I-Biograge
UMikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin ungumbhali waseRussia odumile, intatheli, umhleli, isikhulu sombuso. Imisebenzi yakhe ifakiwe kwikharikhulamu yesikole eyisibopho. Izinganekwane zomlobi azingezezeli lutho, zibizelwe kubo - azigcini nje ngokugqekeza ama-caricature kanye ne-grotesque, ngaleyo ndlela zigcizelela ukuthi umuntu ungumbusi waKhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
Izincwadi zezincwadi zaseRussia ezivela emndenini omuhle. Ubaba ka-Evgraf Vasilyevich wayeyingxenye yekhulu leminyaka endala kunabantu abadala kunabalingani u-Olga Mikhailovna. Indodakazi yomthengisi waseMoscow yashada ngeminyaka engu-15 yashiya umyeni wayo edolobhaneni laseSpas-Corner, eyayisesifundazweni saseTver. Lapho, ngoJanuwari 15, 1826, omncane wezingane eziyisithupha wazalwa ngesitayela esisha - uMikhail. Sekukonke, kwakukhona amadodana amathathu namadodakazi amathathu emndenini kaSallkovy (Shchedrini - ingxenye ye-pseudonym ekugcineni) namadodakazi amathathu.
Ngokwezincazelo zabaphenyi e-biography yombhali, umama, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ifethi ye-manor esephenduke intombazane emnandi e-Power Assress, wabelane ngezingane ezifuywayo futhi wabanjwa. UMisha omncane wayezungezwe uthando, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi wawela ku-rogue. Ekhaya bekulokhu kukhala futhi kwakhala. Njengoba uVladimir Obolensky abhale emimelweni ephathelene nomndeni wakwaSaltykov-Shchedrin, umlobi wachaza ubuntwana bakhe ezingxoxweni, wake wathi wazonda "lo mfazi owesabekayo," eholela kunina.
USaltykov wayazi izilimi zaseFrance nezamaJalimane, wathola imfundo yokuqala yasekhaya ehle kakhulu, eyayivunyelwe ukungena enhlanganweni ye-Moscow NOBILTIty. Ukusuka lapho, umfana, owabonisa izahlulelo ezingezona kwangempela, wezokuphepha okugcwele e-Tsarskoye Lyceum, lapho imfundo yayilingana neyunivesithi, futhi abathole babelwa ngokuya ngethebula lezikhundla.
Zombili izikhungo zemfundo zazidume ngokukhiqiza ama-elite emphakathini waseRussia. Phakathi kweziqu - u-Alexander Pushkin, Prince Mikhail Obolensky, Wilhelm Küherehecker, Anton Delvig, Ivan Pushchin. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nabo, uSalltykov ovela kumfana omangalisayo omangalisayo waphenduka ulimi olungasebenzi, olungcolile, uvame ukuhlala eKarzer, umfana, owayengakaze avele nabangane abaseduze. Ngeshwa izimpawu zikaMikhail zibizwa nge- "Dusk Lyceum."
Umkhathi odongeni lwe-lyceum enikele kulo msebenzi, futhi uMikhail ekulingiseni abanduleli baqala ukubhala izinkondlo zokuqukethwe okunenkululeko. Ukuziphatha okunjalo akuzange kushiywe kunganakwa: Iziqu zeLyceum Mikhail Saltykov zithole isikhundla soNobhala Wekolishi, yize ayenomeluleki osezingeni eliphakeme ezifundweni zakhe ezifundweni zakhe.
Ekupheleni kweLyceum, uMikhail wazinza ukuyokhonza ehhovisi lezempi futhi waqhubeka nokubhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlatshwe umxhwele yimisebenzi yezenhlalo yaseFrance. Izindikimba eziphakanyiswe yizinguquko ziboniswe "ebhizinisini elididayo" lokuqala "kanye" nokuphikisana ".
Lokho kumane nje kungumthombo wokushicilelwa, umlobi wasemqalayo akazange aqagele. Umagazini "amanothi asekhaya" ngaleso sikhathi wawungaphansi kokucelwa kwezepolitiki kwezepolitiki engekho emthethweni, wabhekwa njengengozi.
Ngokuthatha isinqumo seKhomishini Yesigameko, uSaltykov wathunyelwa esixhumanisi eVyatka, ehhovisi lombusi. Esixhumanisi, ngaphezu komsebenzi osemthethweni, uMikhail wafunda umlando wezwe, wahumusha izingoma zakudala zaseYurophu, zahamba kakhulu futhi zaxhumana nabantu. U-Salltykov wacishe waba nebhayibheli esifundazweni, noma ngabe wayesefikile kumeluleki ekubuseni kwesiFundazwe: Ngo-1855 u-Alexander II wathweswa umqhele wesihlalo sobukhosi, futhi mayelana nokujwayelekile kuzomane wakhohlwa.
UPeter Lanskaya weza ukutakula, ummeleli weNoble Loblebleman, umyeni wesibili uNatalia Pushkin. Ngosizo lomfowabo, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, uMikhail wabuyiselwa eSt. Petersburg futhi wabeka indawo yemiyalo ekhethekile kulo Mnyango.
Into yokufunda
UMikhail Evgradovich ubhekwa njengomunye wama-satirists aqhakazile ezincwadi zaseRussia, okungokwakheka kahle ulimi lwe-Esopov, amanoveli kanye nezindaba zazo ezingazange zilahlekelwe yizengezo. Kwaba mlando, umsebenzi we-Saltykov-Shchedrin ungumthombo wolwazi ngezindlela zokuziphatha namasiko ajwayelekile eMbusweni we-Russian wekhulu le-19. IPeru yombhali ingeyamagama anjengokuthi "ubuthango", "ubude obuthambile" kanye "nobuhle".
Lapho ebuya kusixhumanisi SaseSaltykov, okuhlangenwe nakho kokuxhumana nezikhulu zeRussian Delional kwaphinde kwagcwaliswa futhi uNikolai Shchedrin washicilela umjikelezo wezindatshana zesifundazwe, ukuzilibazisa kwezinhlobo zezimpawu zezakhamizi zaseRussia. Imibhalo yayilindele impumelelo enkulu, igama lomlobi, ngokulandelayo libhala izincwadi eziningi, okokuqala kuzohlotshaniswa ne- "Essays", abacwaningi bobuciko ", abacwaningi bobuciko bombhali bazobabiza ngesibonakaliso ekwakhiweni kwezincwadi zaseRussia .
Endabeni enomfudumalo okhethekile, kuchazwa abantu abalukhuni. Ukwakha izithombe zezicukuthwane nezikhulu, uMikhail Evgrafovich aholeli hhayi kuphela mayelana nezisekelo zeSerfdom, kodwa futhi zigxile ohlangothini lokuziphatha kwabameleli bezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu kanye nesisekelo sokuziphatha.
Phezulu kokuqanjwa kwe-Russian ProSAIK kubhekwa "umlando wedolobha elilodwa". Indaba ye-satyric, egcwele imizwa kanye ne-groteesque, ezesikhathi ngezikhathi zabantu zingazange zibongwa ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali ekuqaleni osolwa ukuthi uyahlekisa umphakathi futhi azame ukusola amaqiniso omlando.
Kumaqhawe amakhulu, abanikazi bamadolobha abakhombisa iphalethi elicebile labalingiswa babantu kanye nokufumbathiswa komphakathi - ukufumbathiswa, abaqeqeshiwe, abangenandaba, baxakekile ngezinhloso ezingenangqondo, iziwula ezingafanele. Abantu abalula kakhulu basebenza njengokulalela ngokungaboni, bakulungele lonke uhlobo lwempunga, olusebenza ngokunqenqemeni, ngokuba kuphela emaphethelweni okufa.
Ukuvalelisa okunjalo nogwadule uSalltykov-Shchedrin kuhlekwe ngokuhlekisa ku- "Pisur ProMudrome". Umsebenzi, yize iqiniso elibizwa ngokuthi yinganekwane, alibhekwanga ezinganeni. Ifilosofi yagezwa endabeni ngezinhlanzi, yagcwala izimfanelo zabantu, yaphetha ngokuthi ubukhona obunesizungu, bavale kuphela enhlalakahleni yakhe, bebenganakwa.
Enye inganekwane yabantu abadala "umnikazi womhlaba wasendle", umsebenzi ophilayo futhi othokozayo onomdlandla wokuhlasela okhanyayo, lapho abantu abasebenza khona - abasebenzi baphikisana kakhulu noMqondisi.
Umsebenzi wokubhala we-Salltykov-Shchedrin uthole uphawu olungeziwe lapho i-prose iqala ukusebenza ehhovisi lokuhlela lamaphephabhuku we-pathriotic anomagazini. Kusukela ngo-1868, ukuphathwa okujwayelekile kwencwadi kungokwezimbongi nomphakathi uNikolai Nekrasov.
Esimemweni somuntu siqu uMikhail Evgradovich ophumelele emnyangweni wokuqala wabamba iqhaza ekushicilelweni kwezinganekwane futhi ahumushelwa imisebenzi. Inqwaba yezindatshana zalo u-Saltykov-Shchedrin futhi zishicilelwe amakhasi "amanothi".
Phakathi kwazo - "indawo yokuhlala ye-monrepo", ngokulandela umqhele wokubhala - ukulandelwa kwempilo yomndeni yombhali owaba yiPhini-umbhali, "idayari yesifundazwe eSt. "Pompadura nePompadurshi", "Izincwadi ezivela esiFundazweni."
Ngo-1880, incwadi ehlukile yashicilela inoveli e-Epoch-Witty "- Indaba ephathelene nomndeni, lapho inhloso eyinhloko ukucebisa nokuphikisana nokuphila okuyize, ngokuvamile, umndeni Hlangana noMthetho kaNkulunkulu futhi hhayi ukuboniswa uTogo ekuzibhubhiseni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngomkakhe u-Elizabeth, uMikhail Saltykov wahlangana esixhumanisi seVyatka. Le ntombazane yaphenduka indodakazi yenduna eqondile yombhali, umbusi-uMbusi u-Apollo Petrin. Lesi sikhulu sakha umsebenzi emkhakheni wezemfundo, kwezomnotho, ezempi kanye neMinyango yamaphoyisa. Ekuqaleni, inceku enolwazi yesaba ukudukisa uSallYkov, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadoda aba abangane.
Emndenini kaLisa wabizwa ngokuthi uBetsy, intombazane yabizwa ngokuthi umlobi, owayeneminyaka emishako eneminyaka eyi-14, uMichel. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha kwashukunyiswa yiBolumi eVladimir inkonzo, futhi umndeni wahamba ngemuva kwakhe. USalltykov wayenqatshelwe ukushiya umkhawulo wesifundazwe saseVyatka. Kepha, ngokusho kwenganekwane, waphula kabili ukuvinjelwa ukubona othandekayo.
Kwaphikiswa ngokwezigaba nomshado noMama ka-Elizabeth Apollonia wombhali, u-Olga Mikhailovna: Akuwona umakoti omncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke futhi umshado wentombazane akaqinile. Umehluko eminyakeni eyabangela ukungabaza ngeVladimir Vice-Governol. UMikhail wavuma ukulinda unyaka owodwa.
Intsha yashada ngoJuni 1856, umama womkhwenyana emshadweni akazange eze. Ubudlelwano emndenini omusha bekunzima, abashadikazi babexabana, umehluko wabalingiswa wathi: UMikhail - uqonde, uthukuthele ngokushesha, wayesaba indlu yakhe. U-Elizabeth, kunalokho, ethambile futhi ebekezela, akanasindwa ngolwazi lwesayensi. U-Salltykov akazange athande amakhemikhali nokulucika kukankosikazi wakhe, wabiza izinhloso zomlingani "hhayi afune kakhulu."
Ngokwemimo yama-Memoris Vladimir Obolensky, u-Elizabeth Apolloovna engxoxweni uthathe i-Insuptipad, wenza amazwana angahlobene necala. Owesifazane oboniswe ngobuwula ubeka umhlanganyeli ekugcineni efile futhi uthukuthele uMikhail Evgradovich.
U-Elizabeth wayethanda impilo yakhe enhle futhi wafuna okuqukethwe okufanele ngokwezezimali. Kulokhu, umyeni, owayesebenza ngaphambi kwesihloko soMbusi wePhini, asakwazi ukufaka isandla, kodwa njalo azinikele esikweletini futhi abizelwe ukutholwa kwempahla ngoMthetho we-Non-Gallberry. Ukusuka emisebenzini ye-salltykov-shchedrin kanye nezifundo zempilo yomlobi, kwaziwa ukuthi udlale epiyano, wadilizwa ewayini futhi wezwa uchwepheshe ngesilulumagama esingafanele.
Noma kunjalo, u-Elizabeth noMikhail bahlala ndawonye impilo yakhe yonke. Unkosikazi ubhale kabusha imisebenzi yomyeni wakhe, waba yinkosikazi enhle, ngemuva kokushona kombhali wayala ifa leli lifa, ngenxa yokuthi umndeni awuzange uzizwe unesidingo. Indodakazi ka-Elizabeth nendodana kaKonstantin bazalwa emshadweni. Izingane azizange ziziveze ukuthi zicasulwa kanjani ubaba odumile, kanye nabathandekayo bazo. USallkov wabhala:
"Ngeshwa kuzoba yizingane zami, akukho zinkondlo ezinhliziyweni, azikho izinkumbulo zothingo."Ukushona
Impilo yomlobi osekhulile, owayehlushwa i-rheumatism, anciphise kakhulu ukuvalwa kwamanothi "amanothi asekhaya" ngonyaka we-1884. Esinqumweni esihlangene soMnyango Wezangaphakathi, ubulungiswa kanye nokukhanyiselwa kwabantu, kwamukelwa ukuthi incwadi yokusabalalisa yamukelwa imibono eyingozi, kanye nabasebenzi beBhodi Yesihleli - Amalungu omphakathi wemfihlo.
Izinyanga zokugcina zokuphila kwe-Saltykov-Shchedrin ezichithwe embhedeni, izivakashi zicelwe ukuthi zidluliselwe: "Ngimatasa kakhulu - ngifa." UMikhail Evgradovich washona ngoMeyi 1889 evela ezinkingeni ezibangelwa umkhuhlane. Ngokwentando ka-Writer Writer, bangcwatshwa eduze kwethuna lika-Ivan Turgenev emathuneni ama-volovssky eSt. Petersburg.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ososakweni usawoti we-Aristocraly Bayars, ngokwendlela efanayo, uMikhail Evgrafovich akasebenzi. Ngokwabanye, umndeni wakhe uyisizukulwane segatsha elingelona elinyatekile sohlobo lwendlu.
- UMikhail Saltykov - I-Shchedrin yaqhamuka negama elithi "ukuthamba".
- Izingane emkhakheni womlobi zavela eminyakeni engu-17 ubudala.
- Kunezinguqulo ezimbalwa zemvelaphi ye-pseudonyk generin. Owokuqala: Abalimi abaningi balelo gama lokugcina bahlala efeni lakwaSaltykov. Okwesibili: Shchedrin - isibongo somthengisi, umhlanganyeli wenhlangano ehlukanisayo, icala lokuthi umbhali aphenywa ngayo ngenxa yemisebenzi esemthethweni. "French" Version: Enye yezinketho zokuhunyushwa kwegama elithi "phana" liye French - Libéral. Kungumxoxo wenkululeko owedlulele ovezwa umlobi emisebenzini yakhe.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1857 - "Ama-Essarskyy Essays"
- Ngo-1869 - "Indaba Ekhuluma Ngendlela Omakhelwane Ababili Bomuntu Ababili"
- Ngo-1870 - "Umlando wedolobha elinye"
- Ngo-1872 - "idayari yesifundazwe eSt. Petersburg"
- 1879 - "Shelter MonRepo"
- 1880 - "Lord golovy"
- 1883 - "I-Pumotud Piskar"
- Ngo-1884 - "UKaras Ufuna"
- Ngo-1885 - "Konya"
- 1886 - "Umqhele weCrowber"
- Ngo-1889 - "Posekhonna Andan"