I-Biograge
"Njengoba uMamay esedlulile," lesi saga sisasetshenziswa kaningi ngenkulumo yaseRussia. Kusetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa ngesonakali, ukwehlula. Lesi ngesinye sezinkulumo ezimbalwa zesikhathi sempi yeKulisikov, lapho uDmitry DonSkoy ephula amabutho e-mamaevo.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Biography kaMaama inenani elikhulu lamabala amhlophe, ngoba amakhulu eminyaka ayi-6 adlula ekubukekeni kwawo. Ngokusobala, izalelwa ngo-1335 enhlokodolobha yeHlide Horde, idolobha laseSaray-batu. Ukugibela kwakuvela kwisizwe saseMongolia, kwavuma amaSulumane. Igama liyinguqulo yasendulo yaseTurkic ye-mohammed.
Umshado ophumelelayo nendodakazi kaKhan Golden Horde wavumela uMama ngo-1357 ukuthi athathe isikhundla sikaBecousebeki: eholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, amabutho kanye ne-LED HOLY HORD ALELE. Ngaphandle komshado eTulunbek, uMamayimi wayengeke avumele isikhundla esiphakeme kangaka.
I-Horde yegolide
Ngo-1359, ngemuva kokubulawa komkhwenyana kaBerdibek Khan Kulpoy, Mamay umemezela impi. Kusukela kulowo mzuzu kuqhubeke, okuthiwa "ujamu omkhulu" eHorde kuqala. Njengoba uMamay wayengeyena owokuqala, akakwazanga ukuthatha isihloko sikaKhan. Kwathi ngo-136 wamemezela i-high horde khan (izingxenye ze-horde yegolide, ingxenye yesibili yabizwa ngokuthi luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) womlotha wakhe. U-Abdullah, ovela kuBatum.
Lesi sinyathelo sabangela umbhikisho wabanye abafakizicelo bamandla, uMama osukela ku-1359 kuya ku-1370 kwadingeka alwe nabaNani Khans: ngo-1366 wakwazi ukulawula ingxenye esentshonalanga yombuso, kusukela ebhange elifanele laseVolga kuya eCrimea. Ngezikhathi ezithile, wayenenhlokodolobha, idolobha likaSaramu. Enhlanganweni yakwamanye amazwe, uMamay wagxila ekuhwebizeni nezezifundazwe zaseYurophu - iVenieta, ukuqina okukhulu kweLithuania nabanye.
Ngo-1370, amaprotheni ka-Abdullah afa, okusolwa ukuthi, ngesandla sikaMaima. UMohammed Bulak, umfana oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili evela kuhlobo lwe-bamouds asukuma endaweni yakhe. UDe yura, wabusa le mamayaevaya horde kuze kube ngu-1380, waze washona empini yaseKulisikov. Eqinisweni, uMamai ngephutha, ngaphandle kokuthatha isihloko se-khan.
Ubudlelwano bobumnyama neMoscow lakhula ngezindlela ezihlukile. Eminyakeni yokuqala, umbuso kaMamay wasekela inhlokodolobha, ngo-1363, inkontileka yokunciphisa uDani yasayinwa ngeMetropolitan Alexia. UDmitry Prince uDmitry wabona amandla kaMamia noKhan Abdullah.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-1370, uMamai wakhetha umfutho wakhe omkhulu futhi wanikezela eMikhail Tver. Ngemuva konyaka, i-Dmitry kanye nokuvakasha komuntu siqu kwavakashela indawo yokuhlala yaseBekstolebeck kwabuyisela ilebula. Ubutha balezi zifundazwe zombili bukhula ngemuva kwe-1374, iqembu leTatar lashaywa eNovhny Novgorod, elalihambisana namanxusa eMama. Kwaqala "ukufudumala okukhulu", ukuphela okuwukuphela kwempi kulikovsky kwabekwa.
Ngo-1377, i-The Them Khan Golden Horde Tukhuthamam yaqala ukuwuchitha umhlaba: Entwasahlobo yakwa-1378 yanqoba ingxenye esempumalanga, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yebutho. Ukulandela, waya engxenyeni esentshonalanga, iHorde Horde, lapho uMomay abusa khona empeleni. Ekuqaleni konyaka we-1380, iTokhtamysh ikwazile ukubuyisa yonke insimu ye-horde yegolide, yi-Crimea kanye nesifunda saseNyakatho-Syar Foo Sea Seated silawulwa.
Ezimweni ezinzima kangaka, uMamay wenza isinqumo sokuhlela umkhankaso eRussia ukuqoqa imali engaphezulu. Kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi amabutho e-horde ayanakwa, ngemali yabafundisi bombusi, abakwaMercunaries bathathwa - abasezingeni eliphakeme kanye nabanye. Isiphetho sempi yokulwa nenkundla yeKulisikov, yenzeke Septhemba 8, 1380. Inhloko yamabutho aseRussia kwakuyinkomba ye-Moscow Dmitry Donsskoy.
Ososayensi banamuhla bavumelane nokubukwa ekuhlolweni kwenani lamasosha egolide. Abanye bathi uMama wayenabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-60, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kusukela kumabutho ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 kuye kwangama-150 eDonskoy, okokuqala ahlolwe kubantu abashadikazi abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30, futhi kamuva baphonsele empini yensimu yesitika, thina esenza ukubanjwa ensimini yesinamatheli, sikwenzayo Eqiniseka ukuthi kuzona zombili izinhlangothi kwakuvela kubahlanganyeli abayizinkulungwane ezi-5 kuye kwayi-10, futhi impi yahlala hhayi amahora amathathu, njengoba kuchaziwe kwiziKronike, nemizuzu engama-20-30.
Imininingwane mayelana nempi yagcinwa emithonjeni emine ebhaliwe: "I-Zadonshyna", "I-Toncleic Tanger Mamaev yempi", "IziKronike zaseFice of the Kulikov War." Igama elithi "Kulikovskaya impi" kusayensi yethule uN. M. Karamzin "endabeni yesimo saseRussia".
Amabutho avumelana ngayo endaweni yokwehluleka komfula elayishwe ukuze anikwanga, manje yindawo yesifunda saseTula. Isikhathi eside, isizathu sokungabikho kwemingcwabo emkhakheni we-stald sahlala iyimfihlakalo, okumbiwe kwaphela ngokutholwa kwezikhali. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2006, ngenxa yeNew GEORADARA, bathola ukungcwatshwa kwezinsolo zomuntu ohlukunyezwayo. Ukuntuleka kwamathambo kuvame ukuchazwa ngumsebenzi wamakhemikhali we-chernozem, ngokushesha okubhubhisa izindwangu.
Ekuseni ngoSepthemba 8, amabutho ayelindele kuze kube yilapho inkungu ichithwe. Impi yaqala ngokuxabana okuncane, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwakukhona umdlalo odumile ka-Alexander PereVaste ne-lubeem, lapho bobabili babulawa khona. UDmitry DonSkoy waqala wabona impi e-Guard Remond, wabe esema ezikhundleni, eguqula izingubo nge-moscow wainerian.
UMamay wabuka impi evela kude. Lapho nje esebona ukuthi amabutho ahluliwe, futhi inhlangano yokuvalwa kwamaRussia iqeda izinsalela zempi yakhe, amaTatar, ebheke umbusi, yaphenduka indiza. Omncane omemezele uKhan, lapho uMamai wayenguBekerbeck, wafela enkundleni yempi.
Kusukela ngoSepthemba 9 kuya kuSepthemba 16, abafileyo bangcwatshwa ensimini. Ethuneni elibandayo, kwakhiwa isonto, elingagcinwanga kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngo-1848, isikhumbuzo sephrojekthi A. P. Bryullov bebemi enkundleni yeKulisikov. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ukunqoba kukaDmitry DonSkov emkhakheni weKulikov kwaletha eRussia ukukhulula ekubuseni kwangaphandle. Okwe-horde, ukunqotshwa kukamama kwaba nomthelela ekuhlanganiseni kwawo ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-unified Khan Takhtamysh.
Ngemuva kokuhlulwa kwi-Kulik, insimu ye-mamay yazama ukuqoqa amabutho futhi ukuthi aziphindisele ku-Donskoy donskoy. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi uthathe enye into eRussia, ngoba uKhan Tukhtysh wayezama ngenkuthalo ukuzuza impahla yakamuva ye-Maama.
NgoSepthemba 1380, uMama Mamia noThekhtamysh Army bahlangana empini ka "eKalki". Ngokwezinkumbulo ezigciniwe, kwakungekho mpi eqondile - ingxenye enkulu yamasosha ama-mamaeva amane athuthelwa ohlangothini lwe-Tukhtamysh. UMamay akazange athathe isinqumo sokumelana nabo, abalekele eCrimea. Ngokunqoba kweTukhtamysh, impi yombango yesikhathi eside yaphela, futhi i-horder horde yaba yisimo esisodwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi omkhulu kamama wathatha uTulunbek, indodakazi kaKhan Golden Horde Berdibek. Umshado wawunenzuzo ebumnyameni, wabelwa isihloko somkhwenyana kaKhan, "Gurgen". Ngenxa yokusondela kuBerdibek Mamai, wakuthola okuthunyelwe kweBeclabek - isikhonzi sokuqala. Lesi yisikhundla esiphakeme kunazo zonke esingamatende "esingasebenza.
Ngo-1380, ngemuva kokuba uMamay elahlekile empini eKalka, wabalekela eCrimea, lapho abulawa khona. I-Tulunbek, kanye ne-Harem - amakhosikazi amancane - ithole uTictamusha. Wenza isinqumo sokushada nomfelokazi uMamaha ukwandisa okusemthethweni emehlweni asomfundi wedolobha elikhulu.
Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, ngokumelene neTokhtamysh yenze uzungu, ulwazi olungagcinwanga. Mhlawumbe, wayezama ukufaka esikhundleni senzalo yakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kukholakala ukuthi ababambiqhaza balaba bazungeza kwakukhona abalandeli bakaMamay abaholwa nguTulubek. UTukhtanama wabulala umkakhe, esola ngokuvukela umbuso.
Ukusho ngqo ukuthi bangakanani izingane, akubonakali kungenzeka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi elinye lamadodana akhe, uManur Kiyatovich, ngemuva kokushona kukayise wasuka eCrimea futhi wadala ukuvela emazweni afudumele phakathi kweGrain Lithuaning Priphonence phakathi kweLithuania ne-Gold, okwathi kamuva kwaba yingxenye yeLithuania.
Indodana yakhe u-Alex ngo-1392 yamukela i-Orthodoxy, lapho ngithole igama elithi Alexander. Washada nendodana yakhe ePrincess Anastasia Ostrog. Inzalo yesibili yeMansur, isingeli, yaba yinhloko yePolovtsy engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesifunda saseNyakatho Simnyama Solwandle.
Ngekhulu le-16, izikhulu zaqala ukubizwa ngamadokhumenti aseLithuania asemthethweni e-Glinsky, ngegama ledolobha laseGlinsk, lapho kwakukhona khona indawo yokuhlala. Ngokusobala, le yigolide lesimanje. UGilnsky - Uhlobo LwamaLithuania olukhangelayo, lapho kwenzeka khona u-Elena Glinskaya, umama ka-Ivan Grozny. Ngakho-ke, enye yezizukulwane ze-Math kwakungu-Duke omkhulu waseMoscow nakulo lonke iRussia.
Uhlobo lofuzo dashkevichi, vishnevetsky, Ruzhinsky, ostrog, naye abheke nezizukulwane ze-Maths. Lezi zibongo zenkosina zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-zaporozhye yanamuhla.
OLUNYE UFESENDEAT OFECECOLEBEK yi-Cossain Mamay yase-Ukraine. Ngo-2003, ifilimu eyayiqondiswa ngu-Olesysa Sanina yakhululwa ngokugcina. Umdwebo ususelwa kunguqulo yombhali yokuvela kwenganekwane mayelana noMama wase-Ukraine. Ingxenye yesabelomali se-Ribbon ifinyelela kumqondisi wokonga lomuntu siqu.
Ukushona
Ngesikhathi sokufa kukaMama wayeneminyaka engama-45 ubudala, imbangela yokufa ibhula. Kunezinganekwane eziningana ngokuthi kufa kanjani uMamai. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemuva kokunqotshwa kusuka kumabutho e-tokhtamysh, uMamai wabalekela enqabeni ye-CaCa (Feodosia yesimanje). Wayeqoqe ingcebo naye. Izakhamizi zeGenose zihlala enqabeni, zaqala zamukela ngokushintshana ngengxenye yengcebo, zabe sezibulala ngokulandelana kweTictamysh.
Ngokweminye imininingwane, iMaama yadlulisela eThekhtamysh, owenze impilo yakhe yeBecousebek. UHan wamngcwaba ngakho konke ukuhlonishwa, ithuna litholakala kuMama weSheikh mama (igama lesimanje - idolobhana lase-Aivazovskoye, hhayi kude ne-feodosia). UKorgan wathola umculi ngengozi. K. Aivazovsky. Ngokuya ngenye idatha, iMamay Mamay yangcwatshwa (isimanjemanje sokuhlala kwasemadolobheni esidala eCrimea).
Kunenganekwane lapho uMndungi Mama angcwatshwe e-Golden Armor endulini, ebizwa ngokuthi inhlonipho yakhe, etholakala endaweni yomuzi wanamuhla weVolgograd. Ukumbiwa okuningana eMamaev Kurgan Version akuqinisekisiwe, leli thuna alitholakalanga. Njengamanje, iMamaevit Kurgan eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Monuments-Encenge "Amaqhawe empi ye-Stalingrad".
Ukukhumbula
- 1955 - Karyshkovsky P. O. "Kulikovskaya Battle"
- Ngo-1981 - UShennikov A. A. "Ukuqala kwenzalo yeMamaia"
- 2010 - Kuneshaev R. Yu. "UMamai: Indaba ethi" Anti-Hero "emlandweni (Isikhumbuzo se-630 sempi yeKulisikovsky sinikezelwe)"
- Ngo-2010 - Kunshaev R. Yu. "I-Mamai Christicle kanye nomlando kamama (ukuzama ukusabalalisa ama-stereotypes)"
- 2012 - Pucalov A.V. "Umbuzo wezinhlamvu zemali eziqanjiwe zeMamaia"