I-Biograge
USvetlana Allilueva yiyona kuphela indodakazi 'yomholi wazo zonke izikhathi kanye nabantu' uJoseph Stalin. Empilweni yakhe yonke, washintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala amahlandla angama-39, ezama ukuphunyula 'ethunzini elikhulu' likayise. Umlando womhlaba uSvetlana Josephovna ungene ngo-1967 ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwezikhumbuzo zezincwadi ezingamashumi amabili kumngane, lapho indodakazi kaStalin ilandise khona ngoYise nangempilo yaseKremlin.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Allylueva Svetlana Josephovna wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 28, 1926 eLeningrad emndenini weSoviet Revolun noJoseph Stalin futhi ethemba u-Allyluve. Waba yingane yesibili emndenini wekusasa "umholi wabantu" - wayenomfowethu ophakeme wangoVasiya nomfowabo ohlanganisiwe kuYise Yakov, azalwe emshadweni wokuqala ka-Stalin Svanidze.
Ubuntwana u-Alllyloueva, naphezu kwenhlala-kahle yezezimali yomndeni wakhe nothando lwabazali, akakwazi ukubizwa ukukhanya nokujabula, njengoba ubaba azwakalisa ukuthi uthando lwakhe luyakhangela ingane yentombazane yonke.
Ngo-1932, uSvetlana oneminyaka eyisithupha waba yisikhathi - umama wakhe wagcina impilo yokuzibulala, ngakho-ke izingane zahlala zinakekelwa ngokuphelele ubaba wazo, ongeke anakekele ngenxa yokuqashwa ngokuphelele emisebenzini yomphakathi.
Lapho-ke ukukhuliswa kwezingane uStalin Svetlana noVasily, uNanny Alexander Andreevna, owayekade esebenza emndenini waseFrance odlalwa kanye nesazi sefilosofi esivela eRussia. Kuyithonya layo futhi ubuze umkhondo obalulekile weCustomer Career Svetlana Josephovna, ngubani kusukela ebuntwaneni afuna ukuba yifezerilifilifilifilifilifilifili. U-Allyluweva uthweswe iziqu ngeziqu ezivela esikoleni No. 25, lapho atshengisa khona ngentshiseko yakhe ezincwadini.
Iminyaka yesikole yamadodakazi kaStalin yayiqhutshwa eduze kukaYise eKremlin, kodwa ayizange ijabulise ingane. Umshayeli wakwamuntu siqu wawuzungezwe esikoleni ekilasini, izindlu zakhe zazungezwa ngokwezibalo ukuxhumana nontanga, ukuhamba nendoda enomakhelwane futhi ajoyine izingxoxo nabantu ongabazi. Ngakho-ke, wacela ukuzilibazisa kwakhe ukuba afunde isiNgisi futhi abuke amafilimu aseSoviet e-Home Film processor.
Ekupheleni kukaSvetlana Allilueva, uSvetlana Allilueva wafuna ukufaka i-Teary Institute, okwabangela intukuthelo kaYise, owabheka imisebenzi yombhali yomsebenzi ongafanele wendodakazi yakhe.
UStalin wagcizelela ukuthi wangenela ubuhlakani bomlando eMoscow State University, kepha ngemuva kokuphela kwakhe uSvetlana namanje wawuthola isikole sikaJoseph Visrionovich futhi waba yisikhundla seziqu zesikole seKomidi le-CPSU. Ngo-1954, indodakazi kaStalin yavikela umbono wakhe futhi yaba ngumuntu ozongenela isayensi yezobuthulo.
Ikusasa lendodakazi uStalin
Ngemuva kwesikole esithweswe iziqu, uSvetlana Allyluweva wenza ngenkuthalo emisebenzini yezemibhalo, njenge "ntombi yezokwelapha" yavela kuyo. Uthole umsebenzi encwadini yeZimbiko Zempi Yomhlaba, lapho izincwadi zababhali beSoviet bafunda khona futhi bazibandakanya ekudluliseleni izincwadi ezikhuluma isiNgisi, kubandakanya nomsebenzi wesikweletu seMunich, uJohn Lewis.Kuma-60s ngemuva kokushona kukaStalin, oshiye ama-allylule 900 agxumela elohlweni lencwadi yokonga, futhi ngesikhathi sokuqala kwe- "Khrushchev Thaw", i-biography kaSvetlana Allyluyeva ishintsha kahle ukuqondiswa kwayo.
Usuvele uhlukaniswe kabili, ungena emshadweni womphakathi nesakhamuzi saseNdiya uBradesch Singh, ahlala naye iminyaka eminingana. Ngo-1966, singh ngifa ngenxa yokugula okungathi sína, futhi unquma ukugula ngaye ezweni lakubo. Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zazivumela amadodakazi kaStalin ukuba ahambe phesheya, lapho ayengafuni ukubuyela e-USSR.
USvetlana Josephovna wabuza i-United States ekukhohlisweni kwezepolitiki, okwadala ihlazo elikhulu enyunyana. Yabhalisa ngokuzenzakalela ohlwini lwe- "Deskals", lapho i-allyluve ithola ukuba yisakhamuzi. Ukushiya i-India ngqo ezifundeni zendodakazi kaStalin ayiphumanga - yaqala yathunyelwa eSwitzerland, futhi kuphela ngemuva kwalokho ekwazile ukuthuthela eMelika.
Ngokuphazima kweso, kuwo wonke umuntu ngo-1984, uSvetlana Allyluweva wanquma ukubuyela ezweni lakubo. E-USSR, bahlangane kahle "bahlangane" futhi basinikeza ngayo yonke imibandela yokuhlala okunethezekile - izindlu, imoto yomuntu siqu nomshayeli nempesheni, ngoba i-KGB ayifuni ukuyikhumbula ekuboneni.
Ngokusho kwendodakazi kaStalin, ngaleso sikhathi wawela ngaphansi kwe- "cap" yakwaHearity of Soviet, owesifazane wenqaba ngokwezigaba. Ngakho-ke, wathuthela eNyandleni Yakhe waya eGeorgia, lapho wanikeza khona izimo zobukhosi ngempela zokuphila.
Kepha iminyaka emibili e-Union ayilethanga uSvetlana noma injabulo noma ukuthula, ngakho-ke wanquma ukubuyela eMelika. Kulokhu wasiza ekushiseni uMongameli wokuqala futhi kuphela we-USSR Mikhail Gorbachev. Wayalela mathupha ukuthi indodakazi kaStalin izodedelwa kalula ezweni, emva kwalokho uSvetlana Josephovna wayenqabile ukuba yisakhamuzi saseSoviet.
Ukubuyela eMelika, akazange akwazi ukuhlela impilo yakhe, ngakho-ke kwadingeka ahlale emzinikazi wasekhaya edolobheni laseMadison. Ngo-2005, okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni eminingi, uSvetlana Allyluweva wavuma ukuxoxa nezintatheli zaseRussia futhi azodlala kwifilimu edokhumenti "Svetlana ngoSvetlana".
Kuliqiniso, ngasikhathi sinye, indodakazi kaStalin yenqabile ukukhuluma ngezigaba zokukhuluma isiRussia, ibikhuluma ngeqiniso lokuthi wayengahlangene nalabantu baseRussia, ngoba uyise wayengumGeorgia, kepha umama wakhe nendodakazi yaseJalimane nendodakazi yaseJalimane.
Izincwadi
Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, uSvetlana Allyluweva wahlanganyela ekubhaleni amaMemoir, abeka izinkumbulo zikaYise nempilo yaseKremlin. Indatshana yokuqala ye- "Letters 20 Eya kumngane" yanyatheliswa eLondon ngo-1967. Le ncwadi yakhiqiza ukomusi entshonalanga nase-USSR, okwaletha indodakazi kaStalin World Fami kanye nemali engama- $ 2,5 million.
Lapho-ke kuleli yunithi namanje lalilahla kakhulu "i-stalinism", ngakho-ke akekho owakholelwa ukuthi uSvetlana Josephovna wayithatha imali enomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala - kwakukhona inguqulo esuka eSwitzerland, ekopishe imali phesheya evela eSwitzerland akhawunti. Kamuva, le nguqulo yaphikiswa ngokuphelele.
Ngemuva kwalokho uSvetlana Allilueva ukhiphe eminye imibhalo emithathu: "Ngonyaka owodwa kuphela", "umculo okude" kanye "nencwadi yabazukulu", abathi abamzukulu ", abathi uLana Peters ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym. Lezi zikhumbuzo zamadodakazi kaStalin azeletheli impumelelo yakhe, njengoba iNhlangano ibiyifundile encwadini yakhe yokuqala imininingwane ebalulekile, naseNxunyelelo ngesikhathi sokunye okucindezelayo kwaqala ukucacisa nokuthola izincazelo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yeSvetlana Allyeva iyi-romance eqinile eqinile, ethakazelisa umphakathi wanamuhla. Indodakazi kaStalin yashada amahlandla ama-5, kwathi kwakukhona amanoveli amakhulu aphakathi kwemishado, okwenza ukusabela okuvuselelayo (ikakhulukazi e-USSR).
Okokuqala ngqa eshada eminyakeni yakhe yabafundi efunda naye emneweni yakhe, eyadala ukunganeliseki okubukhali noYise. Ngemuva kwalokho uStalin wenqabile ngokwesigaba sokubona ngisho nomkhwenyana futhi wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze umndeni omncane uwe ngokushesha okukhulu. Kulo mshado, ukugqama kwaze kwazalwa amazibulo amhlonishwayo kaYise abizwa ngokuthi nguJosefu.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1940, umlobi u-Alexey Kiley wavela empilweni kaSvetlana. Indoda yayikhulile cishe kabili. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, i-dropper yasolwa ngokutholwa kweNgilandi futhi yadingiselwa eVorkuta. Ngo-1948, kwakhululwa ubomvu waya eMoscow, naphezu kokuvinjelwa, okwaphela ngokuboshwa nokuthumela ekamu lokufukuzwa. U-Alexey wadedelwa futhi wavuselelwa ngo-1954 kuphela.
Ngo-1949, uSvetlana Josephovna wehlukanisa umyeni wakhe wokuqala futhi washada nokhetho lukaStalin Yuri Zhdanov, okuyiNdodana UNobhala weKomidi eliKhumali leCPPU andrei Zhdanov. Intsha ngaphambi kokuba umshado awuzange ngihlangane, ngakho-ke umshado wabo awubangekuhle kakhulu "ukumangala" kubo bobabili. U-Allyluweva wabeletha uZedanov ndodakazi ka-Catherine, kepha emva kokuzalwa, wahlukanisa umyeni wakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho, uStalin kwadingeka ancintisane nomlingiswa wendodakazi yakhe futhi ayeke ukuphazamisa impilo yakhe.
Ngo-1957, indodakazi kaStalin okwesithathu yashada nososayensi waseSoviet - i-Africaniast Ivan Swanidze, injabulo eyayingayitholi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, umndeni wahlukana, futhi u-allyluyeva waqala waqala amanoveli njalo kunedumela lowesifazane ongelona unomphela ongazange anamathele ezinhlosweni zomphakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Lapho-ke uhlu lwamadoda i-Alilleva lagcwalisa khona imbongi David Samooov kanye nomgxeki wezemibhalo norerei Sinyavsky.
Umshado wesine we-allyluve wawungumphakathi, njengoba kukhethwe kwakunguHindu Brianche Singh. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaphathi baseSoviet bakuvimbela ukuba balalise ngokusemthethweni ubudlelwane nomfokazi. Ubudlelwano bubhekwa bude kakhulu futhi buqotho endaweni ye-Svetlana. USingh wagula futhi wafa ezandleni zakhe ngesithandwa sakhe. Ngemuva kwekufa kwakhe, ukufuduka kokuqala kwendodakazi kaStalin evela e-USSR.
Ngo-1970, uSvetlana Allyluweva washada okwesihlanu e-United States. Umyeni wakhe waba umakhi uWilliam Peters. Emshadweni, indodakazi kaStalin yazalwa ingane yesithathu - indodakazi u-Olga, kodwa ayizange imvumele ukuba alondoloze ubudlelwano nomMelika, owathi, njengoba kwenzeka, washada neNtokisini "ukuthi wayenguye ocebile wendlalifa 'kaMholi wabantu'. Ngemuva kokuthi uSvetlana Josephovna achithe amaphrojekthi womlingani wakho ngayo yonke imali yakhe ngezikhumbuzo, wamphonsa ngengane ezingalweni zakhe, eshiya ngaphandle kokuziphilisa.
Yonke le "nogata" yekusasa, ukushushiswa kwezepolitiki nokushushiswa unomphela okusuka ezweni kuye kuleli lizwe kwaphula ngokuphelele ubuhlobo boSvetlana nezingane zabo, abangafuni ngisho nokuzwa ngomama. Indodana yakhe endala uJoseph wayengusosi odumile odumile oshonelwe yisifo sohlangothi ngo-2008.
Indodakazi ephakathi kukaCatherine yaba udokotela wezeleko - wasebenza eKamchatka empilweni yakhe yonke futhi akakwazanga ukuthethelela umama wayo, owayiphonsa kule nyunyana ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwakhe kokuqala. Indodakazi yasemncane ka-Olga Peters, kamuva eyathatha elinye igama uChris Evans, njengabafowabo nodadewabo abadala, alahlekelwe ngunina ngonyaka we-1986, lapho enikeza le ntombazane eCambridge Boarding School e-USA.
Ukushona
Ngo-2011, ngonyaka wama-86 wokuphila, uSvetlana Allyluweva ushone kwelinye lamakhaya asebekhulile emdlavuza wekoloni. Ngokwesicelo sendodakazi ka-Olga, isidumbu sakhe sashiswa sathunyelwa e-Oregon. Kuze kube namuhla, usuku nendawo yomngcwabo wendodakazi kaStalin akwaziwa.
Kamuva kwavela ukuthi impilo yakhe yonke eMelika uSvetlana Alliluyeva wayengabonakali nge-CIA, eyaziwa ngemuva kokwenza inkonzo yakhe ye-FBI. Kusukela embhalweni kulandela ukuthi uSvetlana Josephovna ngenxa "ye-pedigree" wayo wayenesimo esinzima kakhulu futhi esinzima ngokwakhe.
Isiphetho sakhe sagcwala usizi nesizungu, esaba uhlobo lwebhodi lokucindezelwa kwama-stalinist, okwawuletha intaba cishe wonke umkhaya waseSoviet futhi wabulala izigidi zabantu.