I-Biograge
Abantu besikhathi sika-Athanasius Nikitin baziwa ngokuthi i-navigator nomthengisi, umthengisi waba owokuqala wabahlali bamazwe aseYurophu abevakashela eNdiya. Isihambi savula izwe laseMpumalanga Nelinye iminyaka ngaphambi kweVasco Da Gama nabanye abahambi abangamaPutukezi.
Kumanothi okuhamba "ahamba olwandle oluthathu", umhambi waseRussia uchaze ngokuningiliziwe impilo kanye nedivaysi yezepolitiki yamazwe asempumalanga. Imibhalo yesandla ye-Athanasius yayingowokuqala eRussia, eyayichaza i-waad ayiveli kusuka endaweni yokubuka uhambo, kodwa ngenhloso yendaba ephathelene nezohwebo. Isihambi ngokwakhe sasikholelwa ukuthi amanothi akhe ayenesono. Kamuva, ngekhulu le-19, izindaba zika-Athanasius zishicilelwa isazi-mlando esidumile nomlobi uNikolai Karamzin futhi wangena "isimo sesifundazwe saseRussia".
Ubuntwana nentsha
Kuncane kakhulu ngabahambi bezingane mayelana nabahambi bezingane, ngoba u-Athanasius Nikitina Biography waqala ukurekhoda ngesikhathi sokuphuma komthengisi. I-Navigator yazalwa maphakathi nekhulu le-15 edolobheni laseTver. Ubaba wesihambi ungumlimi ompofu, wambiza ngokuthi uNikita. Ngakho-ke, uNikitin unguphawu lobunqindi, hhayi isibongo.
Okuningi ngomndeni, kanye nentsha yabahambi, ama-biographings akaziwa lutho. U-Athanasius osesincane waba ngumthengisi futhi wakwazi ukubona amazwe amaningi, ngokwesibonelo, iByzantium neLithuania, lapho umhambi akhuthaza ukuhweba. Izimpahla athanasia zakujabulela ukufunwa, ngakho-ke akunakushiwo ukuthi le nsizwa yayiphila ebuphofini.
Ukuphuma
U-Athanasius Nikitin, njengomthengisi onolwazi, wafuna ukukhulisa ukuhweba e-Astrakhan yamanje. I-Navigator yathola isixazululo se-tver Prince Mikhail Borisovich III, ngakho-ke uNikitina wabhekwa njengodumo lwemfihlo, kepha idatha yomlando ayikuqinisekisi lokhu ukuqagela. Njengoba usuthole ukwesekwa kwabanye abantu bakahulumeni bokuqala, u-Athanasius Nikitin waya ekude noTver.
I-Navigator Swam eMfuleni iVolga. Ekuqaleni, isihambi sama edolobheni laseKlazin saya esigodlweni sezindela. Lapho, wathola isibusiso esivela kuHegumen, futhi wabuye wathandazela uZiqu-zintathu oNgcwele, ukuze lolu hambo lube ngokuphephile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Athanasius Nikitin waya e-Uglich, ukusuka lapho waya eKostroma, kwabe eseya ezinhlafunweni.
Ngokusho komhambi, indlela yadlula ngaphandle kwezingqinamba, nokho, eNozhny Novgorod, ukudluliswa kwe-navigator kubambezele amasonto amabili, njengoba umthengisi kufanele ahlangane nenxusa leShirvanor State Hasan-Beck. Ekuqaleni, uNikitin wayefuna ukujoyina inxusa laseRussia le-vasily papin, kodwa wayesevele ebhukuda eningizimu.
Inkinga yenzekile lapho ithimba le-Asthanasia lihamba ngomkhumbi nge-Astrakhan: Abagibeli bakaTatar beqothuka ngabaphangi bakaTatar futhi baphanga umkhumbi, futhi omunye umkhumbi waminza nhlobo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengisi abalahlekelwe yimpahla yabo baqhubeka nemikhumbi emibili edolobheni - inqaba eyayivela edolobheni idelela.
Abahambi abakwazanga ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, njengoba belinde izibopho zesikweletu ngeqiniso lokuthi azizange zisindise izimpahla ezatholwa ngemali kahulumeni ngesikweletu. Abanye bamatilosi abanokuthile okusele ekhaya babuyela eRussia, bonke abanye beNikitin bashonile ngezindlela ezihlukile, abanye bahlala eShemache, abanye baye emsebenzini eBaku.
U-Athanasius Nikitin wayenethemba lokuthuthukisa isimo sezezimali, ngakho-ke nginqume ukuya kwisobho eliqonde eSouth: kusuka ePerbent, nasePheresiya lafika ePersia, kanti kusukela ePheresiya yafika ethekwini elimnandi lase-Ormuza, okwakukhona ukuhlangana kwezohwebo Imizila: Malaya Asia, India, China naseGibhithe. Emibhalweni yesandla ka-Athanasius Nikitin ibize leli phoyisa "ukuhlikihla i-gurmyzsky", elijwayele ukulethwa kweRussia kwamapharele.
Umhwebi ophikisanayo e-Ormuze wafunda ukuthi lapho ahlinzeka ngezinsimbi ezingavamile, ezingafunywa ezweni laseNdiya, futhi lapho ziyabiza. Umthengisi wathola ihhashi futhi enethemba lokuthengisa izimpahla ngentengo elahliwe waya ezweni lase-Eurasia e-India, insimu yazo, kodwa yahlala yaziwa ngabaseYurophu.
Edolobheni laseChaul Athanasiy Nikitin lahamba ngomkhumbi ngo-1471 futhi waphila esimweni esingajwayelekile iminyaka emithathu, kodwa akazange abuyele ezweni lakubo. Isihambi saseRussia esichazwe ngokuningiliziwe impilo kanye nedivaysi yezwe laseSolar emibhalweni yesandla yayo.
U-Athanasius wamangala ukuthi izakhamizi zaseNdiya zihamba kanjani ezansi nomgwaqo: abesifazane nezingane bahamba uNagi, futhi inkosana imbozwe ngekhanda nangekhanda elimboziwe. Kepha cishe wonke umuntu wayenobucwebe begolide ngohlobo lwamasongo, okwamangaza umthengisi waseRussia. UNikitin akazange aqonde ukuthi kungani amaNdiya akwazi ukuthengisa imihlobiso eyigugu futhi athenge izingubo ukumboza ubunqunu.
Kwahlabeka umxhwele ukuthi inani labantu baseNdiya lalilikhulu, futhi cishe njalo kwabahlali bezwe bezwe babelindelwe ingane.
KuChaul, u-Athanasius akazange athengise i-stallion entengo yezindleko, ngakho ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, umgibeli waya ekujuleni kweNdiya. Umthengisi wafika enqabeni yaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga yeJunnaar, lapho ahlangana khona no-Asad Khan, inkosi yakhe. Umbusi wayithanda lezi zimpahla u-Athanasius, nokho, waya ngokuvimbela ihhashi mahhala futhi wathatha amandla akhe. Ngesikhathi sengxoxo, le nhloso yathola ukuthi umhambi waseRussia athintela inkolo ehlukile futhi athembisa ukubuyisa isilwane ngegolide ngokungezelela uma umthengisi ezokwamukela ama-Islam. Umbusi wanikeza uNikitin izinsuku ezi-4 emcabangweni, uma kwenzeka impendulo engemihle, u-Asad-Khan wasabisa ngokufa komthengisi waseRussia.
Ngokwencwadi ethi "Ukunakekela Ulwandle Oluthathu", u-Athanasius Nikitina wasindisa leli cala: Umbusi wenqaba wahlangana noMbusi ojwayelekile, phambi kwawo umbusi wakhombisa isihawu futhi abuyise umfokazi. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando zisaxabana: zamukela u-Athanasius Nikitin Magometan ukholo noma zihlala zithembekile ku-Orthodoxy. Ukungabaza okunjalo kwashiya umthengisi ngenxa yamanothi okuqala acebile ngamazwi ama-Ingec.
UNikitin ubuye wamangala ngamasiko eNdiya nesilwane esivelele, kwelinye izwe, okokuqala wabona izinyoka nezinkawu. Uhambo oluya emaphethelweni angakaze lubonwe lwalumibalabala futhi lugqamile, kepha u-Athanasius wahlala engajabule, ngoba umthengisi akazange abone inzuzo yokuhweba. Ngokusho kwe-navigator, izwe elinelanga elithengise upende kanye nopelepele oshibhile - bekungekho lutho oluzothatha izwe lakubo ukwenza inzuzo. Ukuhlala kwamaNdiya eNikitina kwakuthakazelisa, kepha abampofu: ukuthengiswa kwehhashi kuphela kubiza umthengisi ngokulahlekelwa futhi kubeka inhlawulo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu ka-Athanasius Nikitin, ososayensi abaziwa, ngoba impilo ye-Navigator yaseRussia yahlanganiswa ngenxa yokukhumbula umthengisi. Kwakuyizingane zaseNikitina, ukuthi oshade naye othembekile wayemlindile - wahlala nemfihlakalo. Kepha, ukwahlulela imibhalo yesandla yomthengisi, u-Athanasius Nikitin wayengumuntu oqondisiwe futhi ongeyena ukuhlanganisa owayengesabi ubunzima ezweni elingaziwa. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu yokuhamba, u-Athanasius Nikitin wazazisa izilimi ezingaziwa, amagama angama-Arab, amaPheresiya neTurkic ahlangana kudayari yakhe.
Azikho imidwebo yezithombe yeNikitin, imidwebo yakudala kuphela efinyelelwe ezesikhathi eziphila ngesikhathi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umthengisi abukeka ngokubukeka okulula kweSlavic futhi egqoke intshebe eyisikwele.
Ukushona
Ukuhamba emazweni anelanga, u-Athanasius Nikitin waphila iphupho lokubuyela ekhaya. I-navigator yahlangana ngendlela ephambene yaya ethekwini lezentengiselwano lase-Ormuz, ukusuka lapho kwaqala ukuya e-India. Kusuka ku-Ormyuz, umthengisi waya enyakatho nge-Iran futhi wazithola eTrabzon, idolobha laseTurkey. Izakhamizi zaseTurkey zaseTurkey zamukela umgibeli waseRussia weSpy, ngakho-ke zathatha uNikitin ekudingisweni, egcwalise konke okwakukhona emkhunjini. Ukuphela kwento ehlala e-navigator nawe - Imibhalo yesandla.
U-Athanasius wadedelwa ngokuboshwa, futhi umthengisi waya e-Feodosiya: Lapho kwadingeka ahlangane nabathengisi baseRussia ukuze bathathe imali futhi bazoyenga izikweletu. Esondela ekuweni kuka-1474, umthengisi weza edolobheni laseFeodesian eCafe, lapho ahlala khona ubusika.
Entwasahlobo, uNikitin wayehlose ukuya e-Dnieper e-trver, kodwa wafa edolobheni laseSmolensk. Imbangela yokufa kuka-Afanasia Nikitina ihlala iyimfihlakalo, kepha ososayensi bayazethemba ukuthi uhambo olude emazweni ahlukahlukene anezimo ezahlukahlukene zezulu ziye zanda impilo ye-navigator.
Amanothi kaNikitin ahanjiswa kubathengisi beMoscow abahambisana noWander. Idayari likaNikitin ladlula umeluleki kuPrince Ivan Ivan III, kwathi ngo-1480 umbhalo wesandla wafakwa kwi-Chronicle.
Amagama we-navigator yaseRussia abizwa ngokuthi imigwaqo nemizila eRussia, kanye ne-Embankment edolobheni laseTver. Ngo-1958, uMosfilm wathunjwa yi-movie "ehamba olwandle ezintathu", kwathi ngo-1955 kwafakwa itshe lesikhumbuzo. Futhi, izikhumbuzo zomthengisi waseRussia ziseCafe nasesimweni saseMaharashtra.