I-Biograge
Umcabangi wasendulo wamaGrikhi u-Euclidean waba yisazi sokuqala sezibalo zesikole sase-Alexandria kanye noMlobi wenye yezindlela zakudala zezibalo ze-theorretical matmatics. Mayelana ne-biography yalolu usosayensi yaziwa ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yakhe. Ngakho-ke, emsebenzini odumile we- "Farm" euclium uchaze i-stereometer, i-plarimetry, izici zemibono yezinombolo, wadala isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okulandelayo kwezibalo.
I-biography ka-Euclida kuthiwa iqale ngo-325 BC (lolu usuku olusondele, unyaka wokuzalwa akwaziwa) e-Alexandria. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi isazi sezibalo esizayo sazalelwa edeshi, futhi sachitha iningi lempilo yabantu abadala eDamaseku. Cishe, i-Eucliduan yaqhamuka emndenini ocebile, njengoba ayefunda esikoleni sasePlato sase-Atheni sase-Athene (ngaleso sikhathi imfundo enjalo yatholakala kuphela kwizakhamizi ezicebile).
Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi umbhali "waqala" wawumncane kunabalandeli bakaPlato, owayehlala futhi esebenza ngekhulu lama-427 kuya kwangama-347, kodwa wazalwa ngo-282 futhi washona ku-212 ethu. I-Euclid ifakwe emcabangweni wefilosofi kaPlato futhi wabelana ngezinhlinzeko zayo eziphambili.
Imininingwane engenhla mayelana nobuntu nendlela yokuphila ye-Euclida idonswa ngabacwaningi abavela kumazwana, abhalwe nguye encwadini yokuqala "eqala". Owaziwa nangokuthi izitatimende zomgwaqo ne-papp ngobuntu bomcabangi wasendulo wamaGrikhi. Izinti okusolwa ukuthi zisho lokho ziphendula umbuzo womfundi mayelana nalolu sizo oluvela kwisayensi, i-Euclide yayala isigqila ukuba simnikeze izinhlamvu zemali ezimbalwa. UPapa ubuye waphawula nokuthi usosayensi wayazi ukuthi ungaba kanjani nomusa futhi uthambile nanoma yimuphi umuntu ongaba wusizo ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezibalo.
Idatha egciniwe ku-Euclidean incane kakhulu futhi iyathandeka ukuthi inguqulo yokwabiwa kwe-pseudonym "ye-euclide" yamaqembu wonke ososayensi abavela endulo e-Alexandria. I-Euclida alexandria ididekile nesazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esivela eMegath, umfundi kaSocrates, owayehlala ngekhulu lama-400 BC. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, i-Euclida evela eMegar yaze yabheka ukuthi umbhali "waqala".
Isayensi yezibalo
Ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi samahhala e-Euclide yayibanjelwe emtapweni wezincwadi wase-Alexandria - ithempeli lolwazi, elisuselwa ku-ptolem. Ezindongeni zalesi sikhungo, usosayensi wasendulo wamaGreek owenza inhlangano yemithetho ye-arithmetic, imigomo yejometri kanye nethiyori yezinombolo ezingenangqondo eJiyomethri. Imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo we-Euclid ochazwe encwadini ethi "Ukuqala" - I-Essay, eletha umthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezibalo.
Incwadi iqukethe amavolumu ayishumi nanhlanu:
- Encwadini ethi Mina, umbhali ukhuluma ngezakhiwo zama-paralleliograms kanye nonxantathu, ophothule uhlelo lokusebenza ngokusetshenziswa kwePytagora theorem lapho kubalwa amapharamitha onxantathu.
- Le ncwadi nge-ITER II ichaza imigomo namaphethini we-geometric algebra futhi ibuyele emuva emithwalweni yolwazi eqongelelwe ama-pythagoreans.
- Ezincwadini III no-IV, i-Euclidean ibheka iJiyomethri yemibuthano, ichazwe futhi ichazwe ama-polygons. Ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwale minyaka yonke, umlobi angafaka isicelo ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi ye-hippocrat ye-chios.
- Encwadini ye-V, isazi sezibalo sasendulo samaGrikhi sacubungula umbono ojwayelekile wezilinganiso ezenziwe yi-EVDOX Book.
- Ezintweni ze-VI Book, umlobi unamathisela umbono ophelele wokulingana kwe-Euddox Bigky emcabangweni walezo zibalo.
- Izincwadi ngaphansi kwezinombolo vii-ix zichaza umbono wezinombolo. Lapho ubhala le mavolumu, isazi sezibalo saphinde saphendukela kwezinto zokwakha futhi saqoqwa ama-pythagoreans - abameleli bosizo, lapho indima ephakathi nendawo inembatho ephakathi nendawo. Kule misebenzi, umbhali ukhuluma ngokuthuthuka kwejometri kanye nokulingana, kufakazela ukuthi infinity yesethi yezinombolo eziphambili, ufunda ngisho nezinombolo eziphelele, wethula umqondo wezindawo (i-divisor evamile kakhulu). I-algorithm yokuthola isihlukanisi esinjalo njengamanje ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Euclide algorithm. Kunomqondo wokuthi incwadi ye-VIII ayibhalwanga ngu-Euclideya uqobo, kodwa ukwakhiwa kweTartan.
- UTom ngenombolo x ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu futhi ozungezile ku- "waqala", oqukethe ukuhlukaniswa kokunambuzelayo. Ukubhalwa kwale ncwadi nakho kuyindlela engaziwa: Kungabhalwa zombili nge-euclideya uqobo neTete of Athene.
- Emakhasini encwadi ye-XI, isibalo sezibalo sikhuluma ngezisekelo ze-stereemetry.
- Incwadi i-XII iqukethe ubufakazi bokuthi ama-Volume of Cones kanye namaphiramidi, ubudlelwano bendawo yemibuthano. Ukwakha lobu bufakazi, sebenzisa indlela yokukhathala. Iningi labaphenyi liyavuma ukuthi le ncwadi nayo ibhala hhayi i-Eclide. Umbhali ongabazekayo yincwadi ye-evndox.
- Izinto zencwadi ye-XIII ziqukethe imininingwane ekwakhiweni kwe-polyhedra emihlanu efanele ("izidumbu ze-platonic"). Ingxenye ethile yokwakhiwa okunikezwe kwiVolumu ingahlakulela i-Athene lete:
- Izincwadi XIV neXV, ngokusho kwemibono eyamukelekayo evamile, futhi ingeyabanye ababhali. Ngakho-ke, ivolumu ye-penultimate "yaqala" yabhala i-gypsycle (futhi yahlala e-Alexandria, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi i-Euclida), futhi okokugcina - isikhulu - i-ISIDOR MILETSKY (yakha iSonto laseSt. ISophia eConstantinople ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesithupha).
Ngaphambi kokuvela "kwaqala", i-Euclidean isebenza ngegama elifanayo, okuyinto eyayingeyona eyethulwa ngokungaguquki kwamaqiniso asemqoka we-theoretical arithmetic kanye geometry, ahlanganiswa yiLent, HipPos, Chios, Fendem. Bonke banyamalala kuwo wonke umuntu ngemuva kokuvela kwe-Euclid.
Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili, amavolumu ayishumi nanhlanu "aqala" enza njengencwajana eyisisekelo yokuqeqesha eJoumetry. Umsebenzi uhunyushelwa kwi-Arabhu, bese ungena esiNgisini. "Ukuqala" kubhalwe kabusha izikhathi ezingamakhulu, futhi izibalo eziyisisekelo zezibalo ezichazwe kuzo zisasebenza nanamuhla.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinto zokwenziwa ngumbhali ngokusebenza akuyona into yazo, futhi imibono eyaziwa ngaphambilini. Umnyombo womsebenzi ka-Euclid bekuwukucubungula okuqukethwe, ukuhlelwa kwawo kanye nemininingwane yedatha ehlakazekile ndawonye. Ezinye izincwadi ezi-Euclid zaqala uhlu lwezincazelo, encwadini yokuqala kukhona nohlu lwama-axioms kanye nama-postulates.
I-Euclide Postulates ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: Imiqondo ejwayelekile efaka phakathi imiqiniseko yesayensi evamile, kanye nama-geometric axioms. Ngakho-ke, eqenjini lokuqala kunezitatimende ezinjalo:
"Uma amanani amabili alingana nengxenye yesithathu, khona-ke ayalingana." "Konke okungaphezu kwenani lezingxenye".Isibonelo, eqenjini lesibili, izitatimende ezilandelayo:
"Kusuka kunoma yiliphi iphuzu kunoma yiliphi iphuzu ongalisebenzisa ngqo." "Onke amakona aqondile ayalingana.""Ukuqala" akuyona ukuphela kwencwadi ebhalwe yi-Euclide. Ubuye wabhala inqwaba yemisebenzi embonini ekade (embonini entsha ye-Optics, ngezinga elikhulu elisho umsebenzi wezibalo wezibuko). Imisebenzi eminingana, usosayensi onikezelwe esifundweni sezigaba ezi-conical. I-Mathematics ibuye yathuthukisa imicabango kanye nemihlobiso ephathelene ne-trajectory yokuhamba kwemizimba nemithetho yama-mechanics. Waba ngumbhali wamathuluzi asemqoka asebenza iJiyomethri - okubizwa ngokuthi "ukwakhelwa kwe-Euclidean". Iningi lomsebenzi walomcabangi wakudala wamaGrikhi akazange afike kulolu suku.
Ifilosofi
Ezikhathini zasendulo, ifilosofi yayigcwele ezinye izimboni eziningi zolwazi lwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, iJiyomethri, i-Astronomy, izibalo kanye nomculo kwakuthathwa njengesayensi yezibalo, ukuqonda okudingekayo esifundweni esifanelekile sefilosofi. I-Euclid yathuthukisa ukufundisa kukaPlato ngezinto ezine ezinikezwe ngokuya nge-polyhedra emine:
- Into yomlilo yenza i-tetrahedron;
- into yomoya ihambelana ne-octahedron;
- Into Emhlabeni Ihlotshaniswa ne-Cube;
- Into yamanzi ihlotshaniswa ne-ikosahedr.
Kulesi simo, "isiqalo" kungabhekwa njengohlobo lokufundisa ekwakhiweni "kwezidumbu eziyi-platonic", okungukuthi, i-polyhedra emihlanu efanelekile. Ukufundisa kuqukethe zonke izimfuneko ezidingekayo, ubufakazi kanye nama-ligaments. Ubufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka ukwakha izidumbu ezinjalo buqediwe ngokuvuma iqiniso lokuthi azikho eminye imizimba efanele, ngaphandle kwemininingwane emihlanu, ayikho.
Cishe wonke ama-theorem we-Euclide 'aqala "ahambelana nezinkomba zomsebenzi wobufakazi bakwa-Aristotle. Ngakho-ke, umlobi uhlala ethola umphumela ngenxa yezizathu, akha uchungechunge lobufakazi obunengqondo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ufakazela ukuvunywa okujwayelekile, okuhambisana nezimfundiso zika-Aristotle.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Imininingwane ethile kuphela ngomsebenzi we-Euclidean kwisayensi esifikile kithi, cishe akukho lutho olungaziwa ngempilo yakhe. Kunenganekwane inkosi yasePtolemy, eyanquma ukutadisha iJiyomethri, yacasulwa yinkimbinkimbi yayo. Wabe esephendukela e-Eclide wamcela ukuba akhombe ngendlela elula yokwazi ukuthi umcabangi waphendula: "Ayikho umgwaqo wasebukhosini eJoumetry." Inkulumo kamuva yabikwa.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngaphansi komtapo wezincwadi wase-Alexandria, lo ososayensi basendulo abangamaGreek basungula isikole sangasese sezibalo. Kuyo wafunda abathanda kakhulu isayensi, kanye ne-Euclideya uqobo. Ngisho nasekuhlelweni kwempilo yakhe, u-Euclid wasiza abafundi emsebenzini wokubhala, wakha imibono yabo futhi wathuthukisa ubufakazi obufanele.
Ayikho imininingwane enembile ngokubukeka kososayensi. Izithombe zakhe kanye nemifanekiso yakhe ziyizithelo zomcabango wabadali bazo, zasungula isithombe esidluliselwa esizukulwaneni sakwaZizukulwane.
Ukushona
Ngokusobala, i-Euclid yafa ngo-260s esikhathini sethu. Izimbangela eziqondile zokufa aziziwa. Ifa lososayensi lisinde kuye iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili futhi yaphefumulela abantu abaningi abakhulu ngaphambi kwekhulu leminyaka ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.
Kukholakala ukuthi osopolitiki u-Abraham Lincoln bayakuthanda ukucaphuna izitatimende ze-Euclidea ezinkulumweni zakhe futhi waqala "amavolumu ambalwa.
Ososayensi beminyaka elandelayo esekelwe emisebenzini ye-euclide. Ngakho-ke, isazi sezibalo saseRussia uNikolai Lobachevsky wasebenzisa izinto zomcabangi wasendulo wamaGrikhi ukuthuthukisa i-geometry ye-hyperbolic, noma i-lobachevsky geometry. Ifomethi yeMathematics, eyadalwa yi-Euclide, manje yaziwa ngokuthi "iJiclidean JEOMETRY". Usosayensi futhi wadala idivaysi yokuthola ukuphakama kwethoni yentambo futhi wafunda ubudlelwano bokuphumula, okufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi zomculo zekhibhodi.
I-Bibliography
- "Ukuqala"
- "Idatha"
- "Ekuhlukanisweni"
- "Phenomena"
- "I-Optics"
- "Izimpi"
- "Izigaba ezi-conical"
- "Izindawo ezingaphezulu"
- "Pseudaria"
- "Ama-Catoptrics"
- "Ukuhlukanisa UCanon"