I-Biograge
Igama likaStanislav Lem liyazi kahle nabalandeli bezinganekwane. Omunye wabameleli bezwe abahamba phambili beFurology babhala cishe amakhulu amabili emisebenzi, ehunyushelwa ezilimini ezingama-46, nezincwadi zibalwa ngezigidi zamakhophi. Wethule abafundi ngekusasa elilindele ubuntu esikhathini sokuphakama kobuchwepheshe kanye nezinkinga zokugcina zemvelo, ngezinkinga zokuthola ukuqondisisa okuhlukahlukene ngempucuko yangaphandle.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngokwethulwa Kwakhe imininingwane ye-biography, umlobi nefilosongo yobizi bezibiza ngokuthi isilo, ngoba sakhululwa eStanislav kuya kuwo wonke umuntu. ULem wazalwa ngoSepthemba 1921 emndenini kadokotela, etholwe ngokwanele amazinga alesosikhathi. Eminyakeni emine, umfana wavele wakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Umndeni wawuhlala eLviv, ngaphambili ubunikazi basePoland ngaleso sikhathi.
Imfundo yesibili iStanislav iTanislav itholwe endaweni yokuzivocavoca ehlonishwayo yabesilisa, eyayibizwa ngokuthi igama lesi-ambusakazi lasePoland kanye noMphakathi kaKarol Shainha. Umzamo wokungena ePolytechnic Institute akazange athweswe umqhele ngempumelelo, ngokusho kukaLemu uqobo, ngenxa yokuba ngengxenye ye- "Frocing" Social Bourgeois ungqimba. Ubaba uxhume konke ukuxhumana okudala futhi wanamathisela indodana eyodwa eyunivesithi yezokwelapha.
Lapho kuqubuka impi yezwe yesibili, kwadingeka ngikhohlwe ngokufunda, uStanislav wazinza wasebenza kumakhekheni wegaraji. Ukusuka ekungeneni i-ghetto, umkhaya womndeni wamaJuda wasindiswa ngemibhalo engelona iqiniso. Kusuka endaweni yomsebenzi, uStanislav, ngokwezibuko zakwa-Israyeli, iziqhumane zeTouskal, anikeze ukumelana nobuFaslist.
Ekupheleni kwempi, lem, engafisi ukuba yizakhamizi zaseSoviet, ohlakeni lokuphindiselwa kabusha lwathuthela eKrakow. Lapha, uLem Jr. namanje aqede imfundo yezokwelapha esikhungweni semfundo endala kunazo zonke saseYurophu - i-yaghellon University. Kodwa-ke, ukuthola idiploma yokuthweswa iziqu stananislav, ngoba angitholanga lutho oluhle emsebenzini wembutho wezempi.
Into yokufunda
I-FICASHY ethulweni yeLem, ngokusho kwabaphenyi bobuciko bombhali, basinda ekuzivelelayo kohlobo. Uma okokuqala bekunethemba, elilula lokuqonda inoveli elithi "i-magellanovo Cloud" nendaba yeLabyrinth ", khona-ke abafundi kamuva bekufanele bajule kakhulu kumabhasikishi e-cosmonaut parody" . Inoveli emnandi yesayensi "eden" ekuhambeni kwabasebenzi be-spacecraft emhlabeni ngegama elifanayo futhi alibizwa ngokuthi incazelo ye- "okubi kakhulu emhlabeni".
Ukubhala uStanislav kwaqala ebhentshini labafundi. Umsebenzi wokuqala wo "ndoda waseMars" washicilelwa ezweni elisha langaziwa ngeviki elincane ". Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwenoveli ethi "Afstronauts", uLem waba odumile ngempela, yize umbhali wayengowasebuchosheni bakhe ngokungabaza okukhulu, futhi, engqongqoza ilungelo lakhe ezincwadini ezintsha, abamemezeli bachitha isikhathi esiningi nezinzwa.
Njengomlobi ovelele wesayensi yesayensi nge-Stanislav Lem ekhuluma ngemuva "kokubuya kwezinkanyezi". Iqhawe eliyinhloko lencwadi liyi-astronaut elabuya kuloluhambo lweminyaka eyikhulu futhi libangela impucuko ngaphandle kwezingxabano emhlabeni.
Inoveli "engenakunqotshwa" inikezelwe emihlanganweni emikhulu yamarobhothi afundile ukungaguquki nje, kodwa ukuthuthuka. Abaphenyi abavela emhlabathini bayaqonda ukuthi akukho phuzu ezinkambeni zokulwa, ngoba ziyingxenye yeplanethi, futhi ubuntu abufanele ukuphazamisa inqubo yempilo esungulwe isikhathi eside.
Enye indatshana yeLem - "iSolaris" inikelwe ekuxhumaneni nengqondo yengqondo yakwamanye amazwe. Indaba yolwandle olucatshangelwe ulwandle uBoris Strugatsky lwayiswa emisebenzini emihle kakhulu yohlobo oluhle. Le noveli sasiyisisekelo se-Iconic extormoussion ka-Andrei Tarkovsky. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umdlalo "Ngabe ukhona, uMnu Jones?" - U-Andrzey WAIDA WABUSA I-PEFFY "PUFF PIE", noPeter Stein - ifilimu "Sandwich".
Kusukela ngo-1971 kuya ku-1974, kukhishwe izindaba eziyi-16 ezibumbene eqoqweni elithi "Alulazekise ngokuphelele". Kuyo, uStanislav wakhombisa ngokugcwele ithalente lomgxeki olwabhalayo, ukubhala ukubuyekezwa okumangazayo nokucashile kwemisebenzi engatholakali yababhali abafanayo.
Ukufunda, njengokufingqa imisebenzi kaStanislav Lem, kubhekwa njengeqhawe "Fiasco", elishicilelwe ngo-1987. Emva kwakhe, isayensi yazikhawulela ekubhaleni izindaba futhi iholele, wayengasabuzwa amafomu amakhulu elokubhala.
Ngasekupheleni kwama-90s, indatshana ye-Megabit Bilms Essay yabona umhlaba - ukucabanga kwe-lema mayelana nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha ngesikhathi lapho kungekho ocabanga nge-Intanethi njenge-inthanethi ezimele.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
EYagellon University, uLem wahlangana noBarbara Lesnik, owafunda lapho kwi-radiologist. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kwathola iminyaka emithathu, le ntombazane yavuma ukuba ngumkakhe uStanislav. Ngokwemilomo yomhumushi - Umbhali uKonstantin Umsebenzisi, uBarbara wasebenzela impesheni, ngoba wayengafuni ukuba amelwe njengomlingani we-Stanislav Lem kuphela.
Ngo-1968, indodana eyayilindelwa isikhathi eside yazalwa ngeSayensi. UTomas ufundile e-University of Vienna, kwathi e-United States, ePrinceton, kwathatha ibhizinisi lokushicilela.
Ngaphezu kwezilimi zasePoland, zase-Ukraine naseRussia, uStanislav ophethwe isiNgisi, isiJalimane nesiFulentshi. Ngendlela uYise amfundise ngayo izilimi, uTomasch utshelwe ngenkumbulo enelungelo lokukhumbula 'ezamehlela ngemuva kokudonsela phansi emhlabeni.'
ULem uzwe ubuthakathaka ezimotweni, iwashi lingakhuluma ngalesi sihloko. Omunye umbhali wawathanda amaswidi, waba ngumcimbi wokuzibandakanya eKrakowia Hotel, Reserve kaKhalva kanye neMarzipan eChocolate kugcinwe. Ezokungcebeleka, isazi se-futurologist funda uHerrich Senkehich, walalela uBeethoven noBeative, babukela "izimpi zezinkanyezi" nesigqila.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80s, uStanislav wayehlala eVienna, ngesimemo sababhali bama-Austria. Eqinisweni, ngokusho kweNdodana yesayensi, izizathu zokusuka zaba nokucwaninga, umbono wokubhalwa kabusha, ukungakwazi ukujwayelana nemininingwane yezincwadi zezwe.
ULem womndeni akakhululwanga, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba abuye. UStanislav waletha umkakhe nendodana ngo-1983 futhi wahlala eVienna iminyaka emihlanu. Ukuhlala kwezohwebo lwangaphandle, umlobi wayezofuna ukuphefumlelwa, abe yizinsuku eziningana akazange aphume endlini, ngokungafanele wakhuluma ngokubukeka, wakhumbula uTomashe Lem.
Ukufuduka kukaLem akuzange kuhlale kunganakwa e-USSR: Abashicileli bakwenqabe ukushicilelwa kokudluliselwa kwe- "Futurological Congress". Inoveli ekhuluma ngempilo yesintu ngaphansi kwethonya leHallucinogen eSoviet Union lashicilelwa kuphela ngemuva kokuqala kokwakhiwa kabusha.
Ukushona
Umlobi wePhilosophical Phorise "Inani lezobuchwepheshe" lidlulile empilweni ngoMashi 2006 eKrakow's Cardiology Clinic.
Imbangela yokufa kukaStanislav isiphenduke izinkinga zezinhliziyo eziyizinkabi zathuthukiswa ngokumelene nesizinda sesifo sikashukela esindayo, izinkinga ngo-ingnation kanye nokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu. Umuntu ongakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona kuze kube sekupheleni kuye kwahlala kuye, ebiza ukufa endaweni lapho umuntu evela khona ekukhanyeni - akukho lutho.
I-Bibliography
- 1951 - "Afstronauts"
- 1955 - "I-Magellanovo Cloud"
- 1959 - "Edene"
- Ngo-1961 - "Solaris"
- Ngo-1964 - "Izilo Ezimbili"
- Ngo-1964 - "Ukuthi Umkhathi Wasinda Kanjani"
- 1971 - "Anank"
- Ngo-1971 - "Izeluleko Esiphelele"
- 1976 - "Ruber"
- 1976 - "Mask"
- 1980 - "Ukucasulwa"
- 1982 - "Ukuhlola endaweni"
- 1983 - "Izikhali zekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, noma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo zibheke phansi"
- 1987 - "Fiasco"
- Ngo-1992 - "imfumbe"
- Ngo-1999 - "Uhambo lokugcina lukaJion of Too"
- 2006 - "Umjaho we-Predaatniki"