Biography
Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin is a famous Russian writer, journalist, editor, state official. His works are included in the mandatory school curriculum. The fairy tales of the writer are not for nothing, they are called in them - they are not only a caricature riddenness and grotesque, thereby emphasizes that a person is a protrusion of his own destiny.Childhood and youth
Genius of Russian literature from the noble family. Evgraf Vasilyevich's Father was a quarter of a century older than spouses Olga Mikhailovna. The daughter of the Moscow merchant married at 15 years and left behind her husband in the village of Spas-corner, which was then located in the Tver Province. There, January 15, 1826, the youngest of six children was born on a new style - Mikhail. In total, there were three sons and three daughters in the family of Saltykovy (Shchedrin - part of the pseudonym eventually) and three daughters.
According to the descriptions of the researchers in the biography of the writer, the mother, with time the estate of the manor who has turned out of a fun girl in the power mistress, shared children on pets and caught. The little Misha was surrounded by love, but he sometimes fell into a rogue. At home was constantly crying and crying. As Vladimir Obolensky wrote in the memoirs about the Saltykov-Shchedrin family, the writer described his childhood in the conversations, once said that he hated "this terrible woman," leading to a mother.
Saltykov knew French and German languages, received a brilliant initial home education, which was allowed to enter the Moscow Nobility Institute. From there, the boy, who manifested non-real adjudications, came to full state security into a privileged Tsarskoye Lyceum, in which education was equivalent to university, and graduates were assigned ranks according to the rank table.
Both educational institutions were famous for produced the elite of the Russian society. Among graduates - Alexander Pushkin, Prince Mikhail Obolensky, Wilhelm Kühehelbecker, Anton Delvig, Ivan Pushchin. However, unlike them, Saltykov from a wonderful smart boy turned into an untidy, foul language, often sitting in Karzer, a boy, who never appeared close friends. Unfortunately Mikhail Symbols nicknamed a "dusk lyceum."
The atmosphere in the walls of the Lyceum contributed to the work, and Mikhail in imitating the predecessors began to write poems of liberal content. Such behavior was not left unnoticed: the graduate of the Lyceum Mikhail Saltykov received the rank of college secretary, although he had a higher-titular adviser in his studies in his studies.
At the end of the lyceum, Mikhail settled to serve in the Office of the Military Office and continued to compose. In addition, fascinated by the works of the French Socialists. The themes raised by revolutionaries were reflected in the first "confusing business" and "contradictions".
That's just with a source of publication, a beginner writer has not guessed. The Magazine "Domestic Notes" at that time was under the unlawful political censorship, was considered ideologically harmful.
By decision of the supervisory commission, Saltykov was sent to a link to Vyatka, to the Office for the Governor. In the link, in addition to the official work, Mikhail studied the history of the country, translated the compositions of European classics, went a lot and communicated with the people. Saltykov almost remained to be labeled in the province, even if he had reached the adviser to the provincial rule: in 1855 Alexander II was crowned on the imperial throne, and about the ordinary will simply forgot.
Peter Lanskaya came to the rescue, the representative of the noble nobleman, the second husband Natalia Pushkin. With the assistance of his brother, the Minister of Internal Affairs, Mikhail was returned to St. Petersburg and gave place a place of special instructions in this department.
Literature
Mikhail Evgrafovich is considered one of the brightest satirists of Russian literature, masterfully owning the Esopov language, novels and the stories of which did not lose topical. For historians, the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin is the source of knowledge of the morals and customs common in the 19th century Russian Empire. Peru of the writer belongs to such terms as "dullness", "soft-length" and "delicacy".
Upon returning from the link Saltykov, the experience of communicating with officials of the Russian depthion was reworked and Nikolai Shchedrin published a cycle of the provincial essays, recreation of the characteristic types of residents of Russia. The writings waited for a great success, the name of the author, subsequently writing a lot of books, first of all will be associated with the "essays", researchers of creativity of the writer will call them a sign in the development of Russian literature.
In stories with special warmth, simple people-hard workers are described. Creating images of the nobles and officials, Mikhail Evgrafovich led not only about the foundations of serfdom, but also focused on the moral side of representatives of the highest estate and the moral basis of statehood.
The top of the creativity of the Russian Prosaik is considered the "history of one city". Satyric story, full of allegory and grotesque, contemporaries not immediately appreciated. Moreover, the author at first accused that he mocks the society and tries to blame the historical facts.
In the main heroes, the city holders showing a rich palette of human characters and public lows - bribes, careerists, indifferent, obsessed with absurd goals, frank fools. The easiest people act as blindly obeying, ready to all sort gray mass, which acts decisively, only being on the edge of death.
Such farewell and cowardice Saltykov-Shchedrin ridiculously ridiculed in the "Pisur Promudrome". The work, despite the fact that is referred to as a fairy tale, is not addressed to not children. The philosophical washed out of the story about the fish, endowed with human qualities, was concluded that the lonely existence, closed only on his own well-being, was negligible.
Another fairy tale for adults is a "wild landowner", a living and cheerful work with a light zinizism raid, in which a simple people-worker is openly opposed to self-director.
The literary work of Saltykov-Shchedrin received an additional signpitation when the prose began to work in the editorial office of the Patriotic Notes magazine. Since 1868, the general management of the publication belonged to the poet and Publicist Nikolai Nekrasov.
At the personal invitation of the last Mikhail Evgrafovich headed the first department engaged in the publication of fiction and translated works. The bulk of its own essays Saltykov-Shchedrin also published on the "Notes" pages.
Among them - the "shelter of the MONREPO", according to literary crowns - tracing of a family life of a writer who became the vice-governor, "Provincial Diary in St. Petersburg" - a book about the adventurers not translated in Russia, "Pompadura and Pompadurshi", "Letters from the province."
In 1880, a separate book published an epoch-witty novel "Lord Golovy" - a story about the family, in which the main goal is to enrich and idle lifestyle, children have long turned into burden for the mother, in general, the family lives not by the law of God and not noticing Togo moves to self-destruction.
Personal life
With his wife Elizabeth, Mikhail Saltykov met in the Vyatka link. The girl turned out to be a daughter of the direct chief of the writer, Vice-Governor Apollo Petrovich Bottin. The official made a career in the field of education, economic, military and police departments. At first, the experienced servant was afraid of freezing Saltykov, but over time, the men became friends.
In the family of Lisa called Betsy, the girl called the writer, who was her older than 14 years old, Michel. However, soon the bolt was transferred to Vladimir in service, and the family went behind him. Saltykov was forbidden to leave the limits of Vyatka province. But, according to legend, he twice broke the ban to see the beloved.
It was categorically opposed to marriage with the Elizabeth Apollonian mother of the writer, Olga Mikhailovna: Not only is the bride too young, so also dowry for the girl is not solid. The difference in the years caused doubts about Vladimir Vice-Governor. Mikhail agreed to wait one year.
Young people got married in June 1856, the groom's mother on wedding did not come. The relationship in the new family was difficult, the spouses often quarreled, the difference of characters was affected: Mikhail - straight, quick-tempered, were afraid of his house. Elizabeth, on the contrary, soft and patient, not burdened with knowledge of sciences. Saltykov did not like the chemistry and coquetry of his wife, he called the ideals of the spouse "not very demanding."
According to the memoirs of Prince Vladimir Obolensky, Elizabeth Apolloovna in the conversation took the unptipad, made comments that are not related to the case. The stupidity promonted woman put the interlocutor in a dead end and angry Mikhail Evgrafovich.
Elizabeth loved his beautiful life and demanded the appropriate financial content. In this, the husband, who served before the title of the Vice-Governor, could still contribute, but constantly brought himself into debt and called the acquisition of property by a non-galberry act. From the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin and the studies of the writer's life, it is known that he played on the piano, dismantled in wines and heard an expert on abnormative vocabulary.
Nevertheless, Elizabeth and Mikhail lived together all his life. The wife rewritten the works of her husband, turned out to be a good mistress, after the death of the writer competently ordered inheritance, thanks to which the family did not feel need. The daughter of Elizabeth and the son of Konstantin were born in marriage. The children did not show themselves how they were upset of the famous Father, and their loved ones. Saltykov wrote:
"Unfortunate will be my children, no poetry in the hearts, no rainbow memories."Death
The health of the elderly writer, who suffered from rheumatism, severely undermined the closure of "domestic notes" in 1884. In the joint decision of the Ministry of the Interior, Justice and Folk Enlightenment, the publication was recognized as a distributor of harmful ideas, and the staff of the editorial board - members of the Secret Society.
The last months of the life of Saltykov-Shchedrin spent in bed, guests requested to transfer: "I am very busy - dying." Mikhail Evgrafovich died in May 1889 from the complications caused by a cold. According to the Writer's will, were buried next to the grave of Ivan Turgenev at the Volkovsky cemetery of St. Petersburg.
Interesting Facts
- To the aristocratic boyars' salts, according to the same way, Mikhail Evgrafovich does not apply. According to others, his family is the descendants of the non-tidy branch of the genus.
- Mikhail Saltykov - Shchedrin came up with the word "softness".
- Children in the Writer family appeared 17 years old marriage.
- There are several versions of the origin of the pseudonym generin. The first: a lot of peasants with that last name lived in the estate of Saltykov. Second: Shchedrin - the surname of the merchant, the participant of the split movement, the case of which the writer investigated due to official duties. "French" version: One of the options for the translation of the word "generous" into French - libéral. It is an excessive liberal chatter exposed to a writer in his works.
Bibliography
- 1857 - "Gubernsky Essays"
- 1869 - "The story about how one man's two generals proceeded"
- 1870 - "The history of one city"
- 1872 - "Provincial Diary in St. Petersburg"
- 1879 - "Shelter MONREPO"
- 1880 - "Lord Golovy"
- 1883 - "Promotud Piskar"
- 1884 - "Karas idealist"
- 1885 - "Konya"
- 1886 - "Crowber's Crown"
- 1889 - "Poshekhonna Older"