I-Biograge
Umholi omkhulu waseLibya uMuammar Gaddafi ungusopolitiki kanye noshintsho ophupha ngenkululeko kanye nenjabulo ezwenikazi lakubo base-Afrika nabantu bakhe. Uqhube uguquko, wagumbuqela umkhosi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezwe lakhe.
Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwesimungulu alaziwa, ngokusho nangendlela efanayo, wazalwa ngoJuni 7, 1942, kweminye imithombo, ngo-1940 kanti amanye nezinsuku zibaliwe. I-Biography of the undunankulu wesikhathi esizayo yaqala emndenini weBedouin ngaseCasere Abu Hadi, 30 km kusukela Libyan Sirta.
Kamuva engxoxweni, wagcizelela imvelaphi yakhe, watshela ukuthi bangamahhala abantu futhi bajabulela imvelo, ngoba babehlala ematendeni. Wayengumntwana omncane kunabo bonke emndenini, ngathi, kwaba nguyena kuphela. Umama wahola abendlu, indodakazi yasiza kulona wesifazane. Ubaba, uNomada kusuka endaweni ezayo, wephule izimbuzi namakamela.
Umfana waya esikoleni eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala. Njengoba ubaba womndeni wayehlala ethola amazwe amasha, avundile, umndeni wakhe waphoqeleka ukuba uzulazule naye. Ngakho-ke, uMummar uhlala eshintsha izikole, wathola imfundo yasesekondari ezikhungweni ezintathu zemfundo ehlukene. Njengoba kwakungekho mali emndenini, futhi wayejwayelene noYise, elungele ukukhokhela iNdodana, ngemuva kokuthi isifundo uMuammar asala e-mosque yasendaweni futhi ahlala ubusuku lapho. Ababelethi bafika kuphela ekungeneni, behlula amakhilomitha angama-30 ngezinyawo.
Amaholide nawo wenzeka ethendeni lomndeni. Futhi yize ikamu likaKaddafic likaKaddadic lihlale lisendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka ogwini, umfana watshelwa ukuthi akakaze alubone ulwandle eseyingane. Ngendlela, waba ukuphela kwengane emndenini owafundiswa. Futhi ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu, wangena esikoleni samabanga aphezulu e-CECHA.
Inguquko
Inhlangano yokuqala yase-Antipolitical empilweni kaGaddafi ivela esikoleni esiphakeme. Ababambe iqhaza bayo kwakukhona iningi labantu abasha, uMuammar wahlala esikhundleni esisebenzayo. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukugumbuqelwa kwenkosi, eyayingeneliseki nanoma ngubani. Ngo-1961, umuntu owayeqhuba umbhikisho nabanye abahlanganyeli enhlanganweni, owakhuluma ngokungavumelani nesivuno seSyria kusuka e-OAR. Le nkulumo yokugcina yathi kuGaddafi uqobo, lapho yaxoshwa khona esikoleni, ngoba yahlela ukuboniswa okulwa nohulumeni.
Abafana baqhubeka nemibuthano, basekela i-Algeria Revolution. Iziphathimandla azizange zilinganise ukukhuthazela kwabantu abasha, zibhale uMuammar kubahleli, waboshwa okokuqala, base bethunyelwa nakancane esuka edolobheni. Ebusheni bakhe, wayenamandla amakhulu, wazama ukufuna izinhloso zabo, ngakho-ke lezo zinyathelo angezethusi uGaddafi. Wathola iziqu ekufundeni emthethweni, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, wafunda ekolishi lamasosha eBenghazi, esethole isikhundla sikaLieutenant.
Wakhonza ekamu lamasosha futhi maduze nje ukuqondiswa okukhethekile kwahunyushelwa esimweni sokaputeni. Ngaphambi kokuba inkosi yaseLibya eLibya ibichitha, kwaqhutshelwa owesilisa emabuthweni onjiniyela, ngenkathi elandela amasiko amaSulumane, akazange asebenzise utshwala futhi aziphatha kahle.
Ukulungiselela i-Great Poug yaqala ngo-1964. I-Pre-Gaddafi idale le njongo inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi yi- "Ososus" ("Ama-Free Amaphoyisa Ezinyunyana Socialists"). Kuleli cala, ama-cadets akhethwe ngokucophelela, afundze abalingiswa bawo, amathuba futhi abheka imizwa yabasebenzi iyonke.
Inguquko yenzeka ngo-1969. Ngesikhathi iqembu selivele lidale uhlelo lokusebenza. Futhi yize ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, isikhathi saso sadluliswa amahlandla ama-3, ngoSeptemba 1, ukuchithwa koMonalhy kwaqala. Ukuqunjelwa kwamalungu enhlangano esunguliwe, lapho uMuammar ekhuluma khona nokaputeni, aqala ukuqhuba imisebenzi ngokuthathwa kanye nokulawulwa kwezinto ezibalulekile zempi kanye nohulumeni. Banqume ukuba nezinkulumo zoMphakathi eBhenghazi, iTripoli kanye namanye amadolobha amakhulu ezwe.
Ukusebenza kwasakazwa ezweni lonke, ngaphandle kwalezi zingqimba ezikude, ngakho-ke alwe amaqembu athathwe izinto ngaphambi kokuqala kwehora. Ngaphambi kukaMuammar, kwakukhona umsebenzi wokungena esiteshini somsakazo saseBenghazi futhi ulawule ukusebenza lapho. Emsakazweni, izwe lonke lezwa isikhalazo sikaGaddafi, owatshela abantu ukuthi i- "reaction and mode ekhohlakele".
Inkosi yayingasekho, ngokushesha kwadala uMkhandlu Wokuvuselela (CRC), kanye nezwe laqanjwa kabusha kabusha iLibya Arab Republic. Ngasikhathi sinye, uGaddafi wathola isikhundla sikaKoloneli futhi waqokwa amabutho omkhosi ahlomile ezweni.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Usuvele usesimweni se-SRK, ngo-1970, uMuammar waqokwa uNdunankulu noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela. Izinyathelo zokuqala ezithathwe yiNew State zingukuxoshwa kwezisekelo zamasosha ezinye izifundazwe ezivela ezweni laseLibya, izwe lonke lamabhange aphesheya kanye nomhlaba onabaseKhasiya, kanye noshintsho kukhalenda. Kwaqala ukwenziwa ngoMthethosivivinywa kusukela ekuqaleni kokufa komprofethi uMohammed, kwashintsha amagama ezinyangeni.
Ngo-1971, ukubukeza ngokuphelele komthetho okwenziwe ngesikhathi senkosi kwaqala. Manje yonke imithetho yayisekwe ezimisweni zeSulumane yamaSulumane, ukugembula kanye notshwala kwakuvinjelwe ngokuphelele ezweni. Kwadlula nokuhlanza kwabaphikisi beNqubomgomo entsha, eyamelana nenguquko kanye nokwakha uhulumeni omusha. Ngo-1979, imithetho yeSharashi yagcina ifakwe ngaphakathi ezweni.
Ngokufika kwamandla, isisusa sihlangene nemibono yakhe yezenhlalo nakwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki ngohlobo lomqondo, okuwukuthi, ngombono wakhe, kungasiza ekukhuleni kwakhe komphakathi. UGaddafi wachaza umsebenzi waso omkhulu encwadini eluhlaza, edlulisela izisekelo zombuso wezwe wesithathu.
Lapho, imibono ye-Islam yahlangana eduze nemibono yama-anarchists aseRussia (iKropotkin neBakunina). Engxenyeni yokuqala, uhlobo lomthombo womphakathi weJamahiriya, okwakhishwa ngo-1977 futhi kwaba yindlela entsha yokubusa kwezwe.
Njengoba wamukele le divayisi entsha, uhulumeni wachithwa, futhi ngasikhathi sinye wadala izikhungo ezintsha, ikomidi labantu abaphakeme, onobhala kanye ne-Bureau. Unobhala Omkhulu waqoka uGaddafi. Futhi yize ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, le ndoda yanikela ngabaphathi abangochwepheshe, kusukela lapho-ke kubhekiselwe khona ngokusemthethweni njengomholi weRevour Revolution yaseLibya.
Amacebo kaGaddafi ngemuva kokuza kwamandla kwakukhona amaphuzu amaningi. Le ndoda yafuna ukunye ukuvumelanisa namanye amazwe ama-Arab, kwathi ngo-1972 wabiza abantu abangamaSulumane ukuba babhekane ne-UK ne-United States ngokukhululwa kwePalestine. Uthumele usizo lwakhe e-Utice's Aid ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970s, wasekela i-Iran empini ne-Iraq futhi waphinde wasolwa ngokuhlela uzungu lokugumbuqela inhloko yeSudan Jafar Mohammed Namiry.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, indoda ethile yaqala ukwakheka kwesitho esikhethekile esixhumekile, amalungu akhe azoxazulula amaphuzu aphikisanayo ezindabeni zezepolitiki ngendlela enokuthula. Ngo-1970, uMuammar wabiza uChelny Unity Organisation ukumisa ubudlelwano no-Israyeli, ngenxa yalokho kwaqubuka impi.
Amazwe amaningi ama-Arabhu, ebhikisha ama-Israyeli, akhulisa amanani entengo kawoyela, abese ememezela umngcele wokuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo kawoyela e-United States nakwezinye izindawo ezasekelwa ngu-Israyeli.
Konke lokhu kuphathelene nenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe. Ngokufika kukaGaddafi wethule amandla ngaphakathi ezweni, izehlakalo ezibalulekile zenzeke. Bebekhona nalabo abazama ukwenza isivumelwano, ngenxa yokuthi wawenqabela ukudala amaqembu aphikisayo kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziteleka kanye neziteleka zabafundi bezingenakwenzeka ngomthetho, kwethulwa futhi kwathulwa kwabezindaba.
Kodwa-ke, bekukhona ukuphikisana ezenzweni zikaGaddafi. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa yilokhu lapho owesilisa ekhombisa ukuzithoba kwabaphikisi aphetha emajele. Ungcwele ku-bulldozer waphula umnyango wejele wakhulula amakhulu amane eziboshwa zezombusazwe ngentando.
Eminyakeni yeBhodi, uMuammar wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekwakhekeni kweRiphabhulikhi. Uma kuphela ama-27% wabantu abenekhono, khona-ke ngemuva kokuguqulwa kweLibya nokwakha imitapo yolwazi eminingi, izikhungo zezemidlalo kanye nezikhungo zemfundo, lesi sibalo sifinyelele ku-51%.
Kodwa-ke, akuyona yonke into eyayilungile kakhulu eLibya. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaGaddafi, iRiphabhulikhi kwadingeka ukuthi akhuthazelele ukungqubuzana noChad, lapho indodakazi yaseMelika yaseMuammar yafa, unswinyo oluvela eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha we-UN ukuze kuqhume. Inhlelweni enkulu kunazo zonke izakhamuzi eziningi zaseLibya kwakungukubulawa komholi wazo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UMuammar kabili washada. Unkosikazi wakhe wokuqala uyindodakazi yesikhulu, wasebenza njengomfundisi esikoleni, ngo-1970 wabeletha indodana. Kodwa-ke, le ndoda ayisebenzanga nempilo yakhe uqobo, futhi abantu abasha bahlukanisa. Unkosikazi olandelayo weReformer kwakuyi-sambia forkash, eyamnika izingane eziyisikhombisa. Bakhulisa nendodana ekhulisa izingane ezimbili nendodakazi. Ngayinye yezingane ithole impumelelo ethile empilweni.
Isibonelo, iNdodana yesithathu ingumdlali webhola lezinyawo ochwepheshe, inesihloko sikaColoneli eMbuthweni waseLibya. Indodana yesihlanu ibuye ibe yisikhulu sebutho laseLibya, futhi okuwukuphela kwendodakazi yaba yi-Lieutenant-General, njengengxenye yeqembu elihlelekile, le ntombazane yavikela uSaddam Hussein, ngaleso sikhathi yayingumongameli we-Iraq futhi wabhujiswa.
Ngaphezu kwencwadi eluhlaza, isembozo sawo esasihlaselwe isithombe noma isithombe somshicileli (kuya ngomshicileli), kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, uMuammar wabhala eminye imisebenzi eminingi. Phakathi kwazo yizindaba "indiza esihogweni", "umhlaba", "idolobha" nabanye. Inkumbulo yale ndoda yavezwa e-cinema, amafilimu anqunu "nge-pistol" enqunu "," umashisi "kanye neminye imidwebo eminingi.
Ukushona
Ngaphambi kokuba kufe kufike kuMuammar Gaddafi, esikhathini sika-1975 kuya ku-1998 wazama amahlandla ayisikhombisa.
Ebusika, ngo-2010-2011, kwavela impi yombango eLibya, abantu bafuna ukuthi uGaddafi wayesesuka emandleni futhi washiya izwe. Ngo-Okthoba 20, 2011, izimbotshana ezihleliwe zakhanyisa uSiritha futhi zathumba umsindo. Abantu bazungeza le ndoda, badubule esibhakabhakeni baqondisa imishini kuyo.
Emizuzwini yokugcina yempilo, wabiza izihlubuki ukuba ahudule, kepha akuzange kusize. Imbangela yokufa komholi waseLibya kwakunguSamulud, owafundwa ngabakwethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indodana kaGaddafi yathunjwa, yabulawa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingacacile. Umzimba wazo zombili ezibekwe eziqandisisweni zezimboni futhi ubeke wonke umuntu ukuthi abukeze esikhungweni sokuthenga se-Mistat. Ekuntweleni kokusa, kwangcwatshwa amadoda eLibyan Desert.
-Zuzayo
- Ngo-1978 - USofia Hola Medal (ngo-2007 wancishwa imiklomelo)
- 2003 - Order of Prince Yaroslav Wise degree
- 2008 - Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky I degree
- Ngo-2009 - Ukuhleleka kwe-liberiator