I-Biograge
UJean Calvin - Isazi semfundiso yenkolo saseFrance, omunye wabameleli bokugeleza kwezinguquko, isazi sefilosofi, kanye nomsunguli wemfundiso yakhe, ebizwa ngokuthi "Calvinism". Impilo yalo muntu yayingelula, kepha ukuqina nokuthembeka emibonweni yabo kwamenza uJean Calvin abona leso sikhathi.Ubuntwana nentsha
Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo yesikhathi esizayo kanye noMguquli zazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1509 emndenini wamaKatolika amaKatolika. Ikhaya likaKalvin yidolobha likaNuayon, elisenyakatho yeFrance. Ubaba womfana wazuza impumelelo ehlaba umxhwele njengonobhala wombhishobhi wendawo, kanye nomshushisi wezimali.
Unina kaJean ushonile eseseyingane, futhi uyise wayenesishonile sokuphakamisa ingane yakini. Ngakho-ke, uJean omncane wanikwa ngaphansi kokugcinwa komndeni owodwa onawo, lapho athola khona izisekelo zemfundo futhi wamunca izindaba ezinkulu.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, uJean Calvin ekugcizeleleni kukayise waya eParis ukuze afunde isayensi efanelekile neyabantu. Eminyakeni edlule yokufunda, insizwa ye-podnatoruval ezilimini futhi yaba yisikhulumi esihlakaniphile. Bambalwa abasebasha kamuva ababethembele ukuze bafunde izintshumayelo kwelinye lamapharashi esonto. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukufinyelela iningi, uCalvin (futhi, ukulandela intando kababa) kwaqhubeka nemfundo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, le nsizwa yaqala ukuqonda ukuhlakanipha kobuqili, futhi yaphothula izifundo zakhe, yathuthela e-Orleans, lapho yangena khona kubafundi kummeli odumile uPierre Stelle. Naphezu kwempumelelo esobala kulo mkhakha kanye nokudumisa okungapheli kwabafundisi abadumile, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokufa kukababa, uJean Calvin ushiya ubuhluzi futhi eheha inkoleko yenkolo.
Le nsizwa yafunda imisebenzi yabangcwele, lapho ukholo lweBhayibheli, iBhayibheli, izincazelo eziningi eziningi nokuphawula ngalo. Kakade ngaleso sikhathi, uJean Calvin waphatha "ukuhlanza" kwebandla. I-Parallel Calvin ithole amazinga e-Science of Linontia futhi yashunyayelwa ekufikeni okuncane okuncane.
Ngo-1532 e-Biography kaJean Calvin kwaphawulwa yimicimbi emibili: Le nsizwa yathola iziqu zobudokotela, kanye nasezimalinilo zayo zikhiphe inkolo yokuqala yesayensi. Lokhu kwakuyimibono emsebenzini we-Sveti Philosopher ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Mayelana Nomnene".
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi umlingiswa kaJean ubezoba izinto zokuzilibazisa zensizwa: Eminyakeni engama-23 kwakuyindoda eyayingafani neyakhe, wayilungele ukuvikela imibono eyayikuphela kwayo. Untanga yakwa-Jean waze wanikeza leso sidlaliso "esiqongelela", okungukuthi, "icala lokusolwa", futhi lalihlale libizwa ngokuthi "eMor Fassist.
Imfundiso
Kancane kancane, uJean Calvin ungene ngemibono yenguquko eguqukayo. Ithonya elikhulu, ngombono wezingodo zezimbali kanye nezazi-mlando, uMartin Luther (umsunguli wokubukwa kwezinguquko) wenziwa ekubukeni komhlaba kwezenkolo (umsunguli wokubukwa kabusha).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nsizwa yayingeyona eyabafona kwabanye ama-postulates weHumasmus Rotterdam noLefivra d'Etapl. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, eParis, umphakathi oyingqayizivele wabasekeli bokubukwa kwezinguquko kwezinguquko kwaqala ukwakha, lapho uCalvin ajoyine khona, futhi ngokushesha ngenxa yamakhono akhona futhi ayenawo wonke umholi waleli qembu.
Umsebenzi ophambili wabantu besikhathi besikhathi kanye nomphakathi wamaKristu uwonke, uJean Calvin wabheka ukuqedwa kokusebenzisa kabi abefundisi, ababevame kakhulu. Futhi, izimfundiso eziphambili zikaCalvin zazisuselwa emcabangweni wokulingana kwabo bonke abantu phambi kukaNkulunkulu nomthetho wezwe. Umuntu oguqukayo akazange athuse ngokulwa nabefundisi, waze wanquma ukusakaza inkulumo yakhe engafanele "kwifilosofi yobuKristu" ephrintiwe.
Inkululeko enjalo idonsela ukunaka kweziphathimandla ezamboza amehlo azo kwi-Mzduchiism yezinceku zesonto futhi angenandaba nokuqedwa kwemikhuba emibi kangako. UJean Calvin ushushisiwe, uMguquli waqala ukufuna kulo lonke elaseParis. Okwesikhashana, indoda ethile yambozwa ngabantu abanomqondo ofanayo, kwathi uCalvin wathuthela eGeneva, lapho ahlela khona ukuchitha ubusuku kuphela.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlelo zazenzelwe ukuguquka: eGeneva Calvin nazo zahlangana nabalandeli futhi bathola umngani nomsizi lapho bebhekene nomshumayeli kanye nemfundiso yenkolo yenhlawulo. Imizamo yangomuva, uJean Calvin waziwa eGeneva, lapho abambezeleka khona okuphambene nezinhlelo zokuqala. Ngokushesha ngemfundiso entsha, esevele yathola igama elithi "Calvinism" esevele ngaleso sikhathi, laziwa kakhulu ngale kwemikhawulo yeGeneva.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uCalvina kwadingeka ahambe kulo muzi onomoya wokungenisa izihambi ngesizathu esifanayo nezwe lomdabu. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zathuthela eStrasbourg - idolobha lapho iningi labahlali linamathela kwiProthestani. Abazinikele futhi bathola isifundo, beshumayela futhi befunda izinkulumo kwelinye lamasonto.
Ngokushesha, iStrasbourg yakhuluma ngoMeversion omusha, futhi uCalvin wathola indawo esemthethweni futhi uyaxolisa ngomshumayeli, okwakusiza kakhulu impilo yakhe yansuku zonke. Ngo-1537, selivele labuya eGeneva, uJean Calvin ophothule emsebenzini omkhulu othi "Ikhathekizimu" - Isethi Eyingqayizivele Yemithetho kanye Nezincwadi Ze-Postutal of "Calvinism", ezibhekiswe kubo bobabili abantu besonto kanye nakubantu bezwe.
Le mithetho yaphenduka iqinile futhi yafuna ukuholwa kwemiyalo emisha edolobheni, kepha uMkhandlu Wedolobha wawusekela uMguquko, futhi iCathekimbisa evunyelwe emhlanganweni olandelayo. Kodwa-ke, ukwenza lokhu, okwakubonakala kukuhle, ngokushesha kwaphenduka ubushiqela obukhulu.
Ngesikhathi eGeneva, eqinisweni, imithetho uJean Calvin nabasekeli bayo banikwa amandla yinqwaba yezigwebo zokufa. Azikho izakhamizi ezingaphansi ezaxoshwa ngaphandle kwedolobha lasekhaya, abanye bahlala besaba iNkantolo yendawo kanye neziphathimandla: Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlukunyezwa kwathathwa njengenhlabathi evamile.
Ngokufana, uJean Calvin wasebenza emsebenzini obaluleke kakhulu empilweni, obizwa ngokuthi "ukufundisa ngokholo lobuKristu." Lo msebenzi omkhulu waba yiqoqo lezincwadi, izintshumayelo, izinkulumo kanye nama-eseyi aveza imibono yombhali, imiyalo kwezizukulwane ezesikhathi esizayo. Inani leCalvin labhala amavolumu angama-57.
Umcabango omkhulu, isisusa esimaphakathi, esilandelayo ngemisebenzi kaJean Calvin, ukubona amandla aphezulu aphezulu kuwo wonke umuntu. Ubukhosi bukaNkulunkulu, ngokusho kukaCalvin, kusho ukugcwala komuntu okugcwele entandweni kaJehova.
Ukukhetha okukodwa kuphela okutholakalayo kubantu - ukuba noNkulunkulu noma ukulahla ukholo nokuzishushisa kufulawa esibi ngemuva kokuphila kwasemhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhetha, kubhekwa njengeCalvin, kunqunywe kusengaphambili ngaphambi kukaNkulunkulu. Njengoba kuneminyaka yobudala, umguquki waba mnandi ngokwengeziwe, unokhahlo futhi ongabekezeleleki ukuhambisa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UJean Calvin washada. Ngo-1540, isazi semfundiso yenkolo sahlanganiswa nowesifazane nowesifazane ogama lakhe lingu-Idetetta de Br.
Lowo oshade naye wanikeza uguquko lwezingane ezintathu, kodwa bonke bafa eminyakeni yobuntwana, ngaphandle kokuvumela uCalvin ukuba athole injabulo yomzali. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkaCalvin washiya impilo yakhe phambi kwakhe.
Ukushona
Ngo-1559, uJean Calvin wathatha umkhuhlane onamandla kunabo bonke, kodwa wawushiya umbhede futhi waqhubeka nomsebenzi osebenzayo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, lesi sifo sibuyele emuva, kepha impilo yemfundiso yenkolo yathuthumela.
Ngo-1564, phakathi nentshumayelo elandelayo, uCalvin wawela njengolakade, umlomo wendoda wahamba. Izinyanga ezintathu, uMguquko ochithe embhedeni ezinyameni ezimbi, kwathi ngoMeyi 27, 1564, uJean Calvin akazange.
Ukumangala enkantolo
- 1536 - "Ukufaka Kukholo LwamaKristu"
- 1543 - "Izeluleko ku-Relics"