I-Biograge
Isazi sasendulo samaGrikhi, isazi kanye noNjiniyela u-Archimeda wenza ukutholwa okuningi kwejometri, wabeka izisekelo ze-hydrostatic kanye nemishini, wadala ukusungulwa okwakukhona njengendawo yokuqala ukuthuthuka kwesayensi. Izinganekwane mayelana ne-Archimedee zadalwa empilweni yakhe. Iminyaka eminingana, usosayensi uchithe e-Alexandria, lapho ahlangana khona futhi wathuthela isikhathi sakhe nezinye izibalo eziningi zesayensi zesikhathi sakhe esikhulu.
I-biography yama-archimedes yaziwa ngemisebenzi kaTitz, uCicero, ePolybia, iLibya, i-vitruvia kanye nabanye ababhali abaphila ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yisayensi uqobo. Hlola izinga lokuthembela kwale datha linzima. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-archimedes azalelwa ekoloni lamaGreek laseSyracuse, eSicily Island. Uyise, kungenzeka ukuthi waba yisazi sezinkanyezi kanye ne-fidium matemating. UPlutarch waphinde waveza ukuthi usosayensi wayeyisihlobo esiseduze sombusi omuhle nonekhono we-yracuse Gieron II.
Mhlawumbe, ama-archimedes ayeseyingane eSyrakuse, futhi esemncane ukuthola imfundo yaya e-Alexandria yaseGibhithe. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, leli dolobha bekulokhu liyisikhungo samasiko nesayensi yezwe lakudala elimpumputhe. Usosayensi Wezemfundo Amabanga Amabanga aphansi, wamukelwa ngobaba. Njengoba sesiphilele iminyaka eminingana e-Alexandria, u-Archimeda wabuyela eSirakuse wahlala lapho kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
Ubunjiniyela
Umlingisi wesayensi athuthukise ngentshiseko izakhiwo zemishini. Uveze umbono onemininingwane ye-lever futhi wasebenzisa le mbono esebenza ngempumelelo, yize ukusungulwa kwaziwa ngqo phambi kwakhe. Kubandakanya, ngesisekelo solwazi kule ndawo, wenza izindlela eziningi ze-block-lever ethekwini laseSyrakuse. Lawa madivayisi awenza lula ukukhuphuka futhi ahambise imithwalo esindayo, okuvumela ukuthi usheshise futhi wenze umsebenzi wetheku. Futhi "Archimedes Screw", okuhloswe ngalo umdwebo wamanzi, usasetshenziswa eGibhithe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ucwaningo lwezemibono lososayensi emkhakheni wamakhenikha. Ethembele ebufakazini bomthetho we-lever, waqala ukubhala umsebenzi "ekulinganiseni kwezibalo ezifulethi". Ubufakazi bususelwa ku-axiom ukuthi umzimba olinganayo ulingana kufanele ulingane nesidingo. Isisekelo esifanayo sokwakha incwadi - ama-archimede aqala ngobufakazi bomthetho wawo, futhi lapho ubhala umsebenzi "kwimizimba yokubhukuda". Le ncwadi iqala ngokuchazwa komthetho owaziwayo we-Archimedes.
Izibalo kanye ne-physics
Ukutholwa emkhakheni wezibalo kwakuyintokozo yangempela yososayensi. Ngokusho kwePlutarch, ama-Archimedes akhohlwa ngokudla nokunakekela yena, lapho wema embundwini wokusungulwa okulandelayo kule ndawo. Ukuqondisa okukhulu kocwaningo lwayo lwezibalo kwakuyizinkinga zokuhlaziywa kwezibalo.
Ngisho nangaphambi kwe-Archimedes, amafomula asungulwe ukubala indawo yombuthano nama-polygons, iphiramidi, i-cone kanye ne-prism. Kepha okuhlangenwe nakho kososayensi kwamvumela ukuba athuthukise amasu ajwayelekile wokubala amanani kanye nezindawo. Kuze kube manje, ukhulise indlela yokukhathala esungulwe yi-Euddox Book, futhi yaletha ikhono ukuyisebenzisa ezingeni elisezingeni elifanele. U-Archimedes akazange abe nguMdali we-Theory of Calcular Calculus, kepha umsebenzi wakhe kamuva waba yisisekelo salo mbono.
Isazi sezibalo sabeka nezisekelo zeCalculus ehlukile. Ngombono wejometri, wafunda amathuba okuthola umugqa we-tangential kwijika, kusuka endaweni ebonakalayo yokubuka - isivinini somzimba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Usosayensi wahlola ijika elifuywayo elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Archimedean Spiral. Uthole indlela yokuqala evamile yokuthola ukuthinta kwe-hyperbole, parabole kanye ne-ellipse. Ngaleminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa, ososayensi bakwazi ukubona ngokuphelele futhi baveze yonke imibono yama-archimedes abafinyelele kulezo zikhathi emibhalweni yakhe egciniwe. Usosayensi wayevame ukunqabile ukuchaza ukusungulwa ezincwadini, yingakho kungekho zonke izindlela ezazibhalwe zona namuhla.
Ukutholwa okuhle, usosayensi wabheka ukusungulwa kwefomula yokubala indawo engaphezulu kanye nevolumu yebhola. Uma amacala achazwe ngaphambilini we-Archimeda acwengekile futhi athuthukise eminye imibono, noma adale izindlela zokubala ngokushesha njengenye indlela yamafomula asevele akhona, khona-ke esimweni sokuzimisela kwevolumu, kwakuqala. Phambi kwakhe, akekho usosayensi owabhekana nalo msebenzi. Ngakho-ke, isazi sezibalo sacela ukungqongqoza itshe lakhe lethuna, libhalwe kusilinda.
Umthetho we-Archimedes
Ukutholwa kososayensi emkhakheni we-physics kwakuyisitatimende esaziwa ngokuthi yi-ACT of Archimedes. Kunqume ukuthi kuyo yonke imizimba, egxilwe ku-ketshezi, ibeka ingcindezi yamandla aqhakazayo. Kuqondiswa phezulu, futhi ngobukhulu obulingana nesisindo soketshezi, okwakukhona kuthathwe ngokubeka umzimba ku-ketshezi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ubuningi balokhu uketshezi.
Kunenganekwane ehambisana nalokhu kutholwa. Ngolunye usuku, kuthiwa uGieron II kuthiwa wasebenza kusosayensi, owababuza ukuthi isisindo somqhele senzelwe ukuba sihambisane nesisindo segolide, esinikezwe ukudala. U-Archimeda wenza ama-ingots amabili wesisindo esifanayo nomqhele: isiliva negolide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, washintshashintsha wabeka lezi zingelosi zaba umkhumbi ngamanzi futhi waphawula ukuthi izinga lalo likhuphuka isikhathi esingakanani. Lapho-ke usosayensi wafaka umqhele esitsheni futhi wathola ukuthi amanzi aphumeleli ezingeni lapho lakhuliswa khona lapho libekwe esitsheni se-ingots ngayinye. Ngakho-ke, kwatholakala ukuthi inkosi ishiye ingxenye yegolide kuye.
Kunenganekwane yokuthi ukwenza ukutholakala okubalulekile ku-physics kungokwesigcinwe ukugeza. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, usosayensi kuthiwa waphakamisela umlenze wawo emanzini, wathola ukuthi emanzini anesisindo esincane, wahlola ukuqonda. Isimo esinjalo sasinendawo yokuba yindawo, ngosizo lwayo, usosayensi wathola umthetho we-Archimedes, kodwa umthetho wesisindo esithile sezinsimbi.
Isifundo sezinkanyezi
U-Archimedes waba ngumsunguli weplanethi yokuqala. Lapho uhambisa le divayisi, qaphela:
- Inyanga yelanga nelanga;
- Ukuhambisa amaplanethi amahlanu;
- Ukunyamalala kwenyanga nelanga ngemuva komugqa okhaloyini;
- Izigaba kanye nezikhathi zenyanga zenyanga.
Usosayensi ubuye wazama ukudala amafomula ukubala amabanga aye emizimbeni yasezulwini. Abacwaningi banamuhla baphakamisa ukuthi u-Archimeda wabheka phakathi nendawo yezwe. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uVenes, uMars neMercury bazungeza ilanga, futhi lonke uhlelo lujikeleza umhlaba.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yososayensi yaziwa kakhulu kunalokho ngesayensi yakhe. Abaningi nabaphila ngesikhathi sabo baqamba izinganekwane eziningi mayelana nezibalo ezinesiphiwo, i-physics nonjiniyela. Inganekwane ithi ngolunye usuku uGieron II wanquma ukuletha isipho sePtolemy, inkosi yaseGibhithe, umkhumbi we-multiphhalinder. Isikebhe samanzi sanqunywa ukuba sibize igama elithi "Syracusa", kepha alizange lingene emanzini nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Kulesi simo, umbusi waphinde wanxusa ku-Archhimeda. Kusuka emabhulokini amaningana, wakhela lolu hlelo, lapho kwakwaziswa khona inzalo yesikejana esindayo ukuyenza ngokunyakaza kwesandla esisodwa. Uma ukholelwa izinganekwane, phakathi nale nhlangano, kuthiwa ama-Archimedes:
"Nginike iphuzu lesakhiwo, ngizoguqula umhlaba."Ukushona
Ku-212 BC, ngesikhathi seMpi yesibili yePunic, amaSiracuse afakwa amaRoma. U-Archimeda usebenzise ngolwazi lobunjiniyela lokusiza abantu bakhe ukunqoba. Ngakho-ke, wakha ukuphonsa imishini, ngosizo lwamasosha ama-sarracuse aphonsa khona abaphikisi ngamatshe asindayo. Lapho amaRoma egijimela ezindongeni zomuzi, enethemba lokuthi ngeke awele ngaphansi kokonga, okunye ukusungulwa kwama-archimedes kwakushintsha kancane amadivaysi esinyathelo esiseduze - kwasiza amaGreek ukuba abaphonse nge-nuclei.
Usosayensi wasiza abantu bakabo ezimpini zasolwandle. Imikhumbi yathuthuka nguYe yathumba imithambo yesitha enezingwegwe zensimbi, yabakhulisa kancane, yabe isibaphonsa. Ngenxa yalokhu, imikhumbi yaphenduka yaphenduka ukuwa. Isikhathi eside, le mikhumbi yayithathwa njengento efana nezinganekwane, kepha ngo-2005 iqembu labaphenyi lifakazele ukusebenza kwamadivayisi anjalo ngokwakhiwa kabusha ngezincazelo ezigciniwe.
Ngenxa yemizamo yama-archimedes, amaRoma aseNadezhda awela ekuhlaselweni kwedolobha. Ngemuva kwalokho banquma ukuya ekuvinjezelwe. Ekwindla ka-212 BC, ikoloni lathathwa amaRoma ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso. Ama-Archimedes ngalesi sehlakalo abulawa. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, iqhawe laseRoma limshisile, ososayensi ahlasele kuye ukuthi weza emdwebeni wakhe.
Abanye abacwaningi bathi indawo yokufa kuka-Archimedes yaba ilabhorethri yakhe. Ososayensi kuthiwa waba nzima kakhulu ocwaningweni, onqabile ukulandela amasosha amaRoma, owayalwa ukuba afeze ama-arbimedes e-warlord. Lokho ngentukuthelo kwamgwaza ikhehla ngenkemba yakhe.
Kukhona futhi ukuhlukahluka kwale ndaba, noma kunjalo, zihlangana ukuthi usopolitiki wasendulo waseRoma noMarcello babedabule kakhulu ukufa kososayensi futhi, behlangana nezakhamizi zakhe, futhi behlele umngcwabo we-archhimeda. UCicero, owathola ithuna elibhubhisile ithuna leminyaka engu-137 emva kokushona kwakhe, wabona ibhola kuye, elibhalwe kusilinda.
Sebenza
- I-Quadreature Parabolla
- Mayelana nebhola nesilinda
- Mayelana nemiklamo
- Mayelana nama-conoids nama-sproid
- Ekulinganiseni kwe-Flat Files
- Umlayezo ku-Eratosthene mayelana nendlela
- Emizimbeni entantayo
- Ukulinganiswa Kombuthano
- I-PRAMMIT.
- StomaKhion.
- Umsebenzi we-Archimedes mayelana nezinkunzi
- Yekela ukwakhiwa eduze kwebhola lesibalo somzimba esinezisekelo eziyishumi nane
- Incwadi ye-lemm
- Bhuka ekwakhiweni kombuthano ohlukaniswe izingxenye eziyisikhombisa ezilinganayo
- Incwadi yemibuthano