I-Biograge
UKarl Marx ungumfowabo we-mudeologism of Socialism, umbhali wenhloko-dolobha omkhulu ", umsunguli weMarxism.
Isazi sefilosofi esizayo sazalwa ngoMeyi 5, 1818 emndenini wamaJuda athi uHenry Marx noHenrietta Marx ku-German City Treier. Abazali babengeyamindeni emibili emikhulu yorabi. Ubaba uCarl wahlanganyela ekubusweni nasekupheleni komsebenzi waba ngumsekeli wenkolo yamaLuthere. Umama wahlanzwa nezingane eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ngemuva komyeni wakhe, ngo-1824. UKarl Marx wayeyingane yesithathu emndenini omkhulu. Ubaba, fan of the Imibono ye-Epoch of incane kanye nefilosofi kaKant, wathonywa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa komfana.
Umngani uHeinrich Ludwig von Westphalen wethule uCharles osemusha ngefilosofi yasendulo, izincwadi zokuvuselela. Ngo-1835, le nsizwa iphothule eTristier Gymnasium Friedrich-Wilhelm, eyathola izisekelo zolwazi lwe-mathematics, isiLatin, isiJalimane, isiGreki nesiFulentshi. Ngemuva kwalokho, wangena e-University of Bonn, wabe esedlulisela eBerlin. Ezinkulumo, abafundi bafundisa ifilosofi, ubuqili nomlando. Ngokuhlola ngokuzimela imisebenzi yabacabangi besikhathi esedlule, uMarx wathatha njengesisekelo sokubukwa Kwakhe komhlaba, imfundiso yeHegel, lapho le nsizwa yaheha khona izici zokungakholelwa kokungakholelwa nakuNkulunkulu.
Ngaphansi kobuholi beLudwig von vestphalan Carl Marx Marx Marx Marx ngo-24, Udala ukuqondiswa ocwaningweni lwemibono yefilosofi ye-Epicur neDemoitus. Ngaphezu kwefilosofi yakudala, uMarku uKarl wanaka ngokukhethekile imisebenzi kaFeuerbach, uSmith, uRicardo, uSanta Simon nabanye abacabangi bendawo yesimanje.
Imisebenzi yomphakathi nezepolitiki
Ekuqaleni, amamaki umsebenzi owenzelwe ukuba nguprofesa e-University of Bonn, kepha uhulumeni osabela ekugcineni kwama-30s avele aqala ukuhlanza phakathi kwabasebenzi bezokufundisa eyunivesithi ukuqeda izimpande ezinyaweni. Ngemuva kukaLudwig Feyerbach, uSolwazi Bruno Bauer waxoshwa, ngakho-ke uMarx wenqabile umbono wokufundisa.
Ngemuva konyaka, incwadi kaMarx "yokugxeka ifilosofi ye-gegel yomthetho". Insizwa ihlelwe ukuba isebenze "ephephandabeni laseRhine", lapho kuholela khona ikholomu yezepolitiki. Isazi sefilosofi senziwa ngokugxekwa okubukhali kombuso wobusa. Ekugcineni, amakhasi okushicilelwa kweMarx aqala ukucela ukuchithwa kombuso okhona, owaletha ulaka lukahulumeni. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi, umhleli wephephandaba uKarl wabona ukuthi ubuthakathaka ukucabanga ngeso lengqondo ukwakheka komnotho wezepolitiki, ngakho-ke kwakulungisa ekufundweni kombuzo wenzalo.
Intatheli encane yisazi sefilosofi esithola ukwesekwa okuvela kubantu basePrussia, okuphezulu okuphezulu kuzama ukuheha ohlangothini lwaKhe. Kepha uMarx akavumelani nokuyekethisa ngombuso wamaphoyisa. Kwesinqumo esinjalo somcabangi osemusha uphoqelela ukuxoshwa. Ekwindla ka-1843, uKarl Marx, kanye nezihlobo zakhe, ushiya izwe lakubo abuyele enhlokodolobha yaseFrance.
EParis, isazi sefilosofi sihlangana nezinjini ze-Friedrich ezizayo, kanye nembongi yaseJalimane uHeinrich Heine. Iminyaka emibili, uMguquko wajikelezwa emibuthanweni eyi-rance yaseFrance. UMarx ujwayelana nemibono yabasunguli be-Anarchism P. Disfon noM. Bakunina.
Ngemuva kuka-1845, uCarl Marx uthuthela eBelgium. Ngokubambisana nezingeli, isazi sefilosofi siba yilungu le-International International Society "Union of Fair", elalihlelwe eBrussels yizakhamizi zaseJalimane. Abasebenzi abangaphansi komhlaba bayala izibalo ezimbili ukudala umbhalo woHlelo LwezamaKhomanisi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wokubambisana we-marx kanye nengels, i- "Manifesto Commin Party" yakhipha, eyakhipha uhlelo olunqunyelwe endlini yokuphrinta yaseLondon ekuqaleni kuka-1848.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, abaphathi baseBelgia baphoqa uMarx ukuthi baphume ezweni, futhi iNororist of Commanism inyanga inyanga isuka eParis, lapho ibuyela khona eya eJalimane. ECologne, uhlelo lokuguqula i- "Neue Rheinische Zeitung" luqala khona ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMarx kanye nasezinjini, kepha ukukhishwa kwalo kunqanyulwa ngenxa yokuvulwa kwabasebenzi baseSAXON, Rhine naseSouth-Western izifunda zaseJalimane. Iqala ukucindezelwa.
Isikhathi seLondon
Umsebenzi ohlelweni lwezepolitiki ukuyogaya uCharles phambi kweziphathimandla, kanye nososayensi kanye nomndeni ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-50 bafudukela eLondon. Kwakuse-UK ukuthi ngonyaka we-1867 kwaba khona umsebenzi omkhulu ku-biography of Marx - "Capital". Isazi sefilosofi sisebenza kakhulu esifundweni sezindawo ezahlukahlukene zesayensi, phakathi kwefilosofi yezenhlalo, ezomnotho wezepolitiki, izibalo, i-agrochemistry kanye nama-minerogy adonsela ukunaka okukhethekile. Okokuqala, umndeni wakwaMarx eLondon wawumpofu kakhulu, kodwa ngokushesha izigaxa zasiza isize sefilososofi, eyayinamkhaya oyisisekelo.
Ngo-1864, "inhlangano yomsebenzi wamazwe omhlaba" noma owokuqala waphesheya kwamazwe omhlaba avulwe ngaphansi kobuholi be-marx. Ekuqaleni, umgogodla wenhlangano wawungama-anarchists, ama-French Socialican, ama-inthanethi ase-Italy, ama-tred-maniasts. Mayelana nokunqotshwa kweParis Commune ngo-1872, uMarx uthuthele eNew York, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 umphakathi uyeke ukuba khona eMelika. Futhi ngo-1889 kuphela, onke amazwe amabili, ozongena esikhundleni semibono yezwe lokuqala.
Imfingo
Izimiso zemibono kaCharles Marx zakhiwa maphakathi nama-40s. Umqondo kaLudwig Feyerbach, umbono kaLudwig Feyerbach, wayesekelwe emcabangweni kaLudwig Feyerbach, wabe esengena kwimpikiswano. Emsebenzini wakhe uqobo, isazi sefilosofi safingqa imibono yezimfundiso zesiJalimane, isiNgisi nesiFulentshi sefilosofi nezepolitiki. Ngokusekelwe kulokho okufundwayo, iKarl Marx yadala uhlelo olungaguquguquki, oluqinile lokubukwa kokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, umphakathi wezenhlalo kanye nokunyakaza okusebenzayo.Indaba Yokwenziwa Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo
Ngokokuqala ngqa, umqondo wokuthi "umlando wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo" uvele emsebenzini ohlanganyelwe we-marx kanye ne-endels "Indeology yaseJalimane". Ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe kwalo mbono kuthuthukiswe ku- "Manifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi" kanye "nokugxekwa komnotho wezepolitiki". UMarx wasungula ifomula edumile: "UGenesise unquma ukwazi." Ngokusho kososayensi, isisekelo somphakathi ngamunye kuwumkhiqizo owamandla lapho ezinye izikhungo zomphakathi ezilungiselelwe khona: Kwezepolitiki, iJurisprusence, Inkolo, ubuciko.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko womphakathi ukulondolozela ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla okukhiqiza nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza, okuphikisana nokuphikisana nokuvuselelwa kwezenhlalo. Emcabangweni womlando wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, uKarl Marx uhlukanisa ubuciko bezinceku eziphethwe yizigqila, ze-feudal, bourgeois nezamakhomanisi. Ubukhomanisi buhlukaniswe izinyathelo ezimbili, obuphansi kakhulu be-socialism, kanye ne-highs ephezulu kakhulu - empeleni ubukhomanisi nokuqedwa kwazo zonke izikhungo zezezimali.
Ubukhomanisi Wesayensi
UKarl Marx njengengxenye yomqondo wentuthuko yomlando wesintu owabe umzabalazo wekilasi njengembutho yokushayela ngenxa yokuthuthuka komphakathi. I-Preletariat Marx kanye ne-Engels babheka ekilasini, elizoqala ukubhula ongxowana futhi lizoholela ekusungulweni kwe-oda elisha lamanye amazwe. Ukuze uthole lokhu udinga ukuguqulwa komhlaba."Capital" kanye neSocialism
UKarl Marx e-Labour "Capital" uveze ngokuphelele umqondo wakhe wezomnotho wobunkulunkulu. Umthamo wokuqala wadedelwa eminyakeni eyi-6 ngaphambi kokushona kososayensi, lokhu okulandelayo kwaphuma ngemuva kokufa kwefilosofi, ngosizo lomngane wezinjini zomngane. Umthamo wesine womsebenzi uCharles Marx waba yincwadi "yombono wenani elisele", eyabhalwa eminyakeni engu-5 ngaphambi kokukhishwa komthamo wokuqala we- "capital".
Umbhalo wokwakheka wembula izingqinamba zokukhiqizwa kwemali, umthetho wenani. Imiqondo yefomula ye-Capital Capital, Amandla wezabasebenzi, inhlokodolobha ehlala njalo, imali eguquguqukayo, ngokuphelele (ubukhulu) kanye nenani le-Surples (elifanelekile) le-reft. Ngokusho komqondo weKarl Marx, ubungxowankulu banokungafani okungapheli kwe-AC kanye nenhlokodolobha engapheli kuvusa izingqinamba zezomnotho, ekugcineni okuholela ekunciphiseni kohlelo nokuqedwa kwezindawo zobunikazi eziyimfihlo, okuthathelwa indawo yimpahla yomphakathi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Eminyakeni yabafundi, uKarl Marx wahlangana nentombazane encane, idolobha lokuqala elihle le-Trier. I-Counterss Bangemuva yaseWestphalan yayindala kunomcabangi osemusha iminyaka emi-4, kepha lokhu akuzange kuvikele inoveli enesivunguvungu. I-aristocracy yenqabile izimbumbulu eziningi zemithombo emele ngenxa yomfundi osemusha. Iminyaka engu-6, abantu abasha baye babandakanyeka ngasese, ngoba umndeni wakwaJalimane onobuntu, okwakukhona umlokokokokokokokokokokokokokokokokokokokoti kwawo, kwakungekuhle kwezeluleko ze-novice nemvelaphi yamaJuda. Kepha lokhu akuzange kuvinjelwe othandweni ukudlala umshado ngo-1843 edolobheni laseKreuznakh.
Kamuva, umfowamusheli wabesifazane, owayesebenza njengoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi kwePrussia iminyaka eyi-8, waphishekela umndeni wakwaMarx futhi waba nomthelela ekuxoshweni kwabo kokugcina ezweni. By the way, umkhosi omkhulu womfazi kaKarl Marx Ludwig von Korzig kwakunguNgqongqoshe Wezezimali, bese kuba nguNdunankulu wakamuva we-3
Umshado kaMarx wawunamandla kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside. Umlingani wefilosofi hhayi umfazi wakhe othembekile kuphela, kodwa nomngane. Owesifazane wasiza uKarl Marx ekubhaleni izincwadi. Izingane eziyisikhombisa zazalelwa emndenini wabalingani abanothando, kepha abane kubo bafa ebuntwaneni. Amadodakazi amathathu ombhali adumile. Ubulili obukhulu - umsebenzi wezepolitiki, intatheli, unkosikazi wensimu yaseLafarga. ULaura - Socialist French, unkosikazi kaCharles Long. Eleanora - umlingani u-Edward eweling. Izazi-mlando zibhalwe nguKarl Marx, ubunzi bomgcini wendlu yengane ye-Elena Family Demoum. Ngemuva kokushona kwefilosofi, okokugcina kwathatha izingeli ngaphezulu komfana.
Ukushona
Ngo-1878, unkosikazi kaMarx ushonile ngemuva kokugula isikhathi eside. Owesifazane balwa nomdlavuza iminyaka embalwa. Ukulahleka kwephule uKarl, futhi washona esuka ePleuritis ngoMashi 14, 1883. UMarx wangcwatshwa eceleni komkakhe e-khaightsky Cemetery.
Kwakunabantu abangu-10 abasemongweni, ama-Marx Comedes. Ithonya elikhulu ekusakazweni kwemibono kaKarl Marx yanikezwa ama-Friedrich Engels, owaba ngumhleli womsebenzi ongadingekile wefilosofi.
Ukukhumbula
Igama likaKarl Marx lakhazinyuliswa ngemuva kokunqoba kuka-Okthoba Revolution of 1917. Ensimini ye-USSR, umgwaqo noma indlela kaKarl Marx yavela ekuhlalweni ngakunye. Ezweni lomholi lomholi we-International Proletariat, isifunda saseKarl-Marx Stadt sasungulwa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-GDR. Ngemuva kokuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin, lapho iDemocratic Republic iqedwa, isifunda sayeka ukuba khona.
Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, cishe kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala, izikhumbuzo zikaKarl Marx zavuleka. Isikhumbuzo sokuqala savela edolobheni lasePhenza ngo-1918. Eminye imitapo yolwazi nezikhungo zesayensi zanikezelwa egameni likaKarl Marx.
I-Bibliography
- Umehluko phakathi kwefilosofi yemvelo yeDemonomit ne-Naturophilosophy ye-Epicura - 1841
- Ukugxekwa kwefilosofi yaseGegelian Okomthetho - 1843
- Imibhalo yesandla yezomnotho nezefilosofi - 1844
- Theses nge-Feyerbach - 1845
- Indeology yaseJalimane - 1846
- Umsebenzi oqashiwe kanye nenhlokodolobha - 1847
- Umholo - 1847
- Iqembu lamaKhomanisi liyabonakala - ngo-1848
- Ukugxeka umnotho wezepolitiki - 1859
- Umholo, intengo nenzuzo - 1865
- Capital, t. 1. - 1867
- Capital, vol. 2. - 1885
- Capital, t. 3. - 1894
- Capital, t. 4. - 1905