I-Biograge
UThomas Akvinsky uyisazi sefilosofi senkolo yamaKatolika egunyaziwe kunazo zonke, eyakwazi ukuhlanganisa izivumokholo zobuKristu ngengqondo nengqondo. I-biography of the Minimale yaphenduka imfushane, kepha yagcwala imicabango ehlakaniphile, izivumelwano eziyisisekelo (ngokwesibonelo, "inani lezenkolo"), izambulo zaphezulu, izimangaliso. Ukufezekiswa okuyinhloko koMcabangi wase-Italiya ukwakhiwa kobufakazi obu-5 bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu.Ukhanda
UThomas Aquinas, noma uThomas (Thomas) Aquinat, wazalwa ngokuzungeza ngoJanuwari 25, 1225 edolobheni lase-Italiya lase-Aquino (indawo ye-Lazio yesimanje), enqabeni ye-Rockkazek. Ubaba uLandol Aquinas wakhonza njenge-knight eKing Roger II, noTheodore, umama Neapolitank, waletha izingane eziyisikhombisa.
Ngenkathi amadodana asemdala ethandana naye empini, abazali bakhethwa ngokuthi uThomase indlela yeSinobd, uMfoweth 'uLandolf, owayesebenza njengo-Abbot e-Benedictine Montekassino. Eminyakeni engu-5, umfana wawusezindabeni zesonto, ngo-1239 - e-University of Naples. Lapha, uThomas Aquinas wahlangana no-Aristotle, isazi semfundiso yenkolo yamaJuda uMaimonide, isazi sefilosofi aseNtshonalanga Arabhu i-Averloest, imibono yakhe yathonya izimfundiso zenkolo ze-Italiya.
Eminyakeni engu-19, isazi sefilosofi esencane sanquma ukujoyina umyalo wamaKatolika wabafowethu abashumayelayo. Umndeni wakwa-Aquinas ubuphambene nalo mbono. Ukugwema ukuphazamiseka, i-Theodora ekufeni kwendodana, amalungu e-oda azamile ukumboza umcabangi eRoma, kodwa esendleleni abamba izingane zakubo.
Abazali bezama ukulenza indodana yakhe ishiye ukujoyina i-monastic, iminyaka emi-2 yamgcina ejele. Kuthiwa ngolunye usuku abafowethu bahola owesifazane wasobala 'ejele "ukuba abhubhise isifungo sokungafanele. UThomas Aquinas wakuvikela kusuka ku-Hot Full.
Ukunqoba kwensizwa yesilingo kubanjwa emfanekisweni we-diego velasquez "isilingo sikaSt. Thomas Aquinsky." Ku-CanVase kukhombisa ukuphelelwa amandla, okugqoke ingubo yemali kaThomas, ebanga ingelosi. Enye ingelosi yezulu ingemuva, futhi ngenxa yehlombe lakhe kukhona owesifazane omangazayo. Phansi, ezinyaweni zomcabangi, u-Cherred uqalile.
Isifungo sokungaqondakali, isazi sefilosofi saqhubeka nokufa, impilo yomuntu siqu enani labantu abasakazekile likaThomas Akvinsky bakhetha i-screastism. Wayengenabafazi nezingane zakhe.
Ukuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi ayivezi, ngo-1244 u-TheOdore wahlela ukuphunyuka kukaThomas kuqala eNaples, lapho eRoma, lapho ifezeli ehlangana khona neJohann von Willeshausesen, futhi yangena ezikhundleni zenhlangano ye-monastic.
Ngo-1245, le nsizwa yangena eNyuvesi yaseParis, umeluleki wakhe kwakungu-Albert wezenkolo u-Albert. Ngenxa yokulayisha nokuthobeka, okuqine kakhulu ngisho naseNkonkweni, abafundi baka- munye abahleke yiWoma Aquinas Sicilian Bull. Ephendula i-Sugricule Albert, okukhulu kusho isilinganiso esingokwesiprofetho:
"Umbiza ngokuthi yinkunzi ethule, kepha imibono yakhe iyoke yancenga kakhulu kangangokuba izwe limangale."Ukulandela uthisha, eminyakeni emi-3 kamuva, uTomase waya eCologne, lapho acacisa khona imithetho yeTestamente Elidala. Ngo-1252 wabuyela eParis ukuthola iziqu zenkolo yenkosi. Ukuze uthole ubuhle ngaphambi kweminyaka lezimfundiso ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4, kuhlongozwa ukuthi isazi sefilosofi saba yi-Regent of the University of Paris, ku-1268 Thomas futhi ethatha lesi sikhundla.
UThomas Aquinas washiya umlando emlandweni weSonto LamaRoma Katolika: Ngo-1261, uPapa Urban IV wayala isazi sefilosofi ukuba abhale amaculo eholide elisha lomzimba negazi likaKristu. "Pange lingua", "tantum ergo" kanye "panis angelicus" kwenziwa namhlanje.
Ngo-1265, isonto liphinde liphendukele kuThomas lisize: Ubaba olandelayo waseRoma, uClement IV wanikeza isiNtaliyane eBogoslov.
Ngo-1272, kushiya isikhundla seRegent of the University of Paris, uThomas Akvinsky wathuthela eNaples, lapho ayeshumayeza khona abantu. Futhi ngemuva konyaka, umuntu ocabangayo ethola ukukhanyiselwa uNkulunkulu. Inganekwane ithi ngemuva kwesisindo saseDominican eNindastery eNaples, eChapel of St Nicholas, uTomase wezwa izwi likaKristu:
"Ungichaze kahle, uThomas. Ufuna umvuzo onjani ngomsebenzi wakho? "UThomas uphendule:
"Akukho lutho ngaphandle kwakho, Nkosi."Okunye ukukhanyiselwa kwenzeka ngoDisemba 1273, lapho phakathi kwentshumayelo i-foma aquinsky yahlasela i-exstasy ende. Wenqabile ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wawo omkhulu, kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi "inani lezenkolo". Ngemuva kokuphumula kumcabangi, kwavuswa ukubhala ukoma, kepha bekungenzeki ukuqeda umcimbi.
UPapa Gregory X umemezele ukubiza kwesonto lesibili leClon Cathedral, inhloso enkulu yawo kwakuwukubuyisana kwamasonto amaRoma Katolika nama-Orthodox. Umhlangano wamenyelwa yi-FOMA Aquinas. Endleleni, egibele imbongolo ku-Aplia Road Road, le ndoda yashaya ikhanda lakhe ngegatsha lesihlahla esiwile futhi ligule kakhulu.
Isazi sefilosofi sayiswa eMontekassino yokwelashwa. Ukubuyisela Impilo, uThomas waqala emgwaqweni, kodwa futhi uZalenogo. Wayephepheleka e-Abbey yaseFossanov. Izindela zambamba izinsuku eziningana. UThomas Akvinsky ushone ngoMashi 7, 1274 etafuleni - waphawula ngengoma kaSolomoni ingoma.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-50, ngoJulayi 18, 1323, uPapa John Xxii amemezele i-FOOTH Aquinas yabaNgcwele, kwathi ngoMashi 7, washona eKhalenda lamaRoma laseSt. Thomas aquinsky. Ngemuva kuka-1969, usuku lwaguquka ngoJanuwari 28. Izinsalela zefilosofi zidluliselwe kaninginingi: NgoJanuwari 1369 - esontweni lesigodlo saseJacobin eToulouse, kusukela ngo-1789 kuya ku-1974, zagcinwa esontweni laseSax Saturnina Toulouse, labuya esontweni lesigodlo saseJacobin, lapho Basasele.
Ifilosofi nemibono
UThomas Aquinas akazange akholelwe ezafezini, ecabanga ngamapake abo 'aphika iqiniso nokuhlakanipha kokusambulo kobuKristu.' Ubuye wakhomba nokuthi ifilosofi isebenza nenkolo yezenkolo, ngoba kwambukisa uNkulunkulu isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwezinkulumo ezingezona eziwusizo, uThomas wafunda u-Aristotle, owayeboniswa emibonweni yawo yezemfundo.
Ukuthatha njengesisekelo sesigaba se-4 solwazi lweqiniso le-Aristotle - isipiliyoni, ubuciko, ulwazi nokuhlakanipha, uThomas Aquinas waveza eyakhe. Wabhala ukuthi ukuhlakanipha ulwazi ngoNkulunkulu, okungukuthi, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinyathelo. Umcabangi waqhubekela phambili futhi wabelwa izinhlobo ezi-3 zokuhlakanipha: UGrace, Izenkolo (Ukuhlakanipha Kokholo) kanye ne-Metaphysical (Ukuhlakanipha Kwengqondo).
Njengo-Aristotle, uThomas Anquni wabheka umphefumulo ngento ezimele, ekhona ngokulandelana nezifiso zabantu, iyisibonakaliso sezenzo ezinhle nezimbi. Indoda yomphefumulo inikezwa ukuxhumana neNkosi ngemuva kokufa.
Ngakho-ke, uMcabangi uthi, isakhamuzi esinengqondo sifuna ukuphila ngokulungile ukuxhuma noMdali ngakolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba. Kulokhu uThomas, uphinda imibono yomqhudelwano wemibono yefilosofi yobuKristu ye-Avrellium Augustine, noma i-Augustine yenjabulo.
Umuntu uzokwazi umhlaba ngesizathu, ubuhlakani nengqondo. Ngenxa yezahlulelo zokuqala, iziphetho kanye neziphetho zenziwa, okwesibili kusiza ukuhlaziya izithombe zangaphandle ze-phenomena, kanti okwesithathu kufanekisela inhlanganisela yezakhi zokomoya zabantu. Ngokuvamile, ulwazi ukuthi, ngokusho kukaThomas wase-Aquinas, uhlukanisa umuntu ngamunye ezilwaneni, ezitshalweni, izidalwa zikaNkulunkulu.
Ngokwazi kwesiqalo saphezulu, kukhona namathuluzi ama-3 - ingqondo, isambulo kanye nokuqonda. Ngakho-ke, uThomas Aquinas wayengomunye wezazi zokuqala ezazi ukubona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuqondiswe ukukhanyiselwa okuphezulu kakhulu ngendlela enengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho: emsebenzini omkhulu kunawo wonke "inani lezenkolo", umcabango wahola ubufakazi bakaNkulunkulu.
- Ukunyakaza kokuqala. Ukuhamba kwazo zonke izinto eziguqukayo emhlabeni kuke kwashukunyiswa ukunyakaza kwezinye izinto, kanye nalezo zinto zesithathu. Kodwa-ke, uNkulunkulu waba imbangela yokunyakaza.
- Okwesibili - kwakha amandla. Ubufakazi bufana neyedlule futhi busho ukuthi imbangela yazo yonke into eyake yenziwa emhlabeni uNkulunkulu.
- Okwesithathu kuyisidingo. Into ngayinye isho ukusetshenziswa okunokwenzeka nokusetshenziswa kwangempela, kepha zonke izinto azikwazi ukuba se-potency. Kudingeka isici ukukhuthaza ukuhunyushwa kwezinto kusuka ezintweni ezingaba khona esimweni sangempela lapho into idingeka khona. Lesi sici nguNkulunkulu.
- Okwesine kuyizinga elithile. Abantu baqhathanisa izinto nezimo ezinokuphelela okuthile. Lokhu kuphelele futhi kukhona uNkulunkulu.
- Okwesihlanu - isizathu esiqondisiwe. Imisebenzi yezidalwa eziphilayo kufanele ilunge, okusho ukuthi isici siyadingeka, sibuze inhloso yakho konke okukhona emhlabeni. Futhi lesi sici nguNkulunkulu.
Ngaphezu kwenkolo, uThomas Akvinsky wabonisana ngombuso. Indlela efanelekile yedivayisi yezepolitiki, isazi sefilosofi sabheka ubukhosi. Inkosi iyisifaniso sikaNkulunkulu emhlabeni, esiphoqelekile ukuba sicabangele izintshisekelo nezidingo zazo zonke izingqimba zomphakathi, ngaphandle kokuthanda ukukhethwa ngakunye. Ngasikhathi sinye, intando yentando yevangeli inesibopho sokulalela abefundisi, okungukuthi, inkazimulo kaNkulunkulu.
UThomas waqala wachitha umugqa phakathi komongo nokuba khona. Kamuva, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakha isisekelo sobuKatolika. Umongo kaThomas Aquinsky obizwa ngokuthi "umbono ohlanzekile", okungukuthi, umnyombo wento noma izinto, ubuningi bezimpawu. Iqiniso lokuthola izinto noma izehlakalo emhlabeni linobufakazi bokuthi lukhona. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona into eyodwa, ukuvunyelwa nguNkulunkulu kuyadingeka.
Emibononi yomcabangi kanye nenqubomgomo yakhe yenkolo, "inani lezenkolo" lakhiwe ngemfundiso, eyayibizwa ngokuthi yiTomis, noma i-fomism. Akusho kangako ngezimfundiso zokholo, ukuthi kungakanani ngezindlela zokwamukela ukholo ngesizathu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-phoma ye-foma aquinsky ukwamukelwa kwayo njengemibono esemthethweni yobuKatolika.
Amacaphuna
Vumela imicabango ephelile ezincwadini, iyoba yinhloko-dolobha yakho emisiwe, futhi imicabango onayo kakhulu, amaphesenti amelele yena. Umuntu okhethekile udinga ukuzuza kubo, ngoba yena uqobo Ngoba ukuze ubancome, ngoba ungumnikazi wempilo enhle yempilo enhle, kepha empeleni ukuze wakhe imisebenzi emihle yabangane. Abagibeli badinga amadoda ahlakaniphile kakhulu kunabahlakani kubabusi. Ngivame ukuphenduka kwalokhu engikushilo, kodwa akuvamile ukuba zizisole ngalokho okuthule.Ukumangala enkantolo
- 1245-1246 - "ingqungquthela kwabanye abaculi abadumile"
- 1255 - "Emigomweni Yemvelo"
- 1256-1259 - "Imibuzo Eyimpikiswano Mayelana neqiniso"
- 1259-1268 - "Imibuzo Ephikisanayo Ngamandla KaNkulunkulu"
- I-1261-1263 - "Inani elibhekene namaqaba" ("Inani lefilosofi")
- 1265-1274 - "I-Theology Tample"
- 1267 - "Imibuzo Ephikisanayo Ngomphefumlo"