I-Biograge
Ukufa kukaKhani omkhulu woMbuso WaseMongolia uGenhis Khan akazange aqede izimpi ze-grip ye-Golde. Umzukulu we-Genius Commander waqhubeka nesiko lobabamkhulu odumile futhi wahlela umkhankaso okhohlisayo we-Goldeli yegolide emlandweni obizwa ngokuthi ngumkhankaso omkhulu waseNtshonalanga. Ukuhlasela kweBatius kwandise umbuso weGenghis Khan emingceleni emangalisayo.
Kwenye yemibhalo egciniwe yesikhathi seBatya, kukhona imigqa:
"Ungene ogwini olusenyakatho yamaxhaphozi e-meotian ngebutho elikhulu eYurophu futhi wanqoba enyakatho-mpumalanga yeKiev, wachitha izigxobo, izingosi, ekugcineni, wagijimela eHungary, eyaya ekugcineni futhi kwaholela ethubeni kanye nawo wonke umhlaba wobuKristu kuyathokozisa. "Umkhankaso we-ruiner waseBatya eRussia kanye nale ndlela yenalithi yaseTatar-Mongolian elandelayo yashiya umaki ongafinyeleleki emlandweni wombuso.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Alukho usuku lokuzalwa olunembile lweBatya. Emibhalweni yomlando, kuboniswa unyaka ohlukile. IBatu, indodana kaJuki, yazalelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII. Ubaba weBatya uyindodana endala kaGenghis Khan, eyayizuzwa yifa yiwo wonke amazwe asentshonalanga yoMfula i-IntTYSH. Futhi, uJuchi wamukele okwamanje, i-Europe, eRussia, iKhorezm neVolzh Bulgaria. UGenghis Khan wayala indodana ukuba yandise imingcele ye-Ulus (umbuso) ngokunqoba amazwe aseRussia naseYurophu.
UJuci akazange azithande izihlobo. UBaba likaBaba Batiya waphila wasokile, emazweni akhe. Ngemuva kokushona kukaJuchi, nezimo ezingacacile ngo-1227, amabutho asentshonalanga ye-IntTysh ebizwa ngokuthi indlalifa. UGenghis Khan wamukele ukukhethwa kwendlalifa. Amandla esifundazweni seBati ahlukaniswe nabafowethu: iningi lamabutho kanye nengxenye esempumalanga yoMbuso baya kulo myalo, kanti iBati yahlukaniswa nabafowethu abancane.
Ukucabha
I-Biography yaseKhan Batya - umlando wokuphila kweqhawe elikhulu. Ngo-1235, umfula u-Onon Kurultay (umkhandlu weNuty) wanquma ukuqhubeka nomkhankaso oseNtshonalanga. Umzamo wokuqala wokufinyelela eKieli wenziwa amabutho eGenghis Khan ngo-1221. Ukuhlulwa kwesisulu ku-1224 kusuka kuVolga Bulgar (Volzhsko-Kama Bulgaria kuyisimo sesifunda saseValt Volga), amabutho kaChingis Khan ayeka ukukhushulwa. Umkhankaso omusha waphathiswa abazukulu beGenghis Khan Khan Batu. Isandla sokudla sakwa-batius sabekwa umthwalo ongaphansi. I-Suberey yaya kuyo yonke intaba noGenhis Khan, ibambe iqhaza empini enqobayo enamabutho e-polovtsy kanye neRussia emfuleni i-Kalka (isifunda samanje seDonetsk, e-Ukraine).
Ngo-1236, amabutho anekhanda emkhankasweni omkhulu wasentshonalanga. Amazwe ePolovtsy waba ukunqotshwa kokuqala kweqembu legolide. UVolga Bulgaria wangena eMbusweni weMongol. Kwakunokuhlaselwa okuningana eRussia. Ushaywe wahola mathupha ukuthathwa komhlaba waseRyazan noVladimir ngo-1238, ngo-1240 - kiev. Wanqoba iVolga Bulgaria, eshaywe nebutho laya ePolovtsy e-Don. Amabutho okugcina e-polovtspy aphukile ama-mongol ngo-1237. Ngemuva kokuphula iPolovtsy, amaTatar-Mongols Batya athuthela eRyazan. Idolobha lawa ngosuku lwesithupha lokuhlaselwa.
Indaba yasendulo yaseRussia "ebhukwana laseRyazan batym" ligcinwe kuze kube namuhla, laqala ukuphela kwekhulu le-XVI. Ohlwini lwakudala, ukuhlaselwa kwe-tatar-mongol eRyazan ngo-1237 kulandisiwe. Khan Bati neHorde saba emfuleni iVoronezh ngaphansi kweRyazan. UPrince Yuri iGorevich ethunyelwe ngosizo lweNkosana enkulu vladimir Georgia vsevolododoovich. Ngasikhathi sinye, uYuri wazama ukuqeda iBatya ngezipho. UKhan waphanga ngobuhle, ephila ngaphesheya kwezindonga zaseRyazan, futhi wafuna ukuthumela i-snooch of Prince EupSction. Indoda yase-Eupraxia yamelana futhi yabulawa. Owesifazane wazibulala ngokugxuma ne-terche. Ukwehluleka kukhonzwa njengesibonakaliso sokuqala empini. Umphumela wempi kwakuwukuthwebula kanye nencithakalo yaseRyazan ngamaTatar Batiya. Ibutho likaYuri laphukile, isikhulu safa.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, uVoevod Ryazan evrathopity kolovrat, ebuya ekhaya evela eCherniGov, wabona idolobha libhujiswa amaTatar. Ukuqoqa ukungcola kwabantu abangu-177, kwaqhubeka ezinyathelweni zamaMongols. Njengoba usungene empini engenakulingani namabutho eBatya ngaphansi kweSuzdal, iqembu laphulwa. Eshaywe, enikeza intela ku-Kolovrat's Coupper, aboniswe empini engekene, anikeze isidumbu soMbusi obulawa owahlala eRussia namagama athi: "Hhawu, uhlolo! Uma ungikhonza, bengizokubamba enhliziyweni! ". Igama lombusi waseRyazan libhalwe emlandweni weRussia eduze kwamanye, awekho amaqhawe akhazimulayo.
Sebechithe iRyazan, ibutho likaBatya laya eVladimir. IMoscow neKolomna, eyayimi eKhan, yacekelwa phansi. U-Osada Vladimir waqala ebusika bama-1238. Ezinsukwini ezine kamuva, amaTatar athatha isivunguvungu somuzi. IBaty yayalela ukusetha umlilo eVladimir. Izakhamizi zabulawa kanye neGrand Duke. I-Vladimir efanele, i-horde yahlukaniswa kabili. Enye ingxenye yamabutho yahamba yayothumba iTorzhok, enye yaya kuNovagorod, isendleleni eyophula ibutho laseRussia emfuleni. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela amamayela we-Novgorod 100, i-baty yaphenduka emuva. Lapho edlula edolobheni laseKozelsk, iHorde yahlangana nokumelana nenkani yabahlali bendawo. U-Osada Kozelsk wathatha amasonto ayisikhombisa. Ukuthwebula lo muzi, amatatara awasukanga itshe netshe.
I-Southern Direction Bati ithathwe ngo-1239. Endleleni eya emgomweni oyinhloko - kiev - khan wabhubhisa i-pereyaslav ne-chernigov Ukuvinjezelwa kweKiev kwaqhubeka izinyanga ezintathu kwaphela ngokunqoba kukaKhan Batya. Imiphumela yokuhlaselwa kwe-tatar-mongol eRussia kubi. Umhlaba walala ekhweni. Amadolobha amaningi awazange. Izakhamizi zithathwa ebugqilini eHorde.
Ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kweMongolia kweRussia ngo-1237-1248, izikhulu ezinamagogo kwadingeka zenze ukuncika kwezepolitiki kanye nedatha yezinkathi zombuso waseMongol. AbaseRussia bakhokha njalo ngonyaka. Khan Golden Horde unikeze izikhulu eRussia ngamalebula. I-Igo Gold Horde yezwe elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia yaqhubeka nekhulu lesibili nengxenye, kwaze kwaba ngu-1480.
Ngo-1240, i-Horde ye-Horde yeKiev yadluliselwa eVladimir Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodododovich. Ngo-1250, isikhulu sahamba ummeleli weKurulAy eKarakorum, lapho anobuthi khona ubuthi. Amadodana kaYaroslav Andrei no-Alexander Nevsky balandela uBaba eGolden Horde. U-Andrei wathola uVladimir Perrincil, no-Alexander - kiev noNovgorod. Kuvulwe iKiev ngomgwaqo weHlide Horde eYurophu. Lapho unyawo lweCarpathians, iWest Hike yahlukaniswa yaba amabutho amabili. Iqembu elilodwa eliholwa yi-baidar ne-horde lahamba intaba ePoland, eMoravia naseSilenia.
Enye, eholwa yi-batia, iKadanan kanye ne-Subudem, uWon Hungary: Ephreli 11, 1241, amabutho eNkosi Bela IV aphulwa amaMongols empini eMfuleni iShaio. Ngokunqoba kweHungary, iBatu yavula indlela eya ekunqotshweni kweBulgaria, eSerbia, eBosnia, eDalmatia. Ngo-1242, amabutho e-horde yegolide angena eCentral Europe futhi ame ngakwesango leStaxon City yaseMaissen. Ukuhamba entshonalanga kuphele. Ukuhlasela kwe-rus kudonsele kakhulu ama-tatar anenkani. IBaty ibuyele kuVolga.
Esinye isizathu sokuphela komkhankaso omkhulu kwakuwukufa kweGreat Khan Ugteyya, ongena esikhundleni soGenghis Khan. INew Kagan yaba yi-guuk, isitha sesikhathi eside seBatya. Ngemuva kokufika kweGuuku waqala izimpi ezingenantambo. Ngo-1248, i-HAN enhle yahamba ngentaba i-batya. Kepha, sesifinyelele eSamarkand, uGore khan Goyuki wafa kungazelelwe. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, uKhan wabushiswa ubuthi ngabasekeli beBatya. I-great khan elandelayo ngo-1251 yayingumsekeli kaBatya Muneke.
Ngo-1250, okushaywe kwasungula idolobha laseSaray-Batu (manje - idolobhana laseSelitranny Village esifundeni saseKhalabalinsky esifundeni sase-Astrakhan). Ngokuya ngokubuyekezwa kwabezikhathi zalo, iSaraj-Batu yidolobha elihle eligcwele abantu. Ama-bazaars akhanyayo nemigwaqo eshaya umcabango wezivakashi zedolobha. Kamuva, ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaKhan Uzbek, lo muzi wawa wehla futhi wahlakazeka ezitini zokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UKhan Bati wayenamakhosikazi angama-26. Unkosikazi osekhulile nguBoracchin-Hatan. IBoracchin ekuqaleni kusuka esizweni sakwaTatar, esimisiwe empumalanga yeMongolia. Ngokusho kwemininingwane engaqinisekisiwe, uBoracchin ungunina wendodana endala yeBatya, eSatak. Ngaphezu kweSartak, yaziwa ngamadodana amabili kaKhan: Tukan ne-abukane. Kunobufakazi bokuthi kunenye indlalifa eBatiya - uRalch.Ukushona
IBaty yafa ngo-1255. Awukho ulwazi olunembile mayelana nezimbangela zokufa kukaKhan. Kunezinguqulo zokufa kusuka ku-20 noma isifo se-rheumatic. Indlalifa kaBatya kwakuyindodana endala eyedlule. USartak wafunda ngokufa kukaYise, ukuba segcekeni likaMuni-Khan eMongolia. Ukubuyela ekhaya, iNfeme yafa kungazelelwe. Khan waba yindodana yentsha uSartak Uralch. UBoracchin-Hatun waba yi-Khan nombusi we -lus. Ngokushesha wafa.
UBoracchin waphikisana nokuza emandleni e-Juciyan Ulus Son juchi, umzukulu kaGenghis Khan Burke. Kwambulwa uzungu, futhi uBoracchin wabulawa. UBurke ungumlandeli wenqubomgomo kaMfoweth 'batu ekwandiseni inkululeko ye-ULUS. UnguKhan wokuqala owamukela i-Islam. Ngesikhathi seBhodi, i-Ulus yathola inkululeko. Kuvumele ukushiswa kwe-horde yegolide ngaphezulu kwe-rus.
Ukukhumbula
I-baty ishiye inkumbulo embi yakhe eRussia. Encwadini yeziKronike zasendulo, uKhan wabizwa ngokuthi "mubi", "Nkulunkulu." Kwenye yalabo abagcinwe ezinsukwini zamanje, ungafunda:
"Inkosi enonya Bati yathumba umhlaba waseRussia, uchithekile ngegazi elingenacala, njengamanzi, kakhulu, amaKhristu abopha."EMpumalanga, uBatyu ukholelwa kuHanu. E-Astana nase-Ulan Bator, imigwaqo iqanjwe ngegama le-batu-khan. Igama likaKhan Batya litholakala ezincwadini nase-cinema. Umlobi uVasily Yang waphendukela e-biography yomkhuzi omkhulu. Izincwadi zomlobi "uGenghis Khan", "Bati", "kuLwandle Olugcina" zaziwa ngabafundi. Mayelana neBati kukhulunywa ngaye ezincwadini zika-Alexey Yugov nase-Ilyas EsnBerlin.
Ifilimu yaseSoviet yomqondisi we-1987 yaroslav Lupia "UDaniel - Prince Garditsky" eqondiswe yiGolden Horde neKhana Batyu. Ngo-2012, izikrini zaseRussia ziphume isithombe sika-Andrei Peskina "Orda". Imidwebo inemicimbi ekhethiwe eyenzeka eRussia naseqenjini legolide ngekhulu le-XIII.