I-Biograge
I-Arkady Golikov (GAIDAR) ngumlobi wezingane, umhlanganyeli empini yombango egcwele igazi kanye ne-Jenarisher of the anti-soviet ngaphansi komhlaba. UGolikov ungomunye wobuntu obungqubuzana kakhulu emlandweni waseSoviet. Ngubani yena: umbulali ononya wabantu bakwaChilialand, umlobi wezingane omfishane, noma umlobi wezingane onethalente?Ubuntwana
U-Arkady Petrovich uvele ekukhanyeni 9 (22) ngoJanuwari 1904 edolobheni laseLgov, esifundazweni saseKurk. Ngokusho komugqa womama, umlobi wayeyisikhulu esingenacala (futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, umama kaNatalia wayesebudlelwaneni noMnumzane Wermontov), kuyise - umzukulu we-Serf Poursed.
Kamuva, lo mndeni wathuthela edolobheni lase-Arizama. U-Arkady kwakuyizibulo, nasendaweni yakhe entsha ayenodade abathathu - uNatasha, uKatya no-Olya. Abaphenyi bathi ithalente livuke embhalweni ngisho naseminyakeni yokuqala: wafunda ukubhala nokukhuluma imvumelwano ngaphambi kokubhala nokubala.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, umfana uzimisele e-Arzamas Real School. Lapha, indawo yokuzivocavoca encane izame ukubalekela phambili, lapho ubaba ayesethathwe khona, kodwa umfana waphilwa ekhaya lakhe. Njengoba ufundile esikoleni, u-Arkady uthisha wamangala ngenkumbulo yakhe enhle - wayezokhumbula zonke izincwadi nezincwadi.
Umsebenzi wezempi
Ngemuva kokuwa komndeni wasebukhosini, amaqembu amaningi namakomidi abafundi avele e-Arzamas. Ehlobo lika-1917, uGolikov wathola ihhovisi lezingcingo, kwathi ngo-1918 wajoyina iqembu leBolshevik. Ekuqaleni, amaBolshevik athatha insizwa e-RCP (B) njengomuntu ozongenela ukhetho, futhi ilungu eligcwele le-golikov elineminyaka engu-15 lalilungu eligcwele lephathi ngoDisemba 15, 1918. Ekuqaleni, wakhonza njengesithakazi, kamuva wabhekisa uMnyango Wezosihlalo.
Le nsizwa yayihlala ibuzwa ngaphambili, kepha umphathi wagcizelela ukuthi umfana waqala waphumelela ukuqeqeshwa kwephrofayili. Ngakho-ke kwenzeka - uGolikov waya eqenjini leqembu le-moscow yebutho elibomvu. Kamuva, lesi sikhungo safuduswa e-Ukraine, eKiev. Lapho eKiev, u-Arkady walwa nezitshudeni kanye nabavukeli base-Ukraine.
Ngo-1919, uGolikov waba ngumkhuzi, ngonyaka we-1920 - uKhomishani Kakhulu. Lapho eneminyaka engu-17, wayazi ngezempi ngaphezu komkhuzi omningi. Ngo-1921 wathola isihloko se-Commander sokwehlukaniswa kwenhlangano. UGolikov walwa emaflini ahlukile (e-Sochi, e-Don, eCaucasian Front), lapho awela khona i-typhoid, alimale futhi anciphise kabili. Ngo-1922, kwathunyelwa ukucindezela isivuno se-anti-soviet eKhakassia. Nangu umkhuzi osemusha futhi wazibonakalisa njengomashiqela wegazi, amaJuda angathandeki kanye nokudutshulwa kwabantu ngezinsolo zokuqina.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, uGaidar wahlangana nabesifazane nezingane ezivela edwaleni wabulala noma ngubani ozosola imisebenzi ye-anti-soviet. Ngo-1922 wasolwa ngokuhlukunyezwa igunya elisemthethweni. UGaidar waphuca okuthunyelwe futhi wakukhishwa ephathini, kuthumele ekuhlolweni kwezengqondo. Imbangela yokuxilongwa 'kwe-traumatic neuros "isiphelile.
Ukudala
I-Arkady Petrovich ibuyiselwe phambili iye phambili kuya kutshwala obufushane nge-psyche ehlelwe kahle.
"Kusuka emkhunjini kuya ebholeni" - yile ndlela izazi-mlando zemisebenzi ebhaliwe yaseGolikov, ezaqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphela komsebenzi wezempi. I-Arkady yathatha umbhalo wesandla wakhe wokuqala "ezinsukwini zokuhlulwa nokunqoba" yakuletha ku-Leningrad Almanac "Bucch". Ngala mazwi: "Ngingu-Arkady Golikov, futhi le yinoveli yami futhi ngicela ukuba aphrinte", umlobi wanikeza izincwadi zokubhala eziningana ezibhaliwe kumhleli. Nomsebenzi wanyatheliswa.
Ngemuva kwalokho umlobi wathuthela ePerm, lapho kumagazini "inkanyezi" umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym gaidar ("indlu yegumbi") washicilelwa.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, ushicilela ama-Essays noFechens. Ekuphazanyisweni phakathi kokuphazamiseka kwemizwa nokuhamba, ubhala izincwadi zayo ezinhle kakhulu: "RVS", "Isikole" kanye "Nempumputhe Yesine". Izikhathi eziningana, i-Arkady Petrovich ithatha odokotela ngokuhlaselwa okumhlophe okushisayo, kamuva waboshwa ngokudubula ngendlela edakiwe.
Ngokulandelayo kulandela imizamo embalwa yokuzibulala - umbhali uzama ukusika imithambo. UBoris Zaks - Intatheli yozakwethu, yathi izandla zakhe zimbozwe izibazi ezinkulu, futhi i-Arkady Vienna isikeka kaningi. Ngo-1932, uGolikov wangena esibhedlela sezengqondo, lapho abhala khona "imfihlo yezempi." Sekukonke, ngokweziqiniseko zeGaidar uqobo, wayesezibhedlela zezengqondo izikhathi 8-10.
Ngo-1938, inkazimulo yenyunyana yafika kumlobi wezingane - izwe lalihambisana nezincwadi namaqoqo ezindaba zakhe, ngakhumbula "iqembu lakhe neqembu lakhe", "Chuki naseGeeka". Umlobi wathatha indodana kaTimir nendodakazi yase-zhenya eCrimea nangomhlanje osikhohliwe ngezinkinga zengqondo.
NgoMashi 1941, i-Arkady Petrovich, iphumule eSanatorium "Sokolniki", yahlangana nenjabulo yeKosmodemMyManskaya. Lapho kuqala impi, uGaidar usanda kuthola umyalo wokubhala i-Filmceneuria emsebenzini weTamur neqembu lakhe. Umbhalo waqedwa kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-12, ngemuva kwalokho i-Arkady yabhala ngohlelo lokusebenza ngaphambili.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlobi wempilo yakhe washada kathathu:
UMaria Nikolaevna Plaksina waba ngumfazi wokuqala wombhali - umhlengikazi oneminyaka engu-17. Umbhali uqobo ngesikhathi somshado wawuneminyaka engu-17 ubudala. Umfazi wokuqala wanikeza uGaika indodana eZhenya, kodwa izibulo lafa ebuntwaneni.
Unkosikazi wesibili kaGolikova wayenguLeia Lazarevna oneminyaka engu-17 uLozarevna Solomyanskaya - umsekeli wenhlangano yamaphayona kanye nomhleli wephephandaba "onqobayo". Ngo-1926, indodana kaHimur yazalelwa embhangqwana. Kodwa-ke, bekunzima ukuhlala nomlobi, kudliwe utshwala futhi kwahlaselwa kabi kwengqondo. Ngo-1931, umkakhe uLeia wahamba nendodana yakhe futhi washiya umyeni wakhe waya eSamson Glausar (intatheli "komsomolskaya pravda")).
Okwesithathu, umlobi wabuye wazihlanganisa nemikhosi yomshado ene-chernevoy ebizayo. Kwenzeka ngo-1938. Njengowesifazane osekhulile, uDora wayesenendodakazi ka-Eugene, eyayingemva kwalokho.
Iminyaka yokugcina nokufa
Naphezu kwale nqalelo, umlobi esafika ngaphambili. Wafika eKiev. Wenze imisebenzi yeholo, wasiza ngezeluleko. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi ngemuva kwamaJalimane, wabe eseba yilungu lokungcola kwengxenye.
Ngemuva kokuya ebuhlakani ngo-1941, umlobi, kanye nabahlanganyeli abaningana, wayesezandleni eduze kwendunduma yesitimela. Njengoba esethole umphikisi, uGaidar wakwazi ukuxwayisa eyakhe, ememeza: "Guys, amaJalimane!" Leli binzana lasindisa izimpilo zabanye abanye bezinhlaka, kodwa bahola ekufeni kwe-Arkady Petrovich.
Kodwa-ke, kunenye futhi inguqulo yemicimbi, ngokusho kwalowo umbhali engafanga ngo-Okthoba 26. Intatheli yase-Ukraine uViktor Blushenko, ephethe owakhe uphenyo, wafunda ukuthi iGaitar kanye nabambalwa ababambe iqhaza bavimbela umfazi kaChristina Kuzmenko. Ukuphila ngokusuka eChristina kuya entwasahlobo, amaqhawe athuthela phambili ngaphambili, kepha ambathwa. Kamuva, abakwaPartisans bakwazile ukugijima. Bacasha ehlathini, futhi ngangizoba ne-Ulyana Dobrenko ethile. Le datha ibinganele ukubuyekeza umlando wokufa kwezembatho zeGaidar. Elinye iqiniso liyathandeka - ukwakheka kwesikhulu kanye ne-lingerie enohhafu engxenyeni, engaguquki nendaba yabanculi.
Namuhla, igama le-Arkady Gaidar libizwa ngokuthi yinqwaba yemigwaqo, isithombe saso sisetshenziswa emculweni nasezincwadini, naseKhabarovsk inkumbulo yeSikhumbuzo somlobi.
Amaqiniso Ofuna
Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kuka-70 sekufiphale ukufa komlobi. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi basaxabana ngomlando wabo wokuphila.
Amaqiniso atholakalayo nge-Arcadia Gaidar:
- Umlobi wagcwalisa amazinga embuthweni obomvu eneminyaka engu-15.
- Isazi-mlando u-Andrei Burovsky sihola enye inguqulo yokubhalisa kukaGolikov ezikhundleni zebutho elibomvu. Ngokubona kwakhe, amabutho ka-Arkady aqophe umama ezosindisa ekuphindiseni ngokubulala (noma ukubulala) owenze indodana yakhe. IGaizur, ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kobuhlanya, wake wavuma ukuthi wabulala eminyakeni yobusha: "Abantu babulawa yimibuzo ebuntwaneni ..."
- Indaba yomlobi we-pseudony iyajabulisa futhi. Ngokwesinye sezinguqulo, i-Gaidar ehunyushwe kusuka ku-Turkic njengo "Bulletin", "umgibeli othuthukile". Omunye umthombo uthi i-pseudonym ifana negama elithi "Arkady Arkady Golikov". Uhlobo lwesithathu lubika ukuthi i-pseudonym ivela egameni le-khakass "haidar", okusho ukuthi "kuphi". Ngesikhathi senkonzo eKhakakassia, kwasendaweni kwamemeza: "Heydar-golik uya!".
- Kunombono wokuthi ngemuva kwe-Slab ethuna eKanev (idolobha elisesifundeni saseCherkasy) akuyona i-Arkady Gaidar. Ikakhulu, eminyakeni embalwa emva kokungcwatshwa, isitofu saphamba. Wathathelwa indawo entsha, kepha naye waqhekeza.
- Kukhona inguqulo ye-Timir (indodana kaLii Solomon) ngumlobi ongeyena owokuzalwa, kodwa yindodana eyayikhulisa izingane. Ngokokuqala ngqa, umbhali wabona i-Timir kuphela e-biennium, futhi ngesikhathi sokucabanga kwakhe abavakashi (Ephreli 1926) IGaidar yayiphakathi e-Asia. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi umbhali akanazo izinzalo zegazi.
I-Bibliography
Imisebenzi edume kakhulu yeGolikov:
- "Inkomishi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" (1936);
- "Isikhathi seTimur neqembu lakhe" (1940),
- "Isiphetho seDrummer" (1938),
- "Isikole" (1930);
- "RVS" (1925);
- "Isine Sandy".