I-Biograge
Uma kukhulunywa ngabalobi nalo mlingiswa - labo abaye babona umhlaba futhi baye babona okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, bavame ukukhumbula ababhali bakwamanye amazwe njengo-Erning Hamingaway, uJack London, uHenriard Raider Haggard kanye noHenry Raider Haggard. Kepha bambalwa ababhuqa umbhali waseRussia, uthisha kanye nomhambi-phambili uBoris Stepanovich Zhitkov, ongumnikazi wakhe ePeru Vitaty Valentinovich Bianki ubize uColumbus waphakade.Ubuntwana nentsha
UBoris wazalwa ngo-Agasti 30, 1882. Kwenzekile edolobheni laseVeliky Novgorod. Umfana waba yingane yesibili emndenini - eyokuqala kwakuyindodakazi kaVera. Ubaba Boris - UStepan Vasilyevich - wayenguthisha e-InveNorod Nguthishela Uthisha WeNovgorod. Ngokwezincwadi zemibhalo uStepan Vasilyevich, izizukulwane eziningana zezingane zifunda izibalo, i-algebra nejometri. Umama womfana - uTatyana Pavlovna - wayengumdlali wepiyano odumile, umfundi wabaqambi baseRussia u-Anton Grigorievich rubinstein.
Ngenxa yezimpande zamaJuda ngemuva kukaStepan Vasilyevich, abantu abavela ezinhlakeni zombuso babebhekwa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho ngemuva kokuzalwa komlobi wesikhathi esizayo, ukungqubuzana, uStepan Vasilyevich, wanquma ukuthatha umndeni waya kwenye indawo phakathi kwesibalo sezepolitiki sabadala nabasekhaya. Ukugibela unyaka eRussia, kodwa ngakho-ke akuzange kube khona lapho, izakhamizi ezindala zizothatha umndeni e-Odessa, lapho kwakuhlala khona umfowabo nodadewabo.
E-Odessa Stepan Vasilyevich yanelisekile nge-cashier-accountant ye-paragas, kanti uTatyana Pahlovna uba ngumfundisi wangasese kumdlalo wekhibhodi. Ukwakheka kokuqala kokholo noBoris kufika ekhaya, futhi ngemuva kokufika e-Gymnasium No. 5. Kulesi sikhungo semfundo kanye nokwazana kwe-zhitkov-jr. Ngombhali wesikhathi esizayo kanye nomhumushi uKornie Chukovsky, kanye noVladimir Engeefich Zhabotinsky - Umsunguli wesikhathi esizayo weLegion yamaJuda.
Ngo-1901, uBoris uqeda indawo yokuzivocavoca futhi engena e-Imperial Noverorossiysk University ukuthola uMnyango Wezesayensi Yemvelo. Njengomfundi eyunivesithi, okuvumela kuqala ukuthanda umdlalo ku-violin, kepha kamuva unquma ukuyishintshanisa ezithombeni (ngeshwa, hhayi isithombe esisodwa seZhitkov esigciniwe). Ungakhohlwa umfana futhi ekuthuthukisweni komzimba - osuvele ngonyaka wesithathu unqoba imiklomelo emiqhudelwaneni yokuhamba ngomkhumbi.
Imvelo exakile kanye nokuqiniseka kwezinkolelo kuholela e-Boris iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kweRussia ngo-1905, izakhamizi zisiza ukuwela izikhali kumatilosi anqume ukuhlela umbhikisho. Ngo-1906, uBoris uthola idiploma yeNyuvesi. Ngenxa yesikhundla esingazinzile ezweni, isikhathi eside asikwazi ukuthola umsebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngeseluleko somngane sinquma ukuba ngamatilosi. Ngemuva kwezitolo eziningana olwandle, umfana unikeza izivivinyo kwi-navigator. Endimeni ye-navigator yesikejana sokuhamba ngomkhumbi yenza ukuhamba ngezinyawo eTurkey naseBulgaria.
Into yokufunda
Ezincwadini, uBoris zhitkov weza sekwephuzile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, impilo yakhe enesivunguvungu futhi emnandi enemicimbi iba yisisekelo semisebenzi eminingi yombhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi wawina idayari futhi wabhala njalo incwadi yakhe yendabuko, ngaleyo ndlela ukugxusha isandla sakhe ebuciko bokubhala. Ngo-1909, kuba ngukaputeni womkhumbi ocwaningayo owabamba iqhaza ekuhambeni kwe-ICHLichthiological on Yenisei.
Lapho ebuya ekuheni, i-boris ihambisa amadokhumenti eSt. Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter omkhulu emnyangweni okha umkhumbi. Ngo-1910, iya eDenmark ukuze idlule odokotela abasebenza ngensimbi. Ngo-1912, kuya kohambo lwayo lokuqala lomhlaba. Ekuhambeni kwe-Armenia, iningi le-boris lahlaba umxhwele amazwe ase-Asia - India, eJapan nase China. Ngo-1916 kuphetha inyuvesi ngobungcweti bonjiniyela abasebenza ngomkhumbi.
Ngesikhathi sokukhululwa esivela ePolytechnic University of uvumela isivele sikhonze indiza yasolwandle. Ngo-1916, uBoris uthola isikhundla se-Ensign engxenyeni yezindiza, kwathi ngemuva konyaka kamuva, i-Jogbook e-Admiralty. Ngo-1917, uthanda ukushiya insizakalo futhi uyosebenza ngokukhethekile e-Odessa Seaport, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba ngo-1924. Kulonyaka, i-It ivumela ukuthutha ePetrograd.
Kulokhu kunezizathu ezimbili: Okokuqala, uBoris wayekhathele ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa - "kusho uKacheva" owesibili, umbhangqwana ovumayo, umbhadi wesandla "ovumayo wanquma ukuzithathela endlini yokushicilela. Ihhovisi lokuhlela labonga lo msebenzi, futhi lalishicilela ngonyaka ofanayo. Kusukela ngo-1925, abahlali banelisekile ngothisha baya esikoleni sendawo, futhi basebenzise sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala sokubhala umsebenzi. Ngokwezilinganiso ze-BioPographies kaBoris, babhala ama-Essais angama-74, izindaba ezingama-59 nezindaba, amanoveli ayi-7 nezindatshana eziyi-14.
UBoris Stanovich waduma kakhulu njengomlobi wezingane. Kwakungezingane ukuthi wabhala iningi lemisebenzi yakhe - ikakhulukazi, amaqoqo "engikubonile", "Kwenzekani", "izindaba zasolwandle" kanye "nezindaba zezilwane". Iqoqo lezindaba zezilwane, ezishicilelwe ngo-1935, ziqukethe izindaba ezisuselwa kokuveli kwakhe ekuhambeleni e-India, "ikati elingenasisekelo", "ngeNdlovu", "mayelana neNdlovu", "mayelana neNdlovu", "mayelana neNdlovu noMongoose, "uGalka" no- "Wolf".
Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi owuvumela ukuthi uhlolwe esiqongweni somsebenzi wakhe kwakuyinoveli ethi "Viktor Vavich", enikezelwe ezenzakalweni zika-1905. Isikhathi eside, umsebenzi awuzange ushicilelwe ngoba wavinjelwa. Le nguqulo ngaphandle kwezikweletu kuphela ngo-1999, ngenxa yendodakazi kaKornea Chukovsky, uLordia, owathola lo mbhalo wesandla ezindaweni zoBhobo.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi iningi lenoveli elithi "Viktor Vavich" lalinomdlandla. Ngenani lalabo ababenomsebenzi okwakudingeka bawenze, babengumbhali uBoris Pasternak, umethuli we-TV we-Avdota smirnova kanye noMbuso uDmitry Bykov. Abagxeki baphawule ukuthi ukube bekungengenxa yokucwaninga, "iViktor Vavich" ingathatha indawo kuma-Classics aseRussia phakathi kwe- "Tikhim Don" kanye "noDkt Zhivago". Ngo-1988, lapho kugujwa ngehora lesihlanu, kwagujwa kusukela ekufeni komlobi, kwashicilelwa umhlangano wokuqala wemibhalo yakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yeZhitkov yazi okuncane. Indlela yokuphila yokuziphatha okuhle ayizange ivumele umlobi ukuthi aqale umndeni ojwayelekile, ngakho-ke ngasekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe waphila umshado wokholo lukaMikhailovna Arnold (1896-1988), indodakazi yomqondisi wesikole saseBelogorodsky neSoviet Encrypter.
Kwakungekho zingane ezivela kulo mbhangqwana, kepha uBoris wayenomshana ka-Alesha - indodana kadade osekhulile. Kwakungu-alyosha owaba yi-prototype yomlingiswa wezindaba ezivela eqoqweni "engikubonile". Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi bokuthi iZhivkov inezingane eziningana ezivela kuFelitzat Felitzat Felitzat Gedeva - indodana uNikolay nendodakazi kaFelicat. Okungenani, ngakho-ke aqinisekise amanye ama-media.
Ukushona
Emuva ngo-1937, uBoris Spanovich wazizwa egula. Ngeseluleko somngane wanquma ukuzama ukubulawa yindlala, kodwa kwakhula kuphela isikhundla sakhe. Incwadi eyayigcwele ilanga njenge- "Encyclopedia yezakhamizi" ezineminyaka emine ubudala ", umlobi waphela, usuvele wacacisa umkakhe. Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa kamuva ngaphansi kwegama elithi "engikubonile."
Enye incwadi yami - "Usizo luhamba" - lunikezelwe kwinqubo esetshenziselwa ukuzuzisa isintu, umbhali akazange abe nesikhathi sokuqeda. Noma kunjalo, kamuva washicilelwa kamuva obizwa ngokuthi "izindaba ngobuchwepheshe". UBoris Stepanovich ushone ngo-Agasti 19, 1938. Wangcwatshwa eMoscow, esiteshini sesithupha samathuna aseVagankov.
Ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yakhe, amakhathuni 'ezinkinobho'kazi' 'nendaba' kanjani "engabamba ngayo amadoda amancane"), "Kungani izindlovu zinjalo?" (Ngokusho kwendaba "mayelana nendlovu"), "poweding", kanye namafilimu "izindaba zasolwandle", "uSuku lwezingelosi" kanye "nesivunguvungu esiseSudche". Izakhi ze-biography yaseZhitkov zazisetshenziswa ezinkondlweni zikaSamuel Marshak "imeyili" (1927) ne- "zempi yezempi" (1943), kanye nefilimu "(1984).
Izilinganiso ze-Boris zhitkov
- "Akunakwenzeka ukuba kube nzima ukuba ufunde: Kuyadingeka ukuba ufunde injabulo, ukuthuthumela futhi unqobe."
- "Lokhu kubi ukwedlula bonke - amabhulukwe amasha. Musa ukuhamba, futhi ugqoke amabhulukwe: bheka ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuze kungadakwa noma kungenjalo lapho. IGAMA LOKUDLALA - Ukwesaba. Ukusuka endlini uya - ukhuluma lokhu! Futhi omunye umama uyaphela futhi ememeza esitebhisini: "Sizophuka - ungahambi kangcono!" Ihlazo liqonde. Yebo, awudingi lezi zibhulukwe zakho! Ngenxa yabo, konke kwaphuma. "
- "Waya edolobheni: Abantu baphikisana, abantu baphikisana, izimbongolo zamemeza ngolaka, wonke umuntu uyamemeza, aphonswe, kube sengathi anyathelwa. Onke amaGrikhi angabantu abanqwabelana. Amanye amaTurkey ahleli emthunzini. Ngubani uHookah athunga, futhi ubani notshani bayamunca - balinde ukuphela. "
- "Ngakho-ke lapho amakati avela khona edolobheni athutha khona."
I-Bibliography
- 1924 - "Ulwandle Olubi"
- 1925 - "Izindaba Zasolwandle"
- Ngo-1931 - "I-Stone Seal"
- 1935 - "Izindaba Zezilwane"
- Ngo-1939 - "Engikubonile"
- 1940 - "Izindaba"
- 1941 - "Viktor Vavich"
- Ngo-1942 - "Izindaba eziphathelene nobuchwepheshe"