I-Biograge
I-biography kaFranz Kafka ayigcwele imicimbi edonsela ukunaka kwababhali besizukulwane samanje. Umlobi omkhulu waphila impilo eyinqaba futhi emfushane. Ngasikhathi sinye, uFranz wayengumuntu oyisimanga futhi engaqondakali, futhi izimfihlo eziningi ezingenzeka kule nkampani yepeni, injabulo yezingqondo zabafundi kuze kube namuhla. Yize izincwadi zikaKafki ziyifa elikhulu lezincwadi, ngokuphila umbhali akazange athole ukuqashelwa nenkazimulo futhi akazange aqaphele ukuthi yikuphi ukunqoba kwangempela.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe, uFranz waqonda umngani omkhulu - intatheli max Brod - ushise umbhalo wesandla, kodwa uFerrod, owazi ukuthi ngokuzayo wonke amagama uKafki ayezokwaziswa ngesisindo segolide. Ngenxa yokudala max, uFranz wabona ukukhanya futhi waba nomthelela omkhulu ezincwadini zekhulu lama-20. Imisebenzi kaKafki, efana neLabyrinth, "Melika", "Izingelosi azindizela", "Castle", njll., Ziyadingeka ukuze zifunde ezikhungweni zemfundo eziphakeme.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa amazibulo ngoJulayi 3, 1883 enkabeni enkulu yezomnotho nezamasiko yoMbuso Wama-Austro-Hungary wamazwe amaningi - idolobha lasePraugue (manje laseCzech Republic). Ngaleso sikhathi, uMbuso wawuhlalwa ngamaJuda, amaCzechs namaJalimane, athi, ehlala eceleni kwakhe, ngakho-ke emadolobheni abusa umzwelo ocindezelekile futhi kwesinye isikhathi alwa namaSemite. I-kafku ayizange ikhathazeke ngezinkinga zezepolitiki kanye namaphethini athile, kepha umbhali wesikhathi esizayo wazizwa ekhethwe ohlangothini lwempilo: Izehlakalo zenhlalo kanye ne-xenophobia evelayo ishiye uphawu kumlingiswa wakhe nokwazi kwakhe.
Futhi uma ungubani uFranz abazali abathonya: ukuba ngumntwana, akazange athole uthando lukaYise futhi eluthola umthwalo wakhe endlini. UFranz Ros wakhulisa ngekota encane kaJosephs emndenini okhuluma isiJalimane wemvelaphi yamaJuda. Ubaba wombhali - uHerman Kafka - wayengumthengisi wesandla esiphakathi, izingubo ezithengiswayo nezimpahla ezithile ezithengiswayo. Umama womlobi uJulia Kafka wenzeka esuka kuhlobo oluhle lwe-Shacob Levele le-expressous futhi wayeyintokazi efundile kakhulu.
Futhi, uFranz wayenodadewethu abathathu (abafowethu abancane abancane bafa ebuntwaneni bengakafiki iminyaka emibili). Ngenkathi inhloko yomndeni inyamalala esitolo sezindwangu, futhi uJulia wabuka la mantombazane, uKafka osemusha wanikwa ngokwakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuze unciphise ilineni elimpunga lempilo ngemibala ekhanyayo, uFranz waqala ukusungula izindaba ezincane, noma kunjalo, ezingazange zithakasele muntu. Ikhanda lomndeni lalithonya ukwakheka kwemigqa yemibhalo kanye nohlobo lomlobi wesikhathi esizayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendoda enamamitha amabili nayo eyayinezwi le-bass, uFranz wezwa i-plebem yakhe. Lo muzwa wokungathathi hlangothi ngokomzimba waphishekela uKafku impilo yakhe yonke.
UKafka wabona wabona ku-toplate of the foractioner forlicer, kodwa umfana ovaliwe, onamahloni akazange ahambisane nezimfuneko zikaYise. UHerman wasebenzisa izindlela zemfundo enokhahlo. Ekubhaleni komzali okubhaliwe, okungazange kufike kulowo owayesengenxa, uFranz wakhumbula ukuthi ubusuku bubekwe kuvulandi obandayo nobumnyama ngenxa yokuthi wabuza amanzi. Lokhu kuthukwa kwezingane kubangele umuzwa wokungabi nabulungisa embhalweni:
"Ngemuva kweminyaka, ngake ngabhekana nombono obuhlungu, njengendoda enkulu, ubaba, isibonelo esiphakeme kakhulu, cishe ngaphandle kwesizathu - ebusuku, ungangenisa umbhede futhi uwuthathe kuvulandi - lokho kusho Ukuthi ngangiwukuthi, "Izinkumbulo zikaKafka zahlanganyela.Kusukela ngo-1889 kuya ku-1893, umbhali wesikhathi esizayo wafunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi, wabe esengena endaweni yokuzivocavoca. Njengomfundi, insizwa ethile yabamba iqhaza emisebenzini yaseNyuvesi yama-Amateur kanye nemidlalo yezemidlalo ehlelekile. Ngemuva kokuthola isitifiketi sokuvuthwa, uFranz wamukela i-University of University of I-Faculty of Karlov. Ngo-1906, uKafka wathola ilungelo lobudokotela kwesokudla. Inhloko yomsebenzi wesayensi wombhali kwakuyi-Wasologist yaseJalimane kanye ne-Economist yezomnotho.
Into yokufunda
UFranz Kafka ubhekise imisebenzi yemibhalo ecatshangelwa umgomo oyinhloko empilweni, yize ayethathwa njengesikhulu esisezingeni eliphakeme ehhovisi lomshuwalense. Ngenxa yalesi sifo, uKafka uthathe umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umbhali wenqubo waba isisebenzi esizikhandlayo futhi waswa kakhulu umphathi, kepha uFranz wazonda lesi sikhundla futhi ongashintshiwe asabele ngabaholi nabangaphansi. Wabhala uKafka futhi wakholelwa ukuthi izincwadi zithethelela ukuba khona kwaKhe futhi kusiza ukushiya amaqiniso anzima wokuba. UFranz akazange aphuthume ukushicilela imisebenzi, ngoba wazizwa eyiqiniso.
Yonke imibhalo yakhe yesandla yaqoqa ngokucophelela iMax Beard, umbhali ahlangana naye emhlanganweni wekilabhu yabafundi enikele eNietzsche. UBard waphikelela ukuthi uKafka wanyathelisa izindaba zakhe, futhi ekugcineni uMdali wanikela: ngo-1913 okuqoqiwe "okucabangayo" kuphuma. Abagxeki baphendule ngoKafka njengo-Innovator, kepha i-Master ebaluleke kakhulu yepeni ayigculisekile ngobuqili bakhe, obubheka into edingekayo yokuba. Futhi ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaFranz, abafundi bajwayelana nengxenye encane yomsebenzi wakhe: amanoveli amaningi abalulekile nezindaba zeKafki zabona ukukhanya ngemuva kokushona kwakhe kuphela.
Ekwindla ka-1910, uKafka, kanye neBrod, waya eParis. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-9, ngenxa yobuhlungu obukhali esiswini, umlobi washiya izwe likaCesnanna noParmesan. Ngaleso sikhathi, uFranz futhi uqala nonoveli wakhe wokuqala "ulahlekile", kamuva owayebizwa kabusha ngokuthi "Melika" kamuva. Iningi lendalo yabo kafka yabhala ngesiJalimane. Uma uthintana nale mithetho, cishe yiyophi yonke indawo ukuthi kube nolimi olubusiselayo ngaphandle kokuvukelwa okuminyene nezinye izinto ezijabulisa imibhalo. Kepha lokhu kumpunga nokungavuthi kuhlanganiswe nokungajwayelekile nokungaqondakali. Iningi lemisebenzi ye-Master liboshwe kusuka ekuqothulweni ukuze yesabe phambi komhlaba wangaphandle nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu.
Lo muzwa wokukhathazeka nokuphelelwa yithemba udluliselwa kumfundi. Kepha futhi uFranz wayengudokotela ocashile wezengqondo, nalo muntu onekhono, lo muntu onekhono ngokucophelela uchaze iqiniso laleli zwe ngaphandle kokukhazimula okubonakalayo, kepha ngemali engenayo ye-metaphoric. Kuhle ukukhumbula le ndaba "ukuguqulwa", ngo-2002, ifilimu yaseRussia yahoxiswa no-Evgeny Mironov endimeni eholayo.
Lesi sakhiwo sendaba sijikeleza uGregor, insizwa ejwayelekile esebenza njengomphakathi nangokwezezimali isiza udadewabo nabazali. Kepha akunakulungiswa kwenzeka: UGregor waphenduka isinambuzane esikhulu ekuseni. Ngakho-ke, i-protagonist yaba yi-oda, lapho izihlobo nezihlobo zaphambuka khona: Abazange banake umhlaba omuhle wangaphakathi weqhawe, babekhathazekile ngokubukeka okubi okuyisidalwa esibi, abebengafihlekile ngokungazi lutho (ngokwesibonelo, akwazanga ukuthola imali ngokwazo egumbini nasezihambelweni zeScareta).
Kepha ngesikhathi sokulungiselela ukushicilelwa (okungagcwalisekanga ngenxa yokungaboni ngaso linye nomhleli) kafka faka i-ultimatum. Umlobi wagcizelela ukuthi kwakungekho mfanekiso onesinambuzane esembozweni sencwadi. Ukusuka lapha kukhona izincazelo eziningi zale ndaba - kusukela ekuguleni okungokomzimba kuya ekuphazamisekeni ngokomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imicimbi kwi-metamorphosis ye-kafka, kulandela indlela yayo, ayidaluli, kepha ibeka umfundi ngaphambi kweqiniso.
"Inqubo" yaseRoma "ingesinye umsebenzi obalulekile wombhali, eshicilelwe ngendlela ebusayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ndalo yadalwa njengamanje lapho umlobi enze umshado egaxekile noFelicia Bauer futhi azizwa njengomsolwa, okufanele wonke umuntu. Futhi ingxoxo yokugcina nodadewabo nodadewabo uFranz waqhathaniswa ne-Tribunal. Lo mkhiqizo ukulandisa okungabonakali kwe-nonlinear kungabhekwa njengongaqediwe.
Eqinisweni, ekuqaleni uKafka wasebenza embhalweni wesandla ngokuqhubekayo futhi wangena ezingcucumfucu ezimfushane zenqubo ebhukwini, elalibhalwe kanye nezinye izindaba. Kule ncwajana, uFranz wayevame ukukhipha amashidi, ngakho-ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela ukufika kwenoveli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1914, uKafka wavuma ukuthi kwavakashelwa yinkinga yokudala, ngakho-ke umsebenzi encwadini wamiswa. Iqhawe eliyinhloko lenqubo - uJosef K. (Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi esikhundleni segama eligcwele eligcwele, umbhali unikeza amaqhawe akhe okuqala) - avuka ekuseni athole ukuthi kuboshwa. Kodwa-ke, isizathu sangempela sokuvalelwa asaziwa, leli qiniso lisikiswe yiqhawe ekuhluphekeni nasefuleni likafulawa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UFranz Kafka waphatheka phansi ngokubonakala kwakhe. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokusuka eyunivesithi, umlobi osemusha angakwazi ukuma phambi kwesibuko amahora amaningi, ngokucophelela ebusweni nobuso behlanganisa izinwele. Ukuze ungahlali futhi uthotshiswe futhi ucasulwe ", uFranz, owayehlala ebheka njengekhokho emhlophe, egqoke izitayela zakamuva zemfashini. Abantu besikhathi sikaKafka babona umuntu ohlonishwayo, ohlakaniphile futhi ozolile. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi impilo entekenteke ngumlobi omncane wasekelwa ngesimo futhi, abe ngumfundi, wayethanda ezemidlalo.
Kepha angitholanga ubuhlobo nabesifazane, yize uKafka engazange ancishwe ukunakwa kwamantombazane amahle. Iqiniso ngukuthi umlobi wesikhathi eside asale ekudumeni okusondelene namantombazane, aze afike kuso usilika aya kuLupanarium "wendawo - ikota yale nya. Ukubheka injabulo yenyama, uFranz esikhundleni se-laptop enolwazi kuphela.
Umlobi wanamathela emugqeni wokuziphatha komhlazili futhi, njengoGogol, waphela ngaphansi komqhele, njengokungathi ukwesaba ubudlelwane obukhulu nezibopho zomndeni. Isibonelo, ngeFreleIn Felicia Bauer Master Master Feather yaphula ukuzibandakanya kwakhe kabili. UKafka uvame ukuchaza le ntombazane ezincwadini zakhe nasedayaleni lakhe, kepha isithombe esivela emakhanda kubafundi, asihambelani neqiniso. Phakathi kokunye, umlobi odumile wayenabo ubudlelwano nentatheli kanye nomhumushi uMylena Esenkaya.
Ukushona
UKafki wayehlale ehlushwa izifo ezingamahlalakhona, kepha ayaziwa ukuthi ngabe bayizengqondo yini. UFranz wahlaselwa amathumbu emathunjini, amakhanda aqhubekayo nokuntuleka kokulala. Kepha umbhali akazange anikeze izandla, kodwa wazama ukubhekana nezifo ezinosizo lwendlela yokuphila enempilo: UKafka wanamathela ekudleni okulinganiselayo, wazama ukungasebenzisi inyama, wambona ngobisi lwezemidlalo naselapha. Kodwa-ke, yonke imizamo yokuletha isimo sabo somzimba ekubukekeni okufanele kuyize.
Ngo-Agasti 1917, odokotela batholakele eFranz Kafki isifo esibi - isifo sofuba. Ngo-1923, iMastersi yezimpaphe yashiya izwe lakubo (yaya eBerlin) kanye nedayimane elithile futhi yafuna ukugxila ekubhaleni. Kepha ngaleso sikhathi, impilo kaKafki yanda kuphela: Ubuhlungu emphimboni babekezeleleka, futhi umbhali akakwazanga ukuthatha ukudla. Ehlobo lika-1924, uMlobi Omkhulu Wemisebenzi washonela esibhedlela.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhathala kwakuyimbangela yokufa. Ithuna likaFranz lisemathuneni amasha obuJuda: umzimba we-kafka othuthwe usuka eJalimane uye ePrague. Ngokukhumbula umlobi, hhayi eyodwa ebhalwe phansi, izikhumbuzo zasungulwa (ngokwesibonelo, ikhanda likaFranz Kafka ePrague), nemnyuziyamu yabelwa. Futhi, ubuqambi bakaKafka baba nomthelela obonakalayo kubalobi beminyaka elandelayo.
Amacaphuna
- Ngibhala ngokuhlukile kunami, ngikhuluma ngendlela ehlukile, engikucabangayo, ngicabanga ngokuhlukile, kufanele ngicabange, nokunye okukude kakhulu.
- Qondisisa umakhelwane kulula uma ungazi lutho ngaye. Unembeza akunakuhlushwa ...
- Njengoba bekungeke kube kubi kakhulu, kwaba ngcono.
- Ngishiye izincwadi zami. Yikho konke enginakho.
- Ifomu akulona ukubonakaliswa kokuqukethwe, kepha kuphela i-bait, isango kanye nendlela eya kokuqukethwe. Kuzophakamisa isenzo - khona-ke uhlelo lwasemuva olufihliwe luzovuleka.
I-Bibliography
- 1912 - "Isinqumo"
- 1912 - "Ushintsho"
- 1913 - "Ukucabanga"
- Ngo-1914 - "Kukolamu Lokulungiswa"
- 1915 - "Inqubo"
- 1915 - "Caras"
- Ngo-1916 - "IMelika"
- Ngo-1919 - "Udokotela Wasemakhaya"
- 1922 - "Inqaba"
- 1924 - "Horodar"