabasebenzi ezingalungile kanye nokuwa kwezimilo.
UGrigory Orlov, u-Alexander Lanskaya, uGrigory Potemkin noPlaton wamazinyo, baba ngabathandi abadumile kakhulu benkosi, okwaba yiminyaka yama-20 yaba yintandokazi kaCatherine Great Great. Abaphenyi abafaki ngaphandle ukuthi intandokazi ye-Empress yizikhali zayo eziyingqayizivele, ngosizo awenza khona imisebenzi yawo enkosini yesihlalo sobukhosi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi uCatherine wayehle kakhulu ezinganeni ezintathu - indodana evela kumyeni wakhe osemthethweni kaPeter III - uPavel Petrovich, u-Alexey Bobrinsky, ozalelwa e-Orlov, nendodakazi u-Anna Petrovna, owashona eminyakeni yaminyaka yonke evela ekuguleni.
Iminyaka yokushona kwelanga kwe-empress enikezelwe ukunakekelwa kwabazukulu bakhe kanye nezindlalifa, ngoba kwakubudlelwano nendodana yakhe uPawulu. Wayefuna ukudlulisa amandla nomqhele kumzukulu omkhulu u-Alexander, owazilungiselela yena mathupha umkhosi wesikhosi sesihlalo sobukhosi. Kepha amacebo awo awenzelwe ukwenzeka, ngoba indlalifa yakhe engokomthetho efundile ngohlelo lukamama futhi yalungiselela ngokucophelela umlo wobukhosi. Esikhathini esizayo, umzukulu owuthandayo we-Empress ngemuva kokujoyina isihlalo sobukhosi, ngokuba uMbusi Alexander I.
UCatherine Great Empilweni yansuku zonke wazama ukuhlala engekho emthethweni, wayengenandaba nezingubo ezifashisayo, kodwa wayethanda ukuzibalisela, abuthandaze ngokhuni nangethambo. Nsuku zonke, ukhokhele umsebenzi amthandayo ntambama. I-Empress ngokwayo ifezeke, yakhanyisa, yake yagqoka ngendlela efanele umzukulu ka-Alexander. INdlovukazi yayinesipho semibhalo, esasebenzisa ukudlala ngenkundla yaseshashalazini ngokubhala.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi engcupheni ye-Empress adthodoxy yamukelwa, wayenesifiso semibono yeBuddha. UCatherine wasungula isikhundla seNhloko yeSonto LaseLamisia e-Eastern Siberia naseTransbaikalia. Uhulumeni waqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengomchamo wobuntu obukhanyiselwe inkolo yaseMpumalanga - i-Tara emhlophe.
Ukushona
Ukufa kukaCatherine II kwavela ngesitayela esisha ngoNovemba 17, 1796. I-Empress yafa kusuka kunhlangothi enamandla kakhulu, yaphuthuma ebuhlungwini amahora angu-12 futhi, ngaphandle kokubangela ukwazi, impilo yashiya efulawa. Wangcwatshwa ePeter nasePaul Cathedral eSt. Petersburg. Emathuneni kukhona i-epitaph eyabhalwa yi-helself.
Ngemuva kokujoyina isihlalo sobukhosi, uPawulu ngabhubhisa iningi lamafa kanina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikweletu sakwelinye izwe satholakala, esasilala phansi kubabusi abalandelayo futhi babuyiselwa ekugcineni kwekhulu le-XIX.
Ukukhumbula
Ngokuhlonipha i-Empress, izikhumbuzo ezingaphezu kuka-15 eSt Petersburg, Simferopol, eVevastopol, Krasnodar kanye namanye amadolobha oMbuso WaseRussia kwakhiwa. Kamuva, izisekelo eziningi zalahleka. Njengoba uCatherine waba nomthelela ekusakazeni imali yamaphepha, kamuva imidwebo yakhe ehlotshiswe ama-ruble banknotes wezikhathi zeNicholas II.
Ukukhumbuleka kwe-Empress enkulu bekungafiswa kaningi emisebenzini yezemibhalo yababhali bezincwadi zaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe - uNikolai Gogol, u-Alexander Pushkin, uBernard Shaw, uValentina Pikul nabanye.
Umfanekiso kaCatherine uvame ukusetshenziswa e-cinema yomhlaba. I-biography yayo ekhanyayo futhi ecebile ithathwa njengesisekelo sezimo, ngoba i-Empress enkulu yaseRussia ekhipha i-Ekaterina II yayinempilo enesivunguvungu egcwele iziphambeko, uzungu, uthando lwamanoveli kanye nomzabalazo wesihlalo sobukhosi, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye kwaba nguhulumeni ohloniphekile.
Isithombe sika-Catherine esikrinini esikrinini saba nguMarlene Diethrich, u-Alla LarionOv, uViya Artmond, uJulia Ormond, uMarina Aleksandrov kanye nezinye izinkanyezi ze-cinema yaseRussia nezangaphandle.
Ngo-2015, umbukiso wochungechunge olujabulisayo "omkhulu" waqala eRussia. Ukuze uthole isimo sakhe, amaqiniso avela kudayari endlovukazi uqobo, ayesesimweni sombuso "womuntu", hhayi umama wesifazane nomkakhe. Ngomfanekiso we-Empress, kwavela uJulia Snigir.
Amafilimu
- Ngo-1934 - "I-Sluttle Empress"
- 1953 - "I-Admiral Ushakov"
- Ngo-1986 - UMikhail Lomonosov
- 1990 - "" I-Tsarist Hunt "
- 1992 - "Amaphupho eRussia"
- Ngo-2002 - "Kusihlwa epulazini ngaseDikanka"
- 2015 - "Kuhle"
- Ngo-2018 - Igazi Elimatasa