I-Biograge
Imisebenzi egqamile kaVladimir Mayakovsky ibangela ukuncoma kwangempela kwezigidi zabahloniphayo. Wenza ngokufanelekile enanini lezimbongi zezinkondlo ezinkulu kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMayakovsky yazibonakalisa i-playwright eyingqayizivele, i-sathyrik, umqondisi wefilimu, umbhali wesikrini, umdwebi kanye nomhleli wabamagazini abaningana. Impilo yakhe, ubuhlakani obuhlukahlukene, kanye nothando oluphelele kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kobudlelwano bomuntu siqu nanamuhla kuhlale kuze kube sekupheleni kwemfihlo eqinile.
Imbongi enethalente yazalelwa edolobhaneni laseGeorgia laseBagdati (uMbuso WaseRussia). Unina u-Alexander Alekseevna ungowaseCossack Clan kusuka kuKuban, nobaba uVladimir Konstantinovich wasebenza ne-Forester elula. UVladimir wayenabafowethu ababili - uKostya noSasha, owafa ebuntwaneni, kanye nodadewethu ababili - u-Olya noLuda.
UMayakovsky wayazi kahle ulimi lwesiGeorgia futhi kusukela ngo-1902 wafunda endaweni yokuzivocavoca kaKutaisi. Usevele ebusheni bakhe, wathunjwa yimibono yezengezo, kanti, ngenkathi efunda endaweni yokuzivocavoca, wahlanganyela ekubonisweni kwezinguquko.
Ngo-1906, uBaba washona ngokuzumayo. Imbangela yokufa kwakuwukuthelela igazi, kwenzeka ngenxa yesithonjana somunwe ngenaliti ejwayelekile. Lo mcimbi washaqeka kaMayakovsky kangangokuba ngokuzayo wakugwema ngokuphelele izikhonkwane zezinwele nezikhonkwane, wesaba isiphetho sikayise.
Ngo-1906 okufanayo, u-Alexander Alekseevna wathuthela eMoscow nezingane. UVladimir waqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwi-Gymnasium yesihlanu yakudala, lapho avakashela khona amakilasi kanye nomfowe umzalwane we-poet B. Pasternak - Alexander. Kodwa-ke, ngokufa kukaYise, isimo sezezimali somndeni sawohloka kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1908, uVladimir akakwazanga ukukhokhela ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe, futhi wayixosha ebangeni lesihlanu le-Gymnasium.
Ukudala
EMoscow, umuntu osemusha waqala ukuxhumana nabafundi abathanda imibono yokuguqula. Ngo-1908, amaMayakovsky anqume ukuba yilungu le-RSDLP futhi evame ukuthuthukiswa phakathi kwabantu. Ngesikhathi sika-1908-1909, uVladimir waboshwa kathathu, kodwa ngenxa yabambalwa kanye nokuntuleka kobufakazi kwaphoqelelwa ukuba bayeke inkululeko.
Ngesikhathi sokuphenya, iMayakovsky ayikwazanga ukuba somongodolo ozolile. Ngokusebenzisa amahlazo njalo, kwakuvame ukuhunyushelwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuboshwa. Ngenxa yalokho, wayesejele le-buryrsa, lapho abamba khona izinyanga eziyishumi nanye futhi aqala ukubhala izinkondlo.
Ngo-1910, le mbongi encane yaphuma isiphelo yasuka ngokushesha le qembu. Ngonyaka olandelayo, umculi uYevGeny Lang, lapho uVladimir ayenobudlelwano obunobungane, ancoma ukuthi wayependa. Ngesikhathi eqeqeshwa esikoleni sokupenda, esibazi kanye nokwakhiwa kwazo, wahlangana nabasunguli beqembu le-futurists "Gilea" futhi bajoyina ama-cubefulaturists.
Umsebenzi wokuqala kaMayakovsky, owanyatheliswa, kwakuyinkondlo "ubusuku" (1912). Ngasikhathi sinye, imbongi encane iqale yenziwa esidlangalaleni ekwenziweni kobuciko, okwabizwa ngokuthi "inja edukile."
I-Vladimir, kanye namalungu eqembu le-cubefulaturists, ebambe iqhaza kulolu hambo eRussia, lapho azincenga khona nezinkondlo zakhe. Ngokushesha kwaba khona ukubuyekezwa okuhle mayelana neMayakovsky, kodwa wayevame ukubhekwa njengabafowabo. UM. Gorky wayekholelwa ukuthi phakathi kwekusasa laseMayakovsky kwakuwukuphela kwembongi yangempela.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqala kwembongi encane "Mina" kwashicilelwa ngo-1913 futhi kwakuqukethe izinkondlo ezine kuphela. Lo nyaka futhi sikulandisa ngokubhala iBunlet PoEM "nate!", Lapho umlobi ephonsela inselelo yonke inselelo yonke yonxiwankulu. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uVladimir udale inkondlo ethinta inhliziyo "Lalela", washaya abafundi ngobuhlungu bakho nokuzwela.
Ukuheha imbongi ekhalelekile ne-dramaturgy. Ngo-1914 kwaphawulwa ukwakhiwa kwenhlekelele "vladimir mayakovsky", kungeniswe emphakathini esiteshini seT. Petersburg Theatre "Luna Park". Ngasikhathi sinye, uVladimir wakhuluma umqondisi wakhe, kanye nendima eholayo. Isisusa esikhulu somsebenzi kwakuwukuvukela kwezinto ezixhumene nosizi ngomsebenzi we-futurists.
Ngo-1914, le mbongi emincane yanquma ngokuqinile ukuzobhalisa ngokuzithandela ebuthweni, kepha ukungathembeki kwaKho kwezepolitiki kwathusa abamele uhulumeni. Akazange ashaye ngaphambili futhi ephendula ukunganakwa abhale inkondlo "kuwe", lapho anikeze khona ukuhlola kwakhe ubukhosi basebukhosini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi ehlekisayo yeMayakovsky - "Cloud emabhulukweni" kanye "nempi yamenyezelwa" kwavela kungekudala.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, umhlangano omubi kaMayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich kanye nomndeni wakhe Briquette. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, impilo yakhe yayingenye yazo zonke i-lily ne-osip. Kusukela ngo-1915 kuya ku-1917, ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwembongi yaseM. Gorky kwasebenza esikoleni sezimoto. Futhi yize, ukuba yisosha, lalingenalo ilungelo elizophrintwa, i-OSIP BRIC yamsiza. Wathola izinkondlo ezimbili zikaVladimir washeshe wazishicilela.
Ngasikhathi sinye, iMayakovsky yangena ezweni leSatire kwathi ngo-1915 yaphrinta umjikelezo we- "Hymon" e "Satirone entsha". Kungekudala kunamaqoqo amabili amakhulu emisebenzi - "elula njenge-waged" (1916) kanye ne- "Revolution. Pootakhronik "(1917).
I-Oktyabrskaya Revolution The Great Bot Imbongi yahlangana endlunkulu yokweyabavuselwa ku-Smolny. Ngokushesha waqala ukusebenzisana nohulumeni omusha futhi wabamba iqhaza kumaqoqo okuqala ezinombolo zamasiko. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi iMayakovsky yaholwa yiqembu lesosha eliboshwe uJenene P. Noseyev olisho isikole sezimoto, yize ngaphambili ezandleni zakhe zathola indondo "yokukhuthala".
1917-1918 baphawulwa ngokukhishwa kwemisebenzi eminingana yeMayakovsky enikezelwe emicimbini yokuguqula (ngokwesibonelo, "i-Ode Revolution", "Mashi wethu"). Isikhumbuzo sokuqala seRevolution sethulwa nge-Play Mixelleaneous Buff.
Wayethanda iMayakovsky nefilimu. Ngo-1919, kwashicilelwa izimoto ezintathu zamafilimu emhlabeni, lapho uVladimir enza umlingisi, umlobi wesikrini noMqondisi. Ngasikhathi sinye, imbongi yaqala ukusebenzisana nokukhula futhi yasebenza kumaphosta akhulayo kanye nama-satirical. I-Parallel Mayokavsky isebenze ephephandabeni "ubuciko beCommune".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1918, imbongi idale iqembu elithi "Compt", ukuqondiswa kwalo okungachazwa njengekusasa lamaKhomanisi. Kepha ngo-1923, uVladimir uhlela elinye iqembu - "kwesokunxele ngaphambili kwezobuciko", kanye nelogi ehambisanayo "kwelashi".
Ngalesi sikhathi, kungukudalwa kwemisebenzi eminingana ekhanyayo nekhumbulekayo yenkondlo yobuhlakani: "Ngayo" (1923), "Sevastopol - Yalta" (1924), "uVladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924). Sikugcizelela ukuthi ngenkathi ngifunda inkondlo yokugcina,. UStalin uqobo wayekhona eBolshoi Theatre. Ngemuva kokusebenza kweMayakovsky, kwalandelwa i-avation, eyathatha imizuzu engama-20. Ngokuvamile, bekuyiminyaka yonke impi yombango ye-vladimir isikhathi esihle kakhulu, lokho akusho enkondlweni "kuhle!" (1927).
Akubalulekile futhi kugcwala isikhathi sangesikhathi samaMayakovsky ukuhamba njalo. Ngo-1922-1924, wavakashela eFrance, iLatvia neJalimane, enikele imisebenzi eminingana. Ngo-1925, uVladimir waya eMelika, evakashele eMexico City, uHavana kanye namadolobha amaningi ase-US.
Ukuqala kwama-20s kwaphawulwa ngengxabano enesivunguvungu phakathi kweVladimir Mayakovsky noSergey Yeenin. Lesi sakamuva ngaleso sikhathi sajoyina abaphikisi abangama-Immudy - abaphikisi abangenakuqhathaniswa ama-futurists. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMayakovsky yayiyimbongi yenguquko kanye nomuzi, noJesenin emsebenzini badlula kule ndawo.
Kodwa-ke, uVladimir wayengeke akwazi ukuqaphela ithalente elingenamibandela womphikisi wakhe, yize limgxeka ngokulondolozwa nokulutha kotshwala. Ngomqondo othile, babenemiphefumulo ehlobene - banomoya osheshayo, balimala, ekufuneni njalo nasekuphelelwe yithemba. Babehlangene ngisho nangesihloko sokuzibulala, okwakukhona emsebenzini wezinkondlo zombili.
Ngesikhathi sango-1926-1927, amaMayakovsky adale amaKinosgazian ayi-9. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1927 imbongi yaqala kabusha imisebenzi ye-Lef Magazine. Kepha ngonyaka owawushiya lo magazini kanye nenhlangano efanele, ekugcineni wadumala kubo. Ngo-1929, uVladimir usekela iqembu le-Ref, kodwa ngonyaka ozayo liphuma kuye futhi liba yilungu le- "Rapp".
Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-20s, amaMayakovsky adlulisa idrama. Ulungiselela imidlalo emibili: "klop" (1928) kanye ne- "Banya" (1929), yenzelwe ngqo indawo yaseshashalazini yaseMeyerhold. Bakhiqize ukunikezwa kwangempela kwangempela kwama-20s ngokubheka esikhathini esizayo.
I-Meyerold iqhathanisa ithalente laseMayakovsky nobuhlakani be-moliere, kepha abagxeki bahlangana nemisebenzi yakhe emisha echoboza amazwana. E "Bedpie" bathola kuphela amaphutha obuciko, kepha ngisho nezinsolo zomlingiswa wezomqondo oqokwe kuBana. Emaphephandabeni amaningi, kuthunyelwa izindatshana ezihlaselayo kakhulu, futhi ezinye zazo zazinezihloko "ezansi zikhanya!"
Abakwa-FITIVER 1930 baqala ukuthola imbongi enkulu kakhulu ngokumangalelwa okuningi kozakwabo. UMayakovsky washo ukuthi wayengeyena "umlobi wemfanelo wemfanelo", futhi "umngane" nje. Kepha naphezu kokugxekwa, entwasahlobo yalowo nyaka, uVladimir wanquma ukufingqa imisebenzi yakhe, eyahlela khona umbukiso obizwa ngokuthi "iminyaka engama-20 yomsebenzi".
Lo mbukiso waxosha zonke izimpumelelo eziningi zeMayakovsky, kodwa wadumaza kakhulu. Akavakashelwa ozakwabo abaphambili bembongi eLefi, noma umhlahlandlela weqembu eliphakeme. Kwakuwukuvunguza okunonya, okwathi emva kwalokho inxeba elijulile lasala emphefumulweni wembongi.
Ukushona
Ngo-1930, uVladimir uyagula kakhulu futhi waze wesabe ukuthi ulahlekelwe yizwi lakhe, elizoqeda izinkulumo zakhe esiteji. Impilo yomuntu siqu yembongi iye yaba umzabalazo ongaphumelelanga wenjabulo. Wayeyedwa kakhulu, ngoba izitini zisekela njalo kanye nenduduzo yakhe, kwesokunxele phesheya.
Ukuhlaselwa okuvela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi kwakulele eMayakovsky umthwalo omkhulu wokuziphatha, futhi umphefumulo wokulimala kwembongi akakwazanga ukuma. Ngo-Ephreli 14, uVladimir Mayakovsky wazidubula esifubeni, okwakuyimbangela yokufa kwakhe.
Ngemuva kokufa kukaMayakovsky, umsebenzi wakhe wawela ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa okungekho emthethweni futhi cishe akazange ashicilelwe. Ngo-1936, uLilya Bric wabhalela incwadi e-I. Stalin ngesicelo sokusiza ekugcineni inkomba yembongi enkulu. Esisombululini sakhe, uStalin wazazisa kakhulu impumelelo yomufi futhi wanikeza imvume yokushicilela imisebenzi yeMayakovsky kanye nokwakhiwa komnyuziyamu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lukaLykovsky lwempilo yonke kwakunguLily Bric, umhlangano wabanjwa ngo-1915. Ngaleso sikhathi, le mbongi encane yahlangana nodadewabo - u-Elsa Treole, futhi lapho intombazane yahola uVladimir efulethini. Lapho iMayakovsky First Funda le nkondlo "Cloud kubhulukwe", bese unikezela ngokuqinile letha lakhe. Akumangazi, kepha isampula ye-heroine yale nkondlo kwakunguSculptor Maria Denisov, lapho imbongi yathandana khona ngo-1914.
Ngokushesha kwaqubuka khona inoveli phakathi kweVladimir ne-lily, ngenkathi u-Osip Bric evale amehlo akhe ukudlulisa umkakhe. U-Lilya waba ngumnyuziyamu weMayakovsky, wawunikezela cishe kuwo wonke amavesi akhe othando. Uveze ukujula okungenamkhawulo kwemizwa yakhe ku-bric kule mithetho elandelayo: "Umgogodla umtshingo", "umuntu", "kubo bonke", "uLelichka!" Futhi njll.
Ithandana ndawonye ibamba iqhaza kumafilimu anamafuphi "afakwe yifilimu" (1918). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngo-1918, izitini kanye nembongi enkulu yaqala ukuhlala ndawonye, okuhambisana ngokuphelele nomqondo okhona womshado - umqondo wothando ngaleso sikhathi. Bashintshe indawo yabo yokuhlala kaningana, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye bahlala ndawonye. Imvamisa, iMayakovsky yake yaqukethe umndeni wakwaBriks, futhi kusukela kuwo wonke uhambo olunye ngamanye amazwe angenise izipho zokunethezeka ezihamba phambili (ngokwesibonelo, imoto ye-Renault).
Naphezu kokunamathiselwe okungenamkhawulo kwembongi kuLelichk, kwakukhona abanye abathandekayo empilweni yakhe, ngisho nezingane zamnika. Ngo-1920, uMayakovsky waba nobudlelwano obusondelene nomculi uLily Lavinskaya, owamngenisa nendodana kaGlebi-Nikitu (1921-1986).
Ngo-1926 kwaphawula omunye umhlangano omubi. UVladimir Met Ellie Jones - Umfuduki waseRussia, owamnika indodakazi ka-Elena - uPatricia (1926-2016). Futhi, ubudlelwano be-mimoletifec buhlotshaniswa nembongi noSofia Shamardina noNatalia Brojanhenko.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eParis, imbongi evelele yahlangana nokufuduka kweTatiana Yakovleva. Imizwa yaqala phakathi kwabo iboshwe futhi yathembisa ukuthi iphenduke into enkulu futhi inde. UMayakovsky wayefuna i-Yakovleva ukuthi eze eMoscow, kepha wenqaba. Kwathi ngo-1929, uVladimir wanquma ukuya eTatiana, nokho, izinkinga zokuthola i-visa zaba yisithiyo esingenakuvinjwa.
Uthando lokugcina uVladimir Mayakovsky wayengumlingisi osemusha futhi oshadile uVeronica Polonskaya. Imbongi yafuna ukuba nentombazane eneminyaka engu-21 ubudala ukuyeka umyeni wayo, kepha uVeronica akazange axazululwe ngezinguquko ezinkulu kangako empilweni, ngoba iMayakovsky eneminyaka engu-36 yabonakala sengathi iyaphikisana, iyaphoqeka futhi ingeyona engapheli.
Ubunzima ebudlelwaneni nomuntu othandekayo owayenesithandwa esikhulu esinyathelweni esibulalayo. Nguye owokugcina owabona uVladimir ngaphambi kokuba afe futhi wamcela ngentokozo ukuthi angayi ekuzijwayezeni okuhleliwe. Awunaso isikhathi sokuvala umnyango wentombazane, njengoba kuzwakala isibhamu esibulalayo. Polonkaya akazange afune ukuza emngcwabeni, ngoba izihlobo zembongi zikubheka njengecala ekufeni komuntu womdabu.