I-Biograge
USergey Pavlovich Korolev ungumqambi weSoviet ovelele kanye nososayensi wekhulu lama-20, i-Academinian ye-USSR Academy of Science, umsunguli wezinhlelo kanye nochwepheshe omkhulu kakhulu emkhakheni weRocket Construction kanye nokwakha umkhumbi.
USergey Korolev wazalwa ngoJanuwari 12, 1907 (ngokwesitayela esidala ngo-December 31, 1906) eZhytomyyr. Uyise wayenguthisha, kusukela ekunikezelweni. Ngemuva kokuba ukuwa komndeni womfana kwathunyelwa kuNezhin kubazali bakamama, lapho akhuliswa khona emndenini wabathengisi. Kusukela ngo-1917, uhlala e-Odessa nonina uMaria Nikolaevna noSchupih Gregory Mikhailovich Balanin. Wafunda ikharikhulamu yesikole ekhaya, kusukela ngo-1922 kuya ku-1924 wafunda esikoleni sokwakha.
Amaqiniso atholakalayo avela e-Biography:
- Ngo-1921, uhlangana nabashayeli bezindiza be-hyddropouts futhi bahlanganyele empilweni yendiza: Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ufunda izinkulumo ezindizeni. Ukusungulwa kokuqala, okwenziwe eneminyaka engu-17, kungumhloli wendiza ye-K-5 enconyelwe ukwakhiwa.
- 1924-1926 - Izifundo eKiev Polytech.
- Ngo-1926 wadluliselwa eMoscow eSikoleni Sezobuchwepheshe esiphakeme. Ibamba iqhaza enhlanganweni yesikole sePlanethi, iba ngumfundisi kanye nomhloli weplanethi, uqeda isikole sabashayeli bezindiza, uvakashela umbuthano we-aerodynamic futhi athuthukise izindiza ezikhanyayo nama-gliders. Kusukela ngonyaka wesine, kusebenza ku-KB.
- Kusukela ngo-1927, amahlandla amane ngokulandelana kubamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni ye-Union Planer eKoktebel.
- Ngo-1929, kutholakala noK. E. TSIOLKOVSKY, omeluleka ukuthi ahlanganyele ezindizeni zesikhala zinikeza incwadi ethi "Space Rocket Trainess" futhi incoma ukufaka isikhalazo kuFriedrich Arterurovich Zagder - Unjiniyela we-Tsagi (Central Aero Hydrodynamic Institute).
- NgoFebhuwari 1930, ngaphansi kobuholi be.in. I-Tupolev ivikela iphrojekthi yendiza ye-SC-4. Ngasikhathi sinye, iNdlovukazi idala i-glider ye-SK-3 star ", lapho kwenziwa khona ama-netoov endizeni yamahhala. Umklami akakwazanga ukundiza ngokwawo, njengoba wagula ngenkinga ngesimo sokuba yisithulu nokulahleka kwenkumbulo. Wayenememori eyisimanga ngaphambi kokugula kwakhe.
- Ngo-Mashi 1931, uqala ukusebenza eTight yi-Senior Leacher ezivivinyweni zendiza. Umcimbi omkhulu walesi sikhathi ungumhlangano ne-zander, eganwe ekuhloleni injini noma-1. INdlovukazi iphendukela emsebenzini. NgoSeptemba 1931, iqembu elibhekwe nguZander liqala ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-RP-1 Rocketoplane nge-injini ewuketshezi.
Izinyathelo zokuqala zokukhanyisa i-rocket yasekhaya
USergei Korolev uholwa ngumkhandlu wesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe we-MOSCOW BIND. Ukubheka phambili kuyakhokhwa izikhali ze-rocket ezidingekayo ukuqinisa amandla ezokuvikela ezwe. UKorolev wakha i-KB yokuqala, kusukela kumalungu e-CGIR, efakwe emlandweni wezibani ze-rocket.
Lapha izinkomba eziningi zokukhanya kwe-rocket ezifuywayo kwaqala. Ukufezekiswa kwalesi sikhathi kwakuwukwethulwa kwe-rocket rocket gird-09, kukhuphuka ekuphakameni kwama-400 m. Imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo uKorolev ichaza encwadini "indiza ye-rocket eStratosphere" (1934). Iphinde ihlanganise amathuba emicibisholo engeyona eyemisicle ezinxabanweni zezempi nezesayensi.
NgoSeptemba 1933, indlovukazi eneminyaka engu-26 ubudala iqoka iPhini Umqondisi weSikhungo Esisebenzayo. Amathemba eGiridovtspy mayelana noguquko kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ayengalungi, ingqikithi yentuthuko yancishiswa, kwathi ngo-1934 korolev wakhululwa esikhundleni. Wahlala esikhungweni nguNjiniyela Ojwayelekile, egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwemicibisholo enamaphiko.
Isikhali se-rocket esiphethwe
Ngo-1936, uKorolev waqokwa njengoMklami Omkhulu we-Rini Development, ethuthukisa izindiza ze-rocket. USergey wayenemininingwane emangalisayo, ulwazi lwe-encyclopedic kanye nesipiliyoni. Ngokokuqala ngqa, bathethezelwa umqondo we-missile fighter-intercepceptor, efinyelela imizuzu embalwa yokuphakama okuphezulu, ukuzalela izindiza, ukusongela into evikelekile.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa uKorolev ahlela ukuchitha mathupha, kwenzeka ingozi, lapho umklami athole inxeba lekhanda futhi wawusembhedeni wesibhedlela. Ngemuva kwesibhedlela, ngoJuni 27, 1938 waboshwa njengomhlanganyeli enhlanganweni ephikisayo ye-Trotskyist. INdlovukazi yagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi yathunyelwa eKolyma.
Mayelana nokuboshwa kukaMashi Tukhachevsky kanye nababhali bezikhali ezintsha, ukuthuthukiswa kwaphela. Ukucwaninga kweRaketoplane, owayehlanganyela eKorolev, kwaqhubeka, kodwa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwakhe ukwakha indiza yokulwa nokulwa nayo kwakungenzeki.
Ukunqoba kanye neziqu
NgoSeptemba 1940, esifubeni seTupolev (yize yena eboshwa ngo-1938) kwathiwa indlovukazi yabizwa ngeKolyma. Ngokushesha waqala ukuthuthukisa iBombarder entsha. Ngemuva kwendiza yokuqala ngoDisemba 1941, iqembu leTupolev lakhishwa e-OMSK. Lapha indiza i-tu-2 yethulwa ekukhiqizweni. Kwakuyibhomu elingcono kakhulu le-front-line.
USergey Korolev waqhubeka nokusebenza ejele KB Kazan, efunda ukuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kwe-Avation Rocket. Ngokwemiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe, wanikezwa umyalo wesibonakaliso sehholo futhi wakhululwa ejele. Ekupheleni kwempi, wakha amaphrojekthi e-RDD D-1 ne-D-2 enezinjini eziqinile zikaphethiloli. Kwavela ukuthi eJalimane, amaphrojekthi anjalo asevele enziwa, ngakho-ke kuthunyelwa kumabhizinisi waseJalimane. UKorolev uza esiphethweni sokuthi unethuba lokudala imicibisholo, kodwa ngezici ezithuthukisiwe.
NgoMeyi 1946, ubuholi baseSoviet buthatha isimemezelo, kwaqala ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwe-rocket. Ku-Moscow Region Kaliningrad (Korolev Namuhla), umbuso uhlanganisa izikhali ezisebenzayo (i-NII-88). UKorolev uqokwe ngomunye wabaklami bakhe abaphambili.
Okulandelayo, imicimbi ithuthuka ngokushesha:
- Ekuhlazimeni kwe-Stalin, ikhophi ye-rocket yaseJalimane iyadalwa;
- Izivivinyo zemicibisholo ye-A-4 eqoqwe kusuka kuma-trophy node ezikhungweni ze-Nordhausen naseNII-88;
- Imicibisholo yokuqala ye-R-1 iyahlolwa, iveze i-A-4 kusuka ezintweni zayo kumadokhumenti asekhaya.
Umakhi
USergey Korolev waphenduka hhayi kuphela umklami onethalente, kodwa futhi nomhleli owakwazi ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi wazo zonke izigaba.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-vertices wemishini yezempi kwaqala ngokwakha i-rocket enabahlu lwamakhilomitha angama-300. Ngo-1948, i-R-2 Rocket yenziwe ngohla lwamakhilomitha angama-600, akwazi ukufeza izisekelo ezithile zaseMelika. Njengomphumela wentuthuko eyengeziwe, i-RDD R-5M enobubanzi obuyi-1,200 km kanye nengxenye yokulwa yenuzi kuyavela. Ukuhlolwa kwemicibisholo yamasu kwenziwa eSemiPalatinian Landfill ngoFebhuwari 2, 1956.
Ukuqondiswa okuyinhloko kweNdlovukazi kwakuwukuthuthukiswa kwemicibisholo ehlukahlukene yokuxhumana nabantu. I-R-7 Ballistic Rocket (ICBM) eyenziwe nguYe yayinezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-8., Inguqulo yesimanje ye-IBC R-7A - amakhilomitha ayi-12. I-ICBM ye-Liquid ilahlekelwe uphethiloli oqinile waseMelika, ngakho-ke, i-RT-1 Rocket ye-RT-1 yadalwa ngophethiloli oqinile. Izakhiwo zanamuhla ze-rocket zifakwe ngamarokhethi aqinile kaphethiloli, asuselwa ku-ICBR RT-2, adalwe yiNdlovukazi.
Cosmonautics
Ukuthuthuka Kwezempi kwakungesimo sendlovukazi ngokuthuthuka okwengeziwe kwesikhala. Ngo-Okthoba 4, 1957, kwasungulwa isikhathi sokufakelwa okokuqala emlandweni we-Earthlings. Inyanga, ngoNovemba 3, kwathunyelwa i-satellite yesibili kwa-Orbit, ebhodini elaliyinja husky. Ngo-Ephreli 12, 1961, uYuri Aleksevich Gagarin wandiza emkhathini.
Ekusetshenzisweni kwale miklamo, ochwepheshe boMkhandlu Wabaqambi Bezikhulu abadalwa yiNdlovukazi babandakanyeka. Ngempilo yakhe, ezinye izindiza eziyisikhombisa zemikhumbi eyayimisiwe zazenziwa ngempumelelo, izitebhisi, iziteshi zesayensi zeSpace nezinhlelo zethulwe.
Impilo yoMklami Oyinhloko yagqekeza ekuseni kakhulu, kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 14, 1966. Imbangela yokufa kwakuwukuhlinzwa kokuhlinzwa, lapho inhliziyo yema khona. Ngemuva kokunakekelwa kwayo, ijubane lokuthuthuka kwezinhlelo zesikhala sehle. Akekho eRussia, noma e-United States uvele elingana nesilinganiso sobuntu nethalente lomuntu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
USergey Korolev wayeshade kabili. Isikhathi sokuqala washada ngo-Agasti 1931 ekilasini laseKsenia Vintsitini, ngo-1935 wamnika indodakazi.
Ngo-1948, umndeni wahlukana.
Ngonkosikazi wesibili, uNina Ivanovna Kotenkova, owayengumhumushi eNii-88, wahlangana nomsebenzi.